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^attli  Carnlma  ^Me  QlnUege 


HI  3 


This  BOOK  may  be  kept  out  TWO  WEEKS 
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J»  *»  •39 

Ji/JV     4  '4'1 
MAY  3 11959 


ORNAMENTAL  SHRUBS 

OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 

(HARDY    CULTIVATED) 


BY 


AUSTIN   CRAIG  APGAR 

AUTHOR  OF  "TREES  OF  THE  NORTHERN  UNITED  STATES 
"BIRDS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,"  ETC. 


NEW  YOKK  ::•  CINCINNATI  •:•  CHICAGO 

AMERICAN     BOOK    COMPANY 


Copyright,  1910,  by 
AMEEICAN  BOOK   COMPANY. 

Entereo  at  Stationers'  Hall,  London. 

apgar's  ornamental  shrubs. 
W.  P.  I 


'•  ■  a  A 


Of  ?: 


^•4     . 

'^^#. 


PREFACE 


This  book  is  intended  to  be  used  by  that  large  public 
who  wish  to  know  by  name  the  attractive  shrubs  culti- 
vated in  parks  and  private  grounds,  but  who  are  actually 
afraid  of  anything  called  botany.  This  fear  comes  from 
the  great  number  of  scientific  words  used  and  the  con- 
stantly changing  names  in  botanic  books.  We  cannot 
help  using  rose,  spirea,  hydrangea,  chrysanthemum,  azalea, 
and  rhododendron,  though  they  are  scientific,  because  long 
use  has  rendered  them  familiar.  It  would  be  well  for  us 
if  we  could  lose  our  fear  of  old,  well-given  names  in  other 
cases. 

The  authority  of  the  great  Linnaeus  has  not  in  one 
hundred  and  fifty  years  prevailed  upon  us  to  call  syringa 
bushes  philadelphus  or  lilac  bushes  syringa,  so  it  is  fool- 
ish for  us  to  try  to  change  old  names.  The  names  by 
long  use  are  the  ones  which  w^ill  endure;  and  if  our  scien- 
tific nomenclature  is  to  be  constantly  changing,  the  result 
will  be  that  the  public  will  have  nothing  to  do  with  any 
names  but  common  ones.  There  was  a  time  Avhen  we 
said,  and  with  some  truth,  that  common  names  were  only 
local — that  there  were  too  many  of  them  applied  to  the 
same  plant  and  too  many  different  plants  with  the  same 
name.  Ninebark  and  Virginia  creeper  are  almost  uni- 
versally used  common  names  ;  let  some  of  us  try  to  find 
and  remember  the  scientific  names  given  in  the  different 
manuals  printed  in  the  twentieth  century  for  these  plants  ! 

There  ought  to  be  a  time  limit  after  which  names  used 
should  not  be  changed  for  any  "rule,"  —  names  which 
have  generally  found  their  way  into  manuals  and  cata- 
logues for,  say,  twenty  years  should  remain  the  names  for 


39166 


4  PREFACE 

all  time.  Newly  introduced  plants  belonging  to  new 
genera  should  have  distinctive  names  for  our  country, 
but  the  old  names  used  in  their  native  country  would 
be  generally  best  for  our  use. 

The  largest,  latest,  and  best  work  on  ornamental  plants 
in  America  is  Bailey's  "  Cyclopedia  of  Horticulture,"  and 
the  names  there  given  are  in  almost  all  cases  the  ones 
here  used.  Where  changes  occur  to  suit  popular  usage 
the  interchangeable  names  will  be  found  near  each  other, 
as  this  book  is  not  alphabetic  but  by  families ;  thus,  Wei- 
gela  and  Diervilla  are  on  the  same  page  and  not  in  sepa- 
rate volumes,  as  in  the  ''Cyclopedia." 

To  suit  an  almost  universal  demand,  practically  all 
plants  have  been  given  common  names.  There  is  an 
attempt  in  many  cases  to  use  good  generic  names  as  a 
part  of  the  name. 

As  all  bushes  in  general  cultivation  outdoors  for  orna- 
ment throughout  the  United  States  are  included,  many 
conservatory  plants  of  the  North  will  be  found  because 
they  are  hardy  South. 

The  illustrations  are  more  numerous  than  ever  before 
given  in  a  single  book  on  shrubs.  Nearly  every  species 
has  some  feature  shown.  In  order  to  impress  the  pupil 
with  what  constitutes  a  whole  leaf,  one  is  detached  on 
some  portion  of  the  plant  in  most  figures. 

The  charm  of  a  landscape  throughout  the  growing 
season  lies  mainl}"  in  the  foliage  ;  and  the  contrasts  plants 
show  are  mostly  in  the  variation  in  the  color,  parts,  and 
forms  of  the  leaves.  The  flowers  are  evanescent,  but  the 
leaves  endure.  Lovers  of  nature  should  get  the  habit 
of  noticing  leaf  differences,  and  this  book  is  written  in 
the  hope  that  it  will  aid  in  forming  this  habit. 

Many  of  us  are  afraid  of  anything  looking  like  a  key. 
Keys  in  manuals  have  gradually  been  rendered  more  and 
more  difficult  by  the  introduction  of  a  larger  and  larger 
number  of  scientific  words  applying  in  many  cases  to 
microscopic  features ;   intelligent  ones  among  us  with  an 


PREFACE  O 

average  amount  of  interest  will  not  attempt  to  use  them. 
The  keys  here  given  were  written  for  the  general  public 
and  not  at  all  for  the  scientist.  The  attempt  is  made  to 
include  only  common  English  words  with  their  ordinary 
application.  When  a  feature  of  a  plant  has  no  English 
word  to  describe  it,  an  illustration  or  a  phrase  shows  what 
is  meant. 

The  beginner  may,  of  course,  use  only  Part  III  with 
the  illustrations  to  help  him  find  the  name  of  the  shrub; 
but  it  would  be  better  to  throw  fear  to  the  dogs  and  read 
intelligently  Part  I  and  thus  learn  what  is  a  leaf  and  the 
great  leaf  differences  and  what  is  a  flower  and  the  great 
flower  differences.  Then  boldly  try  the  keys  to  Part  II 
and  discover  how  readily  they  can  be  used.  By  means 
of  these  keys  the  page  is  determined  in  Part  III  where 
the  plant  is  figured  and  described.  Persevere!  Do  not 
be  discouraged  by  a  failure  or  two.  If  you  reach  that 
stage  when  you  know  the  leaf  of  a  plant,  all  the  rest  will 
be  found  plain  and  easy. 

The  author  has  received  much  valuable  help  from  many 
sources,  and  his  thanks  are  especially  due  to  nurserymen 
North,  South,  East,  and  West  who  have  furnished  him  witli 
specimens  for  illustration  and  information  of  great  value ; 
without  their  help  the  book  could  not  have  been  Avritten. 
The  authorities  of  the  Arnold  Arboretum  and  of  other 
botanic  gardens  of  the  country  have  given  help  freely 
when  called  upon. 


Trenton,  New  Jersey. 


EDITOR'S   NOTE 

My  father  completed  the  writing  of  this  last  book  of 
his  shortly  before  his  death.  It  had  become  familiar  to 
me  through  copying  his  manuscript  and  in  the  trips  we 
took  together  to  various  nurseries  and  forest  lands  to  test 
the  working  power  of  his  book.  As  a  natural  outcome  of 
this  long  and  close  association  with  him,  tlie  editing  of  it 
has  devolved  upon  me.  He  made  the  illustrations  in 
pencil,  almost  entirely  from  nature,  and  I  have  since 
inked  them  in,  at  the  request  of  the  23ublishers. 

Grateful  acknowledgments  are  due  to  a  number  of  my 
father's  colleagues  and  friends  for  their  assistance  and 
offers  of  help,  and  particularly  to  Professor  John  W. 
Harshberger  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  who  has 
given  a  last  critical  reading  to  the  manuscript  and  the 
proof  sheets  and  has  prepared  the  glossary  and  the  index. 

ADA   APGAR   DRAYCOTT. 


CONTENTS 


Propagation  of  Plants    . 

Part  I.     Leaves,  Flowers,  and  Fruit 

Part  IL     Keys  to  the  Genera 

Part  III.     Descriptions  of  the  Shruij 

Glossary 

Index     .        .        .        .        . 


13 
33 

57 
343 
345 


ORNAMENTAL    SHRUBS 


PROPAGATION   OF   PLANTS^ 

At  the  end  of  each  group  of  plants  the  methods  of 
propagation  are  given.  A  few  words  may  be  necessary 
to  expLain  the  terms  used.  The  order  in  which  the  terms 
are  placed  indicates  the  ease  and  success  of  the  different 
plans,  the  best  method  having  precedence.  Of  course 
the  best  method  in  some  localities  and  under  certain  con- 
ditions might  not  be  the  best  for  other  localities  under 
other  conditions,  so  some  allowance  must  be  made. 

Seeds.  —  The  use  of  seeds  is  generally  nature's  plan, 
but  it  has  some  disadvantages.  Varieties  do  not  come 
true  in  most  cases.  The  seeds  need  to  be  fully  mature 
but  still  fresh.  Many  seeds  are  slow  to  grow ;  certain 
kinds  need  years  to  sprout.  A  number  of  flowers, 
double  ones,  for  example,  do  not  produce  seeds. 

As  a  general  rule,  seeds  should  be  soaked  in  warm  water 
overnight  before  planting.  The  seedlings  are  best  raised 
in  shallow  boxes  or,  after  frosts  are  over  in  spring,  in 
open  ground.  Small  seeds  should  be  covered  with  fine 
loam  only  to  a  depth  but  little  greater  than  the  diameter 
of  the  seed ;  large  seeds,  to  the  deptli  of  a  quarter  of  an 
inch  or  more.  A  good  rule  is  to  cover  any  seed  to  a 
depth  of  twice  its  diameter  witli  light  fine  earth.  After 
covering  the  seeds  the  soil  should  be  pressed  down  firmly 
with  a  board.  Seedlings  must  not  be  allowed  to  become 
dry  at  any  time. 

1  Everythins:  is  condensed  in  this  book  to  reduce  it  to  handbook  size, 
and  the  treatment  of  this  topic  is  necessarily  brief.  The  best  book  known 
to  the  author  for  an  amateur  is  "Practical  Floriculture,"  by  Peter  Hen- 
derson (SI. 50). 

0 

Library 
N.   C.   State    College 


10  PROPAGATION    OF    PLANTS 

Twig  Cuttings.  —  For  almost  all  shrubs,  the  ripened  in- 
stead of  the  soft-growing  wood  should  be  taken,  and  pieces 
with  three  or  four  eyes,  axillary  buds.  Imbed  about 
two  eyes,  removing  all  the  leaves  from  the  imbedded  por- 
tion. If  the  plant  has  large  leaves,  cut  off  also  part  of 
the  exposed  leaves  to  reduce  the  leaf  surface  so  as  not 
to  exhaust  the  life  of  the  rooting  twig.  The  best 
season  for  the  propagation  of  slips  is  September  to  Janu- 
ary, after  the  hottest  season.  Of  course  I  do  not  here 
give  methods  used  by  florists  by  which  they  obtain  the 
largest  possible  number  of  plants  from  the  smallest  amount 
of  material.  They  have  hothouses,  cold  frames,  and 
other  appliances.  This  method  is  for  the  amateur  to 
obtain  a  few  new  plants. 

Root  Cuttings.  —  All  plants  below  ground  are  popularly 
called  roots,  though  many  herbs  and  some  shrubs  have 
rootstocks,  or  underground  stems,  that  have  buds  or  eyes 
which  will  readily  produce  new  plants.  When  any  por- 
tion below  ground  can  be  cut  into  pieces  and  planted  in 
soil  as  a  method  of  propagation,  the  term  "  root  cuttings  " 
is  used.  Pieces  one  to  three  inches  long  are  taken, 
slightly  imbedded,  and  allowed  to  grow. 

Suckers.  —  Many  species  naturally  send  up  stems  from 
below  ground  at  some  distance  from  the  main  plant,  and 
these  stems  are  called  suckers.  These,  after  they  get 
a  full  start,  can  be  separated  and  made  to  produce  new- 
plants.  Trees  or  shrubs  wliich  readily  sucker  are,  as  a 
rule,  undesirable  because  they  cannot  be  kept  within 
bounds.  Many  plants  of  great  beauty  are  discarded  on 
account  of  this  tendency. 

Layers.  — Nearly  all  plants  can  be  increased  in  number 
by  layering.  Some,  by  the  most  experienced  nurserymen, 
can  be  propagated  in  no  other  way.  By  this  plan  a  twig 
is  bent  down  to  the  ground,  where  it  is  covered  with  soil 
and  kept  down  by  a  weight  or  by  sticks  until  it  takes 
root.  Before  imbedding,  a  slanting  cut  on  the  upper  side 
is  made  with  a  sharp  knife,  half  severing  the  twig ;  this 


PROPAGATION    OF    PLANTS  11 

helps  the  formation  of  roots  and  also  the  twig's  removal 
when  rooted.  For  layers,  young  wood  is  taken  and  three 
or  four  leaves  and  buds  are  exposed  beyond  the  imbedded 
portion.  The  best  time  for  layering  is  from  the  middle 
of  June  to  September. 

Divisions.  —  Many  shrubs  are  increased  by  the  division 
of  the  whole  clump  into  two  or  more  portions,  each  being 
set  out  into  new  ground.  The  best  season  for  this  pur- 
pose is  the  fall,  and  this  is  especially  true  of  those  plants 
having  fleshy  roots,  as  the  p?eonies. 

Grafting  and  Budding.  —  Plants  which  are  half  hardy  in 
any  region  are  rendered  more  hardy  by  grafting  them 
on  roots  of  nearly  related  but  hardier  species.  Low 
spreading  plants  are  sometimes  grafted  on  erect-growing 
forms  at  the  height  of  five  to  eight  feet  to  produce  um- 
brella or  weeping  trees.  The  so-called  Kilmarnock  wil- 
low, the  weeping  mulberry,  and  the  Catalpa  Bungei  are 
produced  in  this  way.  Peculiar  sports  can  be  propagated 
only  by  budding  or  grafting.  Beginners  should  see  these 
processes  performed  by  an  expert  before  undertaking 
them  ;  the  processes  are  easy  after  the  methods  are  learned. 
Budding  takes  the  place  of  grafting  with  plants  of  more 
slender  or  less  woody  stems,  as  roses. 


PART   I 

LEAVES,    FLOWERS,    AND    FRUIT 

CHAPTER    I 
THE   STUDY   OF   LEAVES 

What  constitutes  a  Leaf.  —  In  order  to  use  this  book  with 
ease  and  success  it  will  first  be  necessary  to  learn  what 
constitutes  a  leaf  of  a  plant.  The  reader  must  be  able  to 
pick  off  a  whole  leaf  and  nothing  but  a  leaf  from  any  shrub. 
Leaves  are  present  on  plants  through  the  grooving  season, 
and  they  are  the  only  portions  besides  the  stems  on  which 
they  grow  which  are  always  to  be  found.  The  flowers  are 
short-lived  on  all  plants,  and  the  fruits  are  in  only  compara- 
tively few  species  to  be  found  through  the  year. 

In  looking  on  a  group  of  shrubs  of  hundreds  of  species, 
a  small  number,  a  dozen  or  less,  will  be  found  in  bloom 
at  any  given  time.  The  great  and  lasting  beauty  of  these 
plants  is  their  foliage.  The  differences  which  the  species 
show  are  easily  seen  in  the  forms  and  the  surface  of  the 
blades  of  the  leaves.  So  if  the  reader  wants  to  become 
acquainted  with  plants,  he  must  recognize  their  leaves. 

We  all  know  many  things  by  sight  which  we  cannot 
express  in  words  ;  but  if  we  wish  to  use  such  a  book  as  this 
to  become  acquainted  with  the  part  of  nature  with  which 
it  deals,  we  must  see  how  the  words  used  by  the  author 
apply  to  the  plant  parts  under  observation.  The  first  and 
most  important  step  in  this  knowledge  is  the  ability  to 
determine  what  constitutes  a  full  leaf. 

The  visible  growing  parts  of  bushes  ar^  the  stems  and 

13 


14 


LEAVES,    FLOWERS;    AND    FRUIT 


IJM       ^3A€„ 


,^:^:^aM 


Pirate  I 


THE    STUDY    OF    LEAVES  15 

the  leaves  Avhich  are  regularly  arranged  along  them.  The 
stems  are  easily  seen  to  be  jointed,  and  the  two  things 
which  make  these  joints  are  the  leaves  and  the  buds,  just 
above  the  stalk  of  the  leaf,  in  their  axils.  These  buds 
will  sooner  or  later  burst  and  form  new  branches  or  else 
flowers.  The  buds  are  of  various  sizes,  but  even  if  small 
they  can  usually  be  seen,  though  occasionally  they  are  so 
hidden  partially  or  wholly  under  the  base  of  the  leaf  as  to 
need  the  breaking  off  of  the  leaf  to  ex^jose  them.  When 
the  leaves  are  very  numerous,  as  in  the  spruces  and  other 
such  evergreens,  only  a  few  of  the  buds  develop  so  as  to 
be  seen. 

Now  all  this  is  merely  words  easily  read  and  easily  com- 
prehended. If  the  reader  wishes  really  to  make  use  of 
this  book,  he  must  take  tlie  twigs  of  many  kinds  of  shrubs 
and  search  for  leaves  and  buds. 

It  will  be  a  good  plan  first  to  take  the  illustrations 
given  in  this  book,  to  see  in  each  case  what  is  a  leaf. 
(3ne  full  leaf  is  drawn  by  the  side  of  the  twig  in  every 
figure.  The  bud  in  the  axil  can  usually  be  seen  before 
the  removal  of  the  leaf,  but  more  clearly  where  the  leaf  is 
removed.  The  largest  and  most  complicated  leaf  is  shown 
in  Fig.  336 ;  and  the  smallest,  in  Fig.  36.  The  reader 
must  not  think  it  too  simple  a  task;  but  it  is  one  necessary 
to  master.  A  leaf,  a  whole  leaf,  and  nothing  but  a  leaf 
must  be  known  in  all  cases  if  this  book  is  to  be  used. 
When  the  leaf  is  surely  known,  all  tlie  other  steps  are  easy. 
After  a  close  examination  of  the  figures  given  and  an  un- 
derstanding of  why  the  removed  portion  is  a  leaf,  be- 
cause it  marks  the  joint  of  a  stem,  one  should  go  to  the 
shrubbery  and  gather  branches  from  a  number  of  kinds  of 
bushes. 

Be  sure  to  cut  off  twigs  which  have  grown  extensively 
during  the  year.  These  new  growths  will  have  smoother 
and  generally  greener  bark  than  the  old  growth.  Having 
gathered  a  dozen  or  more  kinds,  take  them  to  some  shady 
place  where  there  is  a  chance  to  have  a  good  seat  and  an 


IG 


LEAVES,   FLOWERS,   AND   FRUIT 


Fig.G 


Plate  II 


THE    STUDY    OF    LEAVES  17 

investigating  companion.  Two  heads  and  two  pairs  of 
eyes  are  found  to  be  much  better  than  one  for  the  study  of 
nature  by  a  beginner. 

Of  the  dozen  species  probably  half  will  have  buds  as 
large  and  conspicuous  as  to  be  easily  seen  by  any  one, 
especially  if  it  is  summer  time.  In  these  cases  the  whole 
leaf  is  all  that  is  attached  to  the  stem  just  under  or  below 
the  bud.  Some  of  these  leaves  may  be  very  small,  less 
than  an  inch  in  length,  while  others  may  be  a  foot  or 
more  long.  Many  leaves  will  have  but  one  blade  or 
spreading  green  portion,  wliile  others  may  have  any  num- 
ber of  blades  —  a  score,  a  hundred,  or  possibly  a  thousand. 
Tlie  leaf  of  the  waxberry  (Plate  II,  Fig.  G)  has  one  blade; 
the  clover,  three  ;  rose  bushes,  three,  live,  or  seven  (some 
species  have  over  seven);  the  elder  bushes  (Plate  III, 
Fig.  P),  seven  to  eleven  ;  some  of  the  sumachs,  over 
twenty-five  ;  and  the  acacia  tree,  several  hundred  (Plate 
IV,  Fig.  S). 

Having  determined  about  those  which  have  conspicuous 
buds  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  take  other  twigs  and,  re- 
membering that  leaves  mark  the  joints  of  stems,  try  to 
break  off  whole  leaves.  In  some  cases  the  buds  will  show 
after  the  leaves  are  stripped  off,  because  they  were  hidden 
under  their  bases  (Plate  III,  Fig.  R).  A  few  may  have 
flowers,  fruit,  or  twigs  above  the  leaves ;  these  are  the 
developed  buds  which  could  earlier  have  been  found  in 
the  unopened  state.  The  final  specimen  or  two  may  possi- 
bly show  neither  buds  nor  branches  in  the  axils,  as  these 
develop  visibly  only  later  in  the  year. 

As  was  said,  the  growing  parts  of  plants  are  the  stems 
with  their  leaves.  Stems  are  more  or  less  continually 
growing  at  their  tips  ;  this  is  especially  true  in  shrubs. 
But  the  leaves,  no  matter  how  complicated,  soon  reach 
their  full  size  and  stop  growing.  The  forward  growing 
part  is  sure  to  be  a  plant  stem,  and  the  parts  which  mark 
it  into  joints,  no  matter  how  small  and  scale-like  they  ap- 
pear, are  full  leaves.  In  all  parts  of  the  United  States 
apgar's  shrubs  —  2 


18 


LEAVES,    FLOWERS;    AND   FRUIT 


'^-^M 


F.gN 


Plate  III 


THE    STUDY    OF    LEAVP:S  19 

there  is  some  tree  popularly  called  red  cedar  and  in  all 
sections  some  cultivated  plant  called  arborvitte.  If  a 
specimen  of  either  of  these  is  taken,  the  growing  twigs 
will  be  found  covered  with  scale-like  parts  and  no  such 
things  as  would  usually  be  called  leaves.  Each  of  these 
scales,  because  it  marks  a  joint,  is  a  full  leaf  of  the 
plant  (Plate  I,  Fig.  A). 

There  is  a  shrub  or  small  tree,  extensively  cultivated 
especially  in  the  East,  which  has  abundant  small  pink 
flowers  in  spring  or  summer.  This  will  appear  to  the 
novice  as  without  show  of  leaves,  seeming  to  consist 
of  hundreds  of  green  thread-like  growths.  The  name 
given  to  the  plant  is  tamarix  or  tamarisk.  If  the  reader 
can  procure  a  piece  of  this  plant,  let  him  examine  the  fine 
sprays  of  green  thread-like  portions  with  a  magnifier. 
Along  these  he  will  observe  pointed,  triangular,  partially 
clasping  parts.  These,  though  smaller  than  a  pinhead, 
are  the  simple  leaves  of  this  plant.  They  are  full  leaves 
because  they  are  at  the  joints  of  the  stem  (Figs.  35-37). 

The  three  plants  here  given,  red  cedar,  arborvitse,  and 
tamarix,  have  the  smallest  leaves  found  on  any  of  our 
trees  and  shrubs. 

Large  leaves,  the  largest  there  are  on  any  of  the  northern 
shrubs,  will  be  found  on  a  very  beautiful  thorny  plant  called 
Hercules'  club  (Fig.  336).  These  are  closely  crowded 
at  the  blunt  ends  of  the  stems.  These  leaves  with  their 
enlarged  bases  nearly  cover  the  whole  surface  of  the  blunt 
tip.  Lower  down  on  the  old  stem  the  scars,  where  the 
leaves  were  in  earlier  years,  will  shoAv  as  broad  V-shaped 
marks.  The  leaves  on  this  plant  will  often  be  over  a  3- ard 
long  and  consist  of  75  to  150  blades. 

Arrangement  of  Leaves.  —  In  this  search  for  leaves  mark- 
ing the  joints  of  stems,  one  will  have  noticed  that  there 
are  frequently  two  or  more  leaves  at  the  same  joint.  Over 
half  of  the  kinds  of  cultivated  shrubs  in  the  United  States 
have  only  one  leaf  "at  the  joint  (Plate  III,  Fig.  M)  ;  a 
smaller   number  have  two  (Plate    II,   Fig.    K)   opposite 


20 


LEAVES,  FLOWERS,  AND  FRUIT 


'"'    if  J  '\ 


Fig.W 


Fig.X 


Plate  IV 


THE    STUDY    OF    LEAVES  21 

each  other;  while  a  few  have  tliree  or  more  regularly- 
arranged  around  the  same  joint.  These  illustrate  the 
three  common  arrangements  which  leaves  take  —  alternate 
(one  at  a  joint),  opposite  (two  at  a  joint),  and  whorled 
(over  two  at  a  joint). 

There  is  another  apparent  arrangement  of  leaves  which 
will  more  or  less  bother  the  beginner  and  must  be  mas- 
tered. This  is  where  the  leaves  are  clustered  either  at  the 
tips  of  the  stems,  as  in  the  azaleas  (Plate  I,  Fig.  D),  or 
in  alternate  bunches  along  the  usually  thorny  branches, 
as  in  the  barberries  (Plate  I,  Fig.  E).  Besides  these  ar- 
rangements, which  occur  on  the  new  growth,  the  old  wood 
will  have  clusters  of  two  or  more  leaves  where  the  leaves 
Avcre  in  the  preceding  year ;  of  course  this  is  the  bursting 
and  developing  of  the  axillary  buds  and  should  produce 
branches  of  the  year  instead  of  close  clusters  of  leaves. 
Usually  branches  do  appear,  but  in  a  few  species  all  the 
axillary  buds  start  and  so  most  of  them  form  only  short 
stunt^.d  side  shoots  which  appear  merely  like  a  cluster  of 
leaves.  One  must  not  mistake  these  for  whorls  of  leaves. 
Where  leaves  are  whorled,  they  are  regularly  arranged 
around  the  stem  at  the  joint,  and  are  not  a  cluster  either 
at  the  tip  or  on  the  side  of  the  stem. 

Kinds  of  Leaves.  —  Having  reached  the  stage  where  the 
whole  leaf  is  readily  determined,  the  next  step  is  to  know 
how  to  use  words  exactly  in  describing  leaf  differences. 
Most  leaves  or  bushes  consist  more  or  less  of  a  leaf 
stalk  and  a  single  blade,  the  spreading  portion ;  these 
are  called  simple  leaves,  and  numerous  examples  can 
be  found  in  any  shrubbery.  The  viburnum,  the  mock 
orange,  and  the  maple  have  opposite  simple  leaves  (Plate 
II,  Fig.K;  Plate  III,  Fig.  N;  Plate  IV,  Fig.  W  ),  while 
the  rhododendrons,  the  smoke  bush,  and  the  silverberry 
have  alternate  simple  leaves  (Fig.  445 ;  Plate  I,  Fig.  F  ; 
Plate  II,  Fig.  I). 

If  the  leaf  has  more  than  one  blade,  it  is  called  eompound. 
The  elder,  the  pagoda  tree,  the   rose,    and   the    buckeye 


22  LEAVES,    FLOWERS,    AND    FRUIT 

have  compound  leaves  (Plate  III,  Fig.  P;  Plate  III, 
Fig.  R). 

At  the  base  of  the  blade  of  simple  leaves  there  are  in  a 
few  cases  a  pair  of  blade-like  parts  at  tlie  side  of  the  leaf 
stalk,  which  are  called  stipules.  Of  the  common  shrubs 
tlie  one  showing  these  most  conspicuously  is  the  so-called 
Japan  quince.  Books  make  much  of  stipules,  in  the 
text,  but  they  are  so  rarely  seen,  except  in  the  earliest 
spring,  that  I  have  left  them  almost  entirely  out  of  con- 
sideration in  the  keys  and  the  descriptions.  All  oaks  are 
said  to  have  stipules,  but  they  are  so  short-lived  that  none 
are  to  be  found  when  the  leaves  have  fully  expanded. 

There  are  two  distinct  plans  for  the  arrangement  of  the 
blades  on  compound  leaves.  They  are  either  all  together 
at  the  end  of  the  leaf  stalk,  as  in  the  red  clover  with 
8  blades,  or  in  the  horse  chestnut  with  7  blades,  these 
are  called  ijahnately  com2wiind  (Plate  IV,  Fig.  X)  ;  or 
tliey  are  regularly  arranged  along  the  stalk  as  in  the  elder 
and  common  sumach,  these  are  called  jnnnately  comjjound 
(Plate  III,  Fig.  P). 

The  pinnately  compound  leaf  may  have  an  even  num- 
ber of  blades,  there  being  no  blade  at  the  tip  ;  in  this 
case  it  is  called  evenly  or  abruptly  2mmate  (Plate  IV, 
Fig.  S).  More  frequently  there  is  an  odd  blade 
at  the  end,  and  the  leaves  are  odd  pinnate  (Plate  III, 
Fig.  Q). 

Both  palmate  and  pinnate  leaves  may  be  the  second  or 
third  time  divided  before  the  blades  are  reached  ;  in  such 
cases  they  are  twice  (bi)  or  thrice  (tri)  palmate  or  pin- 
nate as  the  case  may  be.  The  mimosa  (Plate  IV,  Fig.  S) 
is  twice  or  hipinnate,  and  the  astilbe  (Fig.  239)  is  three 
times  or  tripalmate.  The  honey  locust  is  curious ;  many 
of  its  leaves  are  once  pinnate,  while  those  on  the  rapidly 
growing  twigs  are  bipinnate.  Both  the  mimosa  and  the 
honey  locust  lack  end  blades  and  are  abruptly  pinnate. 

As  far  as  the  classification  of  leaves  has  been  given,  it 
can  be  summed  up  in  the  following : 


THE    STUDY    OF    LEAVES  23 

Summary  of  Kinds  of  Leaves.  —  Leaves  mark  the  joints 
of  steins  of  plants ;  they  may  be  alternate  when  one  at  a 
jomt,  opposite  when  two  at  a  joint,  tvhorled  when  over 
two  are  arranged  around  the  joint,  and  clustered  when 
several  are  together  at  one  side  of  the  joint  ;  they  are 
simple  when  there  is  but  one  blade  to  a  leaf  and  com- 
pou7id  when  there  is  more  than  one  blade.  Compound 
leaves  are  divided  into  pinnate  when  the  blades  are 
attached  along  the  stalk  and  palmate  when  they  are  at 
the  end.  Pinnate  leaves  may  be  odd  pinnate  when  there 
is  an  odd  blade  at  the  end  and  abruptly/  pinnate  when 
there  is  no  end  blade.  Pinnate  or  palmate  leaves  may 
be  hipinnate  or  hipalmate  if  the  blades  are  not  reached 
till  there  is  a  second  division  of  the  parts ;  it  is  even 
possible  to'  have  them  tripinnate  or  tripalmate^  though 
such  a  complication  is  rare  among  shrubs.  (There  are 
two  sub-shrubs  often  cultivated  and  popularly  called 
spirea,  aruncus  and  astilbe,  which  have  tripalmate 
leaves). 

Margins  of  Blades  of  Leaves.  — The  next  important  dif- 
ference to  be  noted  is  in  the  edges  of  blades  of  all  leaves, 
simple  or  compound,  which  may  be  studied  in  the  four 
plates  in  this  chapter  and  the  accompanying  descriptions. 
This  difference,  in  such  terms  as  will  be  easily  compre- 
hended by  any  one,  divides  the  blades  into  three  classes : 
(1)  entire^  where  the  edge  or  margin  is  without  regular 
notches  of  any  kind ;  (2)  notched  or  serrated^  where  there 
are  regular  and  somewhat  saw-toothed  notches ;  and 
(3)  lohed^  where  there  are  a  few  larger  indentations.  A 
lobed  blade  may  have  its  lobes  entire  or  serrated. 

The  more  luxuriant  or  vigorously  growing  a  plant  is 
the  more  inclined  it  is  to  have  notches  or  lobes  along  the 
edges  of  its  blades ;  in  deciding  under  which  class  to 
place  a  plant  do  not  too  closely  examine  these  excep- 
tional cases  of  vigor.  The  younger  and  the  older  grow- 
ing parts  of  mulberries  illustrate  these  leaf  differences 
with  reference  to  edges  of  blades. 


24  LEAVES,    FLOWERS,    AND    FRUIT 

Veining  of  Blades  of  Leaves. — Another  of  the  differ- 
ences in  the  bhides  of  leaves  necessary  to  know  is  that  of 
the  veining  (see  Plates  I-IV,  Figs.  A-X).  Nearly  all 
blades  will  be  found  to  have  a  consj^icuous  central  vein 
called  the  midrib  extending  the  length  of  the  blade. 
Frequently  there  are  two  or  more  side  Veins  of  almost 
equal  strength  extending  from  the  base  of  the  blade.  If 
these  are  more  conspicuous  than  others  and  extend  out- 
ward toward  the  sides,  the  blades  are  said  to  be  radiate- 
vei^ied ;  but  if  they  more  or  less  follow  the  direction  of  the 
midrib,  the  blades  are  said  to  be  3-ribbed,  5-ribbed,  or 
7-ribbed  as  the  case  may  be.  A  more  common  veining  is 
when  the  only  rib  extending  from  the  base  is  the  midrib 
and  the  veins  next  in  size  extend  from  this  in  a  regular 
manner  outward  from  base  to  tip ;  this  gives  what  is 
called  feather -veining .  A  peculiar  variety  of  feather- 
veining  is  shown  in  birch  and  elm  leaves,  where  the  veins 
along  the  sides  of  the  midrib  are  distinctly  marked  and 
extend  nearly  parallel  with  each  other  to  the  margin  of 
the  blade  ;  this  is  called  straight-veined. 

Between  all  these  ribs  and  veins  there  is,  in  almost  all 
bushes,  a  network  of  fine  veins  which  gives  the  name  net- 
veined  to  the  blades.  In  the  United  States  there  are 
many  leaves  so  thick  and  fleshy  that  this  network  does 
not  show,  and  the  blades  are  well  described  as  obscurely 
veined.  In  such  plants  as  wheat,  corn,  and  the  palms  the 
veining  does  not  form  a  network  and  the  leaves  are  said 
to  be  parallel-veined. 

Forms  of  Blades.  —  (See  Plates  I-IV,  Figs.  A-X,  also 
other  figures  in  book.)  In  the  description  of  blade 
forms  in  this  book  only  the  commonest  of  English  words 
are  used  and  most  readers  will  understand  them  without 
explanation  and  illustration;  but  for  those  who  need  a 
review  of  form  words  and  their  explanation  a  few  para- 
graphs are  given. 

Broad  blades  more  than  half  as  wide  as  long  will,  if 
widest  at  about  the  middle,  be  called  oval ;  if  widest  near 

Library 
N.   C.   State    College 


thp:  study  of  leaves  zo 

the  base,  ovate;  if  widest  near  the  tip,  ohovate.  If  the 
broad  base  of  an  ovate  blade  is  somewhat  notched,  the 
blade  is  cordate  or  heart-shaped ;  if  the  broad  tip  has  such 
a  notch,  it  is  ohcordate. 

Narrower  bhides  when  widest  at  the  middle  are  ellij^tic; 
if  widest  towards  the  base,  lanceolate ;  towards  the  ti[), 
ohlanceolate. 

Any  leaves  when  the  sides  are  rather  straight  than 
curved  will,  if  wide,  be  termed  ohlong  and,  if  narrow,  linear. 

There  are  blades  so  broad  and  rounded  as  to  be  called 
orbicidar^  others  so  acutely  notched  at  base  as  to  need 
the  word  arroio- shaped. 

Duration  of  Leaves.  — The  only  difference  in  the  duration 
of  leaves  generally  considered  is  that  some  fall  in  the 
autumn  while  others  last  through  the  winter  in  a  green 
condition  ;  the  words  in  common  use  to  describe  this  con- 
trast are  deciduous  and  evergreen. 

As  this  is  a  book  intended  mainly  for  summer  use  when 
the  foliage  is  in  good  condition,  many  will  find  a  difficulty 
in  determining  whether  the  leaves  drop  off  and  leave  the 
twigs  bare  in  winter.  In  general,  the  thicker  and 
smoother  the  leaves  the  more  apt  they  are  to  remain  green 
through  the  winter  and  so  be  evergreen.  This  is  no 
absolute  difference ;  it  is  only  a  relative  one.  A  mild 
winter  Avill  cause  many  plants  to  hold  their  leaves  wliich 
in  a  severe  winter  they  would  lose.  In  the  southern 
states  there  are  many  evergreen  plants  which  in  the  North 
are  deciduous. 

If  the  examination  of  plants  should  be  as  early  as  June 
and  be  carefully  conducted,  nearly  every  shrub  wliich 
holds  its  leaves  throusi-h  the  winter  can  be  determined 
because  the  old  leaves  can  still  be  found.  At  that  time 
the  growth  of  the  year  can  easily  be  separated  from  the 
growth  of  the  preceding  year.  The  contrast  in  brighter 
color  .and  a  smoothness  to  the  new  branches  will  readily 
indicate  what  is  new  growth.  If  the  last  year's  twigs  still 
have    leaves   in    the    regular    places    and    not   leaf-scars. 


26  LEAVES,    FLOWERS,    AND    FRUIT 

where  the  leaves  liave  fallen  off,  such  leaves  are  of  the 
earlier  year  ami  must  have  remained  through  the  winter, 
so  the  plant  is  an  evergreen. 

In  cases  where  the  leaves  are  thick,  smooth,  and  usually 
glossy,  the  plant  may  be  considered  an  evergeen  or  nearly 
so.  In  the  New  England  states  very  few  of  the  shrubs 
are  evergreen ;  not  more  than  one  fifth  to  one  tenth  of 
the  species  in  cultivation  in  any  one  locality  are  evergreen  ; 
while  in  the  Gulf  states  probably  over  half  are  so.  Of 
course,  nearly  all  the  plants,  either  North  or  South,  with 
minute  scale-shaped  or  needle-shaped  leaves,  such  as  the 
pines,  spruces,  firs,  arborvitas,  and  cedars,  are  evergreen; 
these  are  almost  without  exception  trees  rather  than 
shrubs.  (The  bald  cypress,  the  larches,  and  the  tamarisks 
are  exceptions  even  in  this  group  of  scale-sliaped  and 
needle-leaved  plants,  as  they  are  bare  of  foliage  in 
winter.) 


CHAPTER   IT 

THE   STUDY  OF   FLOWERS   AND   FRUIT 

Purpose  of  this  Book.  —  Most  books  on  plants  are  pri- 
marily based  on  the  critical  microscopic  examination  of  the 
floNvers  and  their  organs.  For  this  the  student  nuist  first 
be  able  to  find  the  flowers  in  good  condition,  and  be  able 
to  determine  all  about  them.  He  must  see  the  bottom 
of  the  pistil  (the  ovary)  and  not  only  find  out  about  its 
cells,  the  attachment  of  the  beginning  of  seeds  (the  ovules), 
but  must  know  how  many  of  these  become  true  seeds  with 
a  plant  (embryo).  Concerning  this  plant  within  the  seed- 
coats,  he  must  know  how  many  leaves  there  are,  how  these 
leaves  are  wrapped,  folded,  or  wrinkled  about  the  seed 
stem,  and  whether  there  is  a  food  supply  (reserve  food) 
for  the  early  growth  of  the  seedling  outside  of  the  little 
plant.  He  must  also  know  tlie  kind  of  fruit  it  forms 
months  later  and  the  color  of  this  fruit  when  ripe.  He  is 
asked  to  do  all  this  before  he  can  be  ready  to  open  the 
book  to  use  a  so-called  ke}^ 

This  impossible  work  has  been  asked  of  beginners  in 
botany  so  long  that  many  are  afraid  of  anything  called  a 
"  botany  "  and  of  anything  termed  a  ''  key,"  and  are  pur- 
chasing any  book  which  shows  an  easy  way  to  know  tlie 
wild  flowers.  Authors  are  even  adding  encyclopedic  in- 
formation to  their  "  systematic  synopsis,"  the  modern  ex- 
pression for  a  key.  This  book  is  written  for  the  use,  and 
not  for  the  bewilderment,  of  the  vast  majority  of  the 
public,  who  want  some  convenient  way  to  learn  the  nature 
of  tlie  cultivated  shrubs.  After  a  leaf  is  known,  but  little 
is  asked  besides  the  color  and  size  of  the  blossoms. 

The  parts  of  the  flowers  are  rarely  examined,  though 

27 


28  LEAVES,    FLOWERS,    AND    FRUIT 

occasionally  the  number  of  petals  needs  to  be  counted.  In 
all  these  cases  the  bright  and  conspicuous  parts  of  flowers 
are  called  petals,  even  wliere  the  scientist  has  in  the  end 
determined  that  they  are  better  called  sepals  or  bracts. 
The  attempt  has  been  made  to  use  only  such  words  about 
flowers  as  any  one,  without  studying  botany,  can  properly 
apply.  The  keys  are  only  to  be  used  as  keys,  not  as 
containing  exhaustive  information,  giving  none  but  the 
points  needed  to  decide  the  name  of  the  i)hint.  They  are 
intended  to  enable  the  student  to  find  the  names  of  the 
plants.  Not  because  it  will  lead  the  inquirer  to  think  that 
finding  the  name  of  anything  is  the  end  of  study  —  this 
expresses  so  much  of  the  criticism  of  keys  —  for  it  is  but 
its  beginning.  An  introduction  is  a  necessary  first  ste^)  to 
an  acquaintance.  Without  knowing  a  name  we  cannot 
use  books  containing  detailed  information  and,  more  than 
this,  we  cannot  make  an  independent  investigation.  We 
need  to  call  by  some  name  anything  about  which  we 
wish  to  make  mental  or  written  notes  and  it  ought  to  be 
a  name  in  general  use  and,  if  possible,  one  applied  in 
books. 

Dr.  Henry  van  Dyke  has  well  expressed  a  universal 
truth  about  naming  things,  though  many  scientists  in  col- 
lege and  university  devote  much  time  to  decry  and  deny 
it.  In  "  Little  Rivers  "  he  says  :  ''  There  is  a  secret  pleasure 
in  finding  these  delicate  flowers  in  the  rough  heart  of  the 
wilderness.  It  is  like  discovering  the  veins  of  poetry  in 
tlie  character  of  a  guide  or  a  lumberman.  And  to  be  able 
to  call  the  plants  by  name  makes  them  a  hundredfold  more 
sweet  and  intimate.  Naming  things  is  one  of  the  oldest 
and  simplest  of  human  pastimes.  Children  play  at  it 
with  their  dolls  and  toy  animals.  In  fact,  it  was  the  first 
game  ever  played  on  earth,  for  the  Creator  who  planted 
the  garden  eastward  in  Eden  knew  well  what  would  please 
the  childish  heart  of  man  when  he  brought  all  the  new- 
made  creatures  to  Adam,  '  to  see  what  he  would  call 
them.'  " 


THE    STUDY    OF    FLOWERS    AND    FRUIT  29 

Now  the  purpose  of  this  book  is  to  enable  a  person  to 
name  the  shrubs  withouf  a  previous  study  of  botany  or 
the  use  of  the  microscope.  Nothing  will  be  required  but  a 
close  examination  by  the  unaided  eye.  Wherever  an  illus- 
stration  will  make  the  work  easier,  it  will  be  found. 

Flower  Organs.  —  A  few  words  about  the  great  and 
important  flower  organs.  The  introduction  will  bring  to 
tlie  mind  in  review  what  most  of  us  have  known.  Flowers 
are  for  the  production  of  fruit  and  seed,  and  the  bright 
colors  and  strong  odors  are  for  the  purpose  of  attracting 
the  proper  insects  so  that  better  seeds  shall  result.  The 
bright  and  conspicuous  parts  of  the  flower  are  called  petals 
and  together  the  petals  form  the  corolla.  Inside  these 
showy  parts  the  all-important  organs  for  seed  production, 
stamens  and  pistils^  are  to  be  found.  The  stamens 
furnish  a  fine  dust  Qpolleri)  from  their  enlarged  end 
(anther^  ;  the  presence  of  this  can  be  seen  in  nearly  all 
flowers  which  are  not  so  double  as  to  have  lost  the  pollen 
and  thus  the  power  to  form  seeds.  This  pollen  is  needed 
on  the  end  (stigma)  of  the  central  organ  of  a  flower 
(pistil),  and  by  its  aid  the  seeds  are  formed  within  the 
bottom  of  the  pistil  (ovary).  The  ripened  ovary  is  the 
fruit. 

In  many  flowers  the  petals  grow  more  or  less  together. 
They  are  fully  united  in  the  common  morning  glory, 
partially  so  in  lilac  blossoms,  and  entirely  separated  in 
apple  and  cherry  blossoms.  Sometimes  the  number  of 
petals  will  be  required,  a  matter  easy  to  determine  when 
the  parts  are  separated  as  in  apple  blossoms,  about  as  easy 
in  the  lilac  flowers  because  their  edge  has  lobes  represent- 
ing them,  and  even  in  the  morning  glory  peculiar  stripes 
mark  the  division  of  the  petals. 

The  number  of  stamens  will  occasionally  be  wanted,  but 
in  most  flowers  they  are  few  and  can  readily  be  counted. 
If  over  twenty,  they,  will  be  called  "many."  In  a  few 
cases  a  little  caution  is  necessary  in  counting,  as  the  anther 
at  the  end  of  stamens  is  almost  universally  2-lobed  because 


30  LP]AVES,    FLOWERS,    AND    FRUIT 

there  are  two  to  four  cells  to  hold  the  pollen ;  in  a  lilac 
blossom,  where  there  are  but  two' stamens,  a  careless  glance 
might  lead  one  to  say  there  were  four.  The  occasional 
growing  together  of  stamens  must  be  noted. 

A  few  words  about  the  pistil  and  its  many  peculiarities. 
One  should  get  the  habit  of  seeing  tlie  pistil  in  flowers. 
It  is  the  central  part  of  the  flower  and  has  at  its  bottom 
the  fruit-forming  part  (ovary)  and  at  the  top  the  stigma, 
where  the  pollen  is  received.  Some  flowers  contain  more 
than  one  pistil  from  stigma  to  ovary  ;  most  have  but  one 
ovary,  and  Avhatever  it  may  have  of  stigmas,  to  represent 
parts  from  which  it  was  formed,  they  are  all  united  at  the 
bottom  into  one  fruit-forming  part.  The  counting  of 
stigmas,  when  required,  is  easy. 

There  is  one  very  useful  word  which  is  often  applied  in 
this  book  and  also  in  other  manuals,  —  the  word  is  sessile, 
and  it  means  without  any  stem  or  stalk.  Petals,  anthers, 
stigmas,  whole  flowers,  and  even  clusters  of  flowers  may  be 
sessile.  Leaves  and  blades  of  leaves  may  be  sessile.  Ber- 
ries, pods,  and  all  kinds  of  fruits  may  be  sessile.  Now  any 
of  these  parts  of  a  plant  may  have  a  stalk  or  stem  and  thus 
not  be  sessile.  The  work  of  invention  that  has  been  be- 
stowed on  stalks  to  name  each  and  every  one  differently 
so  well  illustrates  how  scientists  in  making  the  language 
of  description  exact  have  made  it  difficult  to  become  the 
language  of  the  people  that  I  am  tempted  here  to  give 
some  of  these  stalk  names. 

Petiole  —  the  stalk  of  a  leaf. 

Peduncle  —  the  stalk  of  a  solitary  flower  or  a  cluster  of 
flowers  if  attached  above  ground  on  a  plant. 

Scape  —  for  the  same  stalk  if  it  rises  out  of  the 
ground. 

Pedicel  —  the  stalk  of  a  flower  in  a  cluster  of  flowers. 

Filament  —  the  stalk  of  an  anther. 

Stipe  —  the  stalk  of  a  pod,  fern  leaf,  or  mushroom. 

Claw —  the  stalk  of  a  petal. 


THE    STUDY    OF    FLOWERS    AND    FRUIT  31 

In  this  book  the  word  stalk  is  practically  used  through- 
out. 

Arrangement  of  Flowers. — Flowers  are  called  solitary 
when  but  a  single  blossom  is  found  at  the  tip  of  a  branch, 
whether  it  be  the  tip  of  the  plant  or  the  tip  of  an  axillary 
growth  from  a  leaf  of  the  plant.  They  are  clustered  if 
more  than  one  is  found  in  either  position.  There  are  a  few 
forms  of  clusters  so  common  that  their  names  are  here 
given.  Probably  the  commonest  form  of  cluster  is  that  of 
a  raceme;  in  this  a  number  of  flowers  on  individual  short 
stems  branch  at  different  points  along  the. main  stalk.  If 
these  stems  all  extend  from  the  tip,  an  umbel  is  formed; 
if  from  nearly,  but  not  quite  the  same  place,  the  whole 
forms  a  rather  flat  cluster,  and  a  corymb  is  the  result.  If 
a  second  division  occurs  before  flowers  are  found,  all  of 
tliese  forms  above  are  said  to  be  compound;  the  compound 
raceme  is  so  common  that  panicle  is  the  word  describ- 
ing it. 

Besides  these  clusters  of  flowers,  where  the  individual 
blossoms  have  appreciable  stalks,  there  are  two  cases  where 
the  blossoms  are  about  sessile;  if  the  cluster  is  elongated, 
it  forms  a  spike^  and  if  rounded,  a  head.  There  is  a  form 
of  spike  so  common  on  shrubs  and  trees  that  a  word  to  de- 
note it  is  important  and  will  occasionally  be  found  in  tlie 
text  —  the  word  catkin.  The  birches,  willows,  oaks,  hazel- 
nuts, etc.,  have  catkins.  These  are  usually  slender  clusters 
drooping  from  the  twigs  and  consist  of  male  flowers.  The 
catkins  are  so  ornamental  in  some  of  the  willows  that 
the  name  pussy  willows  is  given  to  the  plants.  Flat-topped 
clusters  with  an  older  central  flower  on  each  branch  are 
called  cymes. 

The  Fruit.  — The  part  formed  from  the  ovary  of  a  flower 
is  in  general  called  the  fruit.  Fruits  are  divided  into 
dry  fruits  and  fleshy  fruits.  So  far  all  is  easy  to  any  one; 
but  the  full  classification  of  either  fleshy  or  dry  fruits,  as 
given  in  the  text-books  of  botany,  is  difficult;  and  in  the 
most  advanced  books  there  are  found  many  points  of  the 


32  LEAVES,    FLOWERS,    AND    FRUIT 

classification  which  even  scientists  cannot  apply  to  all  in- 
dividual cases. 

In  this  book  few  fruit  terms  are  employed,  and  include 
names  for  all  the  forms  found  on  shrubs.  Nearly  all  the 
small  flesh}^  fruits  are  here  called  berries.  Berries  ought 
to  have  more  than  one  seed,  which  is  usually  true  of  them. 
There  is  a  class  of  fleshy  fruits  (usually  large,  but  some- 
times small)  which  has  a  single  stone-covered  seed,  repre- 
sented by  the  peach,  plum,  and  cherry.  These  have  been 
called  drupes  so  generally  that  the  word  will  occasionally 
be  given,  though  in  the  text  it  Avill  often  be  preceded  by  a 
word  which  will  explain  it,  as,  a  cherry-like  drupe. 
Fruits  with  several  to  many  seeds  in  horny-coated  cavities, 
so  well  illustrated  in  the  apple  and  pear,  are  called  pomes. 
This  word  will  never  be  found  except  when  modified  b}^ 
explanatory  words.  Other  forms  may  occur  and  illustra- 
tive words  will  explain  them,  as,  orange-like  fruit,  black- 
berry-like fruit.  The  fleshy  fruits  will  generally  be 
"  berries  "  and  "  drupes  "  in  the  text. 

The  dry  fruits  will  be  called  pods^  if  of  one  cell  and 
several  seeded;  capsides  or  seed  vessels  if  of  more  than 
one  cell  except  when  single-seeded  and  these  will  be  seed- 
like (acJienes)^  nut-like  {nutlets). 

In  general,  all  terms  outside  of  the  common  words  of 
the  English  language,  used  in  the  descriptive  portion  of 
this  book,  will  be  explained  or  illustrated  by  drawings. 
This,  therefore,  is  a  book  needing  no  Glossary  (tliough  a 
short  one  is  given  to  help  one  to  overcome  an  occasional 
forgetfulness). 


PART   II 

KEYS   TO    THE    GENERA 
DIRECTIONS    FOR    USE   OF    THE   KEYS 

General  Cautions.  —  In  using  any  of  the  keys:  (1) 
Never  read  any  hut  tJie  state77ients  to  which  you  are  directed 
hy  the  letter  in  parenthesis;  (2)  read  all  the  statements  fol- 
lowing the  given  letter  to  ivhich  you  are  directed  and  choose 
the  one  ivhich  seems  nearest  right  about  your  specimen. 

General  Directions.  —  All  the  keys  have  several  starred 
(*)  sections.  These  are  all  to  be  read  and  one  chosen. 
At  the  end  of  this  there  is  a  letter  in  parenthesis  and 
just  below  it  a  statement  following  tins  same  letter. 
Following  or  further  down  the  page,  but  at  the  same  dis- 
tance from  the  left  side  of  the  page,  other  statements 
coming  after  the  same  letter  are  to  be  found.  All  these 
need  to  be  read.  The  one  that  best  suits  the  plant  in 
hand  is  always  to  be  chosen  and  the  letter  in  parenthesis 
noted.  Proceed  till  a  name,  instead  of  a  letter  in  paren- 
thesis, occurs. 

In  this  Part  II  there  is  given  the  name  of  the  genus  of 
the  plant,  with  the  page  in  Part  III  where  the  different 
species  of  the  genus  are  described  and  illustrated.  If  there 
are  several  genera  given,  turn  to  all  the  pages  noted  and, 
by  the  descriptions  or  the  figures,  conclude  which  is  the 
right  one.  In  Part  III  the  keys  are  to  be  used  as  in  Part 
II,  but  the  names  there  given  are  the  full  names  of  the 
plants. 

In  the  General  Opening  Key  on  page  34  the  numbered 
keys  up  to  and  including  Key  8  contain  tlie  great  propor- 
tion of  all  slirubs.      The  others  include  all   the   peculiar 

APGAr's  SHRUBS  —  3  33 


34  KEYS    TO    THE    GENERA 

plants.  It  will  be  well  to  read  these  latter,  as  much  time 
can  be  saved  if  your  plant  is  so  unusual  as  to  belong  to 
one  of  these  small  sections.  Key  9  is  most  useful  if  your 
plant  has  all  of  its  leaves  very  small. 

Pronunciation.  — The  vowel  of  an  accented  syllable  if 
marked  by  a  grave  accent  (0  ^^  long,  and  if  marked  by  an 
acute  accent  (  ')  is  short. 

GENERAL   OPENING   KEY 

All  the  starred  portions  of  this  key  should  be  read  and  the  one  taken 
whose  description  best  suits  the  plant  in  question.  The  first  three  starred 
portions  are  intended  to  include  all  the  plants,  if  worked  with  in  the  sum- 
mer. The  fourth  is  for  winter  use.  The  fifth  includes  the  small  number 
of  shrubs  which  are  thorny  or  prickly.  The  sixth  to  the  last  inclusive 
are  only  for  those  with  special  arrangement  of  leaves.  (In  all  the  special 
keys  there  are  often  several  sections  based  on  different  conditions  of  the 
plants.) 

*  Leaves  opposite  or  whorled  on  the  stem.     (This  does  not  include 

plants  with  clusters  of  leaves  on  one  side  of  the  stem,  but  those 
with  2  or  more  leaves  regularly  arranged  around  the  stem  at  the 
joints.)     (A.) 

A.    Leaves  simple,  having  but  one  blade  to  the  leaf.     (B.) 

B.  Leaves  with  entire  edges,  neither  notched  nor  lobed  . . ,  Key  1. 
B.  Leaves  with  notched  but  not  distinctly  lobed  edges  ....  Key  2. 
B.    Leaves  with  lobed  edges  ;   the  lobes  either  notched  or  entire 

Keys. 

A.    Leaves  compound,  shown  by   their  having  2   to  many   blades 
Key  4. 

*  Leaves  alternate,  with  one  leaf  at  a  joint  of  the  stem.     (C.) 
C.    Leaves  simple,  having  but  one  blade  to  the  leaf.      (D.) 

D.    Leaves  witli  entire  edges,  neither  notched  nor  lobed  . . .  Key  5. 

D.    Leaves  with  notched  but  not  distinctly  lobed  edges Key  0. 

D.    Leaves  with  lobed  edges  ;    the  lobes  either  notched  or  entire 

Key  7. 

C.    Leaves   compound,    shown   by  their  having  2   to  many  blades 
Key  8. 

*  Leaves  very  small,  less  than  an  inch  long.     (Of  course  these  might 

be  found  under  the  above  *s,  but  it  is  convenient  to  have  in  a 
single  key  the  few  plants  with  very  small  leaves ;  the  blades  of  a 
compound  leaf  must  not  be  considered  leaves.) Key  9. 


KEYS    TO    THE    GENERA  35 

*  Winter  keys  for  deciduous  leaved  plants  which  show  either  flowers 

or  fruit  when  the  stems  are  bare  of  foliage,     (E.) 
E.    Plants  with  winter  or  early  spring  flowers Key  10. 

E.  Plants  with  fall  or  winter  fruits Key  11. 

*  Special  key  for  thorny  and  prickly  plants,  including  cactus  growths, 

plants  which  seem  to  have  no  foliage,  and  those  with  spiny-edged 
leaves Key  12. 

*  Plants  with  a  close  cluster  of  leaves  at  the  tips  of  the  branches.     (F.) 

F.  Plants  with  evergreen  leaves.     (G  ) 

G.    Leaves    simple,   1-bladed.     Rhodod(^ndron  (p.  260).     Kalmia 

Cp.  250).     Pitt6sporum  (p.  68).     Skimmia  (p.  84). 
G.    Leaves  very  compound.     Nandina  (p.  67). 
F.    Plants  with   deciduous   leaves.     Azalea  (p.  257).     Zanthorhiza 
(p.  58). 

*  Plants  with   alternate   clusters  of  leaves   along  the  stem  ;  without 

thorns  (if  thorny  plants,  see  2d*  above).     Plumbago  (p.    268). 
Berberis  (p.  64). 

*  Plants  with  leaves  only  at  the  base  and  practically  no  bushy  stem. 

Chimaphila  and  Pyrola  (p.  265). 

KEYS    TO   THE    GENERA 

Key  1.     Leaves  opposite  (or  whorled),  simple,  entire-edged  and  with- 
out lobes. 

(For  small-leaved  plants,  leaves  under  1  inch  long,  use  Key  0,  p.  51.) 
Key  based  mainly  on  flowers.      The  numbers  refer  to  the  pages. 

*  Flowers  conspicuous  either  by  size  or  clustering  and  regular,    not 

lopsided  (irregular).     (A.) 
A.    Flower  clusters  more  or  less  globular,  stamens  so  numerous  and 

long  as  to  hide  other  parts.     Acflcia  (p.  132). 
A.    Flower  petals  united  into  a  more  or  less  tubular  portion.     (Under 
next  A  see  Chionanthus.)      (B.) 
B.    Tube  slender  with  a  4-lobed  usually  spreading  border.     (C.) 
C.    Stamens2atmouthof  tube.  (Lilac)  Syringa  (p.  275).  (Privet) 

Ligustrum  (p.  270).     Olea  (p.  282).     Osmanthufe  (p.  282). 
C.    Stamens  4  within  the  tube.    Cephalanthus  (p.  241).    Buddleia 

(p.  287). 
C.    Stamens  8  ;  flowers  with  no  outer  calyx-like  portion.    Daphne 
(p.  208). 
B.    Tube    slender    with    5-lobed    spreading    border    (sometimes 
double).     (D.) 


3(3  KEYS    TO    THE    GENERA 

D.    Flowers    waxy-white,     often     double ;     leaves     evergreen. 

Gardenia  (p.  240). 
D.    Flowers  with  a  toothed  crown  in  center  ;  leaves  evergreen. 

N^riuni  (p.  270). 
D.    Flowers  with  a  conspicuous  colored   calyx.     Clerodendron 
(p.  291). 
B.    Tube   very  short,  flowers   broadly   spreading  with   a  5-lobed 

border.      Viburnum  (p.  219). 
B.    Flowers     bell-shaped,     yellow,     4-lobed,     in     earliest    spring. 

Forsythia  (p.  274). 
B.    Flowers  cup-shaped  with  10  stamens  in  dent-like  pockets,  in 
summer.     Kalmia  (p.  250). 
A.    Flower  petals  entirely  separate  (in  Chionanthus  only  apparently 
separate).     (E.) 
E.    Flowers  1  inch  or  more  in  size.     (F.) 

F.    Flowers  yellow  with  many  stamens.    Ascyrum  (p.  74).     Hy- 
pericum (p.  77). 
F.    Flowers  purplish  with  many  thick  pieces  and  sweet  odor. 

Calycanthus  (p.  18G). 
F.    Flowers  bright  scarlet  with  thick  elongated  calyx  ;  fruit  large. 

Piinica  (p.  200). 
F.    Flowers  of  many  colors  with  stalked  and  wrinkled  petals. 

Lagerstrdemia  (p.  200). 
F.    Flowers  white  (sometimes  purplish  ;  often  with  a  dark  center 
•  inCistus).     (G.) 

G.    Petals   5    (rarely   4)  ;    stamens   many ;    leaves   generally 
aromatic.     (H.) 
H.    Fruit   dry   pods;    flowers  large   and   rose-like.     Ci'stus 

(p.  71). 
H.    Fruit   fleshy ;    southern.      Myrtus  (p.   204).      Eugenia 
(p.  20(5).     Psidium  (p.  200). 
G.    Petals  4.  rounded  and  broadly  spreading.     (I.) 

I.    Flowers  1-2  inches  wide,  usually  sweet-scented.     Phila- 

d^lphus  (p.  190). 
I.    Flowers  apparently  over  2  inches  wide  (the  true  flowers 
are  small  and  in  the  center).     C6rnus  (p.  214). 
G:   Petals  4,  long  and  slender   (somewhat  united   at  base). 
Chionanthus  (p.  287). 
E.   Flowers  smaller.     (J.) 

J.    Petals  5;    stamens  many.      Hypericum    (p.  77).      Eugenia 

(p.  206). 
J.    Petals  4,  yellow  ;  stamens  many.     Ascyrum  (p.  74). 
J.    Petals  and  stamens  4  or  5.  Eu6nymus(p.91).  C6rnus(p.  214). 


KEYS    TO    THE    GENERA  37 

*  Flowers  conspicuous  and  irregular,  lopsided  or  2-lipped.     (K.) 

K.    Flowers  more  or  less  in  pairs,  never  blue  ;  fruit  berries.     Lonicera 

(p.  230). 
K.   Flowers  large,  showy,  nearly  white  ;   fruit  long   capsules  with 

winged  seeds.     Catalpa  (p.  286).     Chil6psis  (p.  286). 
K.    Flowers  small,  blue.     Teucrium  (p.  294).     Rosmarinus  (p.  294). 

*  Flowers  inconspicuous.      (L.) 

L.    Leaves  heart-shaped  with   about  5  basal  ribs.     CercidipliyHuni 

(p.  62). 
L.    Leaves  not  distinctly  heart-shaped  ;  fruit  fleshy.     (M.) 
M.    Leaves  with  silvery  scales.     Sheph^rdia  (p.  303). 
M.    Leaves   without    silvery   scales,    evergreen.      Olea    (p.   282). 
Osmanthus      (p.     282).      Biixus    (p.    306).      Ficus  (p.   308). 
rhoradendron  (p.  306). 
M.    Leaves   without  silvery   scales,   deciduous.      Symphoricarpos 
(p.  228). 

Key  2.     Leaves  opposite  (or  whorled),  simple  with  notched  but  not 
ll-obed  edges. 

(For  small-leaved  plants,  leaves  under  1  inch  long,  use  Key  9,  p.  51.) 
Key  based  mainly  on  leaves.      The  numbers  refer  to  the  pages. 

*  Leaves  thick  and  plainly  evergreen.      (A.) 

A.    Almost  stemless   plants  with   nodding   waxlike   flowers  i  inch 

broad.     Chimaphila  (p.  265). 
A.    Low   plants   with   small   broadly   spreading  white   flowers   and 
1-seeded  berries  hanging  on  through  the  year.     Ardisia  (p. '^8). 
A.    Taller  shrubs.     (B.) 

B.    Leaves  under  8  inches  long.     Abulia   (p.  237).      Euonymus 

(p.  91). 
B.    Leaves  over  3  inches  long  ;  fruit  berry-like  or  1-seeded  cherry- 
drupe-like.     (C.) 
C.   Flowers  small,  white,   fragrant  with  a  tube  and  a  4-lobed 
spreading    border,    salver-shaped.      Osmanthus    (p.    282;. 
Olea  (p.  282). 
C.   Flowers  small,  white,  united  at  base  and  broadly  spreading. 

Viburnum  (p.  219).     Ardfsia  (p.  268). 
C.    Flowers  small,  dull  purple;  leaves  often  mottled.     Aucuba 
(p.  218). 

*  Leaves  thinner  and  deciduous.     (D.) 

D.    Leaves  rather  heart-shaped  and  basal-  or  radiate-ribbed.     (E.) 
E.    Leaves    slightly    notched,    about    5-ribbed.      Cercidiphyllum 

(p.  62). 
E.    Leaves  distinctly  notched.     (F.) 


38  KEYS    TO    THE    GENERA 

F.    Fruit  dry   and   2-wiiiged  like  all  maples.     Acer  tat&ricum 

(p.  105). 
F.   Fruit  many-seeded  short  capsules  in  spreading  calyx  ;  flowers 

large,  white  or  creamy.     Philad^lphus  (p.  196). 
F.    Fruit  drupes  with  flattened  stones.     Viburnum  (p.  219). 
D.    Leaves   more   or  less   heart-shaped,   feather-veined,   not    basal- 
ribbed.     (G.) 
G.    Leaves  doubly  notched  and  plaited  ;  fruit  about  4  black  bead- 
like parts  in  spreading  calyx  remaining  through  the  winter. 
Rhodotypos  (p.  163). 
G.   Leaves  not  plaited.     Hydrangea  (p.  192). 
D.    Leaves  not  heart-shaped  at  base.     (H.) 

H.    Stem  somewhat  4-sided  or  4-ridged,  often  conspicuously  so.  (I.) 
I.   Flowers  regular,  not  lopsided.     (J.) 
J.    Flowers    yellow,    bell-shaped,    4-lobed,    in    early    spring. 

Forsythia  (p.  274). 
J.   Flowers  pink  to  violet  with  a  long  tube  and  4-lobed  spread- 
ing border.     Buddleia  (p.  287). 
J.    Flowers  broadly  spreading  with  4  or  5  petals;  fruit  bright 
colored  in  fall.     Eu6nymus  (p.  91). 
I.    Flowers  irregular,  lopsided  or  2-lipped.     Teiicrium  (p.  294). 
Caryopteris  (p.  288). 
H.    Stem  not  conspicuously  ridged  or  winged.     (K.) 

K.    Flowers  large    in  large  snowball-like  clusters.      Viburnum 

(p.  219).     Hydrangea  (p.  192). 
K.    Flowers  small   (sometimes  large  ones  at  border)  in  broad 

clusters.     Viburnum  (p.  219).     Hydrangea  (p.  192). 
K.    Flowers  large  with  4  rounded  broadly  spreading  petals  in  a 
large  green  calyx.     Philad^lphus    (p.    196).      Rhodotypos 
(p.  163). 
K.   Flowers    funnel-form,   large,    i-2    inches    long.      Weigfela 

(p.  234).     Abulia  (p.  237). 
K.    Flowers  white  or  pink  of  5  thick  petals  (or  double).     Deutzia 

(p.  191). 
K.    Flowers  large  in  large  clusters,  usually  with  colored  calyx. 

Clerod^ndron  (p.  291). 
K.    Flowers  yellow,  bell-shaped,  4-lobed,  in  early  spring ;  fruit 
large,  1  inch  long,  rough,  many-seeded.     Forsythia  (p.  274). 
K.    Flowers  small;   berries  small  with   1-4  seeds.     Callicarpa 
(p.  289).     Rhamnus  (p.  93). 

Key  3.  Leaves  opposite  (or  whorled),  simple,  with  a  lobed  border. 
(For  siiiiill-leaved  plants,  leaves  under  1  inch  long,  use  Key  9,  p.  51.) 
Key  based  on  leaves. 


KEYS    TO    THE    GENERA  39 

*  Leaves  palmately  veined  and  lobcd.     (A.) 

A.   Leaves  slightly  lobed  (usually  with  notched  border).     Philadd- 

phus  (p.  190). 
A.   Leaves  decidedly  3-lobed.     Viburnum  (p.  210).     Acer  (p.  103). 
A.    Leaves  5-11-lobed.    Acer  (p.  103). 

A.  Some  leaves  2-  or  3-lobed,  others  merely  notched,  others  with 
3  blades.     Forsythia  (p.  274). 

*  Leaves  feather-veined  and  lobed.     (B.) 

B.  Leaves  very  large,  6  inches  or  more  long.     Hydrangea  (p.  192). 
B.    Leaves  2-6  inches  long,  some  serrate,  some  3-lobed,  some  3-bladed. 

Forsythia  (p.  274). 
B.    Leaves  under  2i  inches  long,  some  lobed,  others  not.    Symphori- 
carpos  (p.  228).     Syrfnga  (p.  275). 

Key  3a.     Key  based  on  flowers. 

*  Flowers  conspicuous  either  by  clusters  or  by  large  individual  flowers. 

(A.) 
A.    Flowers  yellow,  bell-shaped,  4-lobed,  in  early  spring.     Forsythia 

(p.  274). 
A.    Flowers  white  to  light  purplish  with  tube  and  4-lobed  spreading 

border.     (Persian  Lilac)  Syringa  p^rsica  lacinikta  (p.  277). 
A.   Flowers  white,  small  or  large,  or  small  and  large  in  clusters,  in 

spring.     Viburnum  (p.  210). 

A.  Flowers  pinkish  white,  large  in  elongated  clusters,  in  summer. 
Hydrangea  (p.  192). 

*  Flowers  inconspicuous  either  in  size  or  by  dull  colors.     (B.) 

B.  Leaves  decidedly  and  radiately  lobed  ;  fruit  dry,  2-winged.    Acer 
(p.  103). 

B.    Leaves  slightly  lobed ;   fruit  2-seeded  berries.     Symphoricarpos 
(p.  228). 

Key  3b.     Key  based  on  fruit. 

*  Fruit  fleshy,  small  (or  absent).     (A.) 

A.    Drupes  red  or  black  with  flattened  stones  (or  without  fruit,  all 
flowers  sterile).     Viburnum  (p.  210). 

A.  Berries  white  or  red  with  2  seeds.     Symphoricarpos  (p.  228). 

*  Fruit  dry.     (B.) 

B.  Fruit  2-winged,  2-seeded.     Acer  (p.  103). 

B.    Fruit  elongated,  2-celled,  4-seeded.     (Lilac)  Syrfnga  (p.  275). 
B.    Fruit  many-seeded.     Forsythia  (p.  274).     Hydrangea  (p.  192). 
Philad^lphus  (p.  196). 

Key  4.     Leaves  opposite,  compound. 
Key   based   mainly  on  leaves  and  fruit. 


40  KEYS    TO    THE    CiENERA 

*  Leaves  with  3  small  glossy  entire-edged  blades ;  twigs  green,  i-angled. 

Jasrainum  (p.  273). 

*  Leaves  with  3  notched  blades ;  frnitdry.  Eorsythia  (p.  27-1).   Staphy- 

16a  (p.  105).    Acer  (p.  103). 

*  Leaves  pinnate  of  5-11  blades.     (A.) 

A.    Fruit  inflated  bladder-like  ;  blades  regularly  and  finely  notched. 

Staphyl^a  (p.  105). 
A.    Fruit,  if  formed,  2-winged,  maple-like  ;   blades  irregularly  and 

coarsely  notched.     Acer  (p.  103). 
A.    Fruit  elongated,  2-celled,  4-seeded  ;  some  of  the  leaves  simple. 

(Persian  Lilac)  Syrfnga  persica  lacini^ta  (p.  277). 
A.    Fruit  a  berry  2-seeded,  blades  of  leaves  less  than  an  inch  long, 

entire-edged.     Jasminum  (p.  273). 
A.    Fruit  a  berry  ;    blades  over  an  inch  long,  notched.     Sambucus 

(p.  226). 

A.  Fruit  a  long  capsule  with  winged  seeds  ;  flowers  large,  yellow. 
T^coma  (p.  285). 

*  Leaves  twice-pinnate,  blades  much  cut ;    fruit  a  berry.     Sambucus 

(p.  226). 

*  Leaves  palmate  of  5-11  blades,  blades  all  from  one  point.      (B.) 

B,  Leaves  5-7-bladed,   spicy  when  bruised ;    fruit  berries.     Vitex 
(p.  289). 

B.    Leaves    5-7-bladed,    not  spicy ;    fruit  large  capsules.      ^'P^sculus 

(p.  102). 
B.    Leaves  5-11-bladed  ;  fruit  dry,  2-winged.     Acer  (p.  103). 

Key  4a.     Key  based  on  flowers. 

*  Flowers  conspicuous  either  by  clustering  or  by  large  individual  flow- 

ers.    CA.) 
A.    Flowers  yellow  (B.) 

B.    In  early  spring  or  winter  before  leaves  expand.     (C.) 
C.    Large,  1  inch,  bell-shaped,  4-lobed.     Forsythia  (p.  274). 
C.    Smaller  with  a  slender  tube  and  5-lobed  spreading  border  (or 
double).     Jasminum  (p.  273). 
B.   In  late  spring,  of  4  unequal  petals,     ^^sculus  (p.  102). 
A.   Flowers  white  to  purple  or  blue.     (D.) 

D.    Irregular,     2-lipped,     in    summer ;      herbage    spicy.       Vftex 

(p.  289). 
D.    Regular,  with  the  corolla  united  more  or  less.     (E.) 

E.    Flowers  tubular  with   4-lobed    spreading    border.     (Lilac) 

Syrfnga  (p.  275). 
E.    Flowers  tubular  with  a  5-lobed  spreading  border  (or  double). 
Jasminum  (p.  273). 


KEYS    TO   THE    GENERA  41 

B.    Flowers  short  with  a  5-lobed  spreading  border,  in  large  clus- 
ters.    iSambiicus  (p.  220). 
D.    Regular  with  corolla  of  5  separate  petals  ;  fruit  bladder-like. 
Staphylfea  (p.  105). 

*  Flowers  inconspicuous  by  small  size  or  lack  of  color.     Acer  (p.  103). 

Key  5.     Leaves  alternate,  simple  with  entire  edges, 
(For   small-leaved  plants,  leaves  under  1  inch  long,  use  Key  0,  p.  51). 
Key  based  on  leaves.     For  a  key  based  more  on  flowers,  see  the  next, 
5  a. 

*  Spiny  or  thorny  plants.     (A.) 

A.    Leaves   with   silvery   scales  on   one   or  both  sides.     Elseagnus 

(p.  300).     Hippophae  (p.  303). 
A.    Leaves  without  silvery  scales.     (B.) 

B.    Fruit   1   to  few-seeded   berries.     Berberis-(p.  64).      Lyciura 

(p.  284). 
B.    Fruit  1-seeded  cherry-like  drupes.     Bumelia  (p.  2(39). 
B.    Fruit  (when  found)  large,  orange-like  in  form  and  size  ;  plant 

milky-juiced.     Madura  (Toxylon)  (p.  310). 
B.    Fruit  elongated  pea-like  pods.     Acacia  (p.  132).     tllex  (p.  113). 

*  Plants  not  spiny.     (C. ) 

C.    Leaves  heart-shaped.     1,  fully  shrubby,  Cercis  (p.  125).    2,  herba- 
ceous, Polygonum  (p.  209). 
C.    Leaves  narrow,  one  fourth  as  wide  as  long.     (D.) 

D.    Flowers  over  an  inch  long  of  5  bright  yellow  petals.     Helian- 

themum  (p.  09). 
D.    Flowers   with   a    long   tube    and   4-lobed    spreading    border. 

Daphne  (p.  298). 
D.    Flowers  small ;  fruit  a  1-seeded  berry  ;   leaves  silvery  below. 

EUeagnus  (p.  300). 
D.    Flowers  small,  globular,  5-lobed,  in  June.    Andr6medapolif61ia 

(p.  253). 
D.    Flowers   usually    in   globular    clusters,    apparently   of    yellow 
stamens  only.     Acticia  (p.  132). 

D.  Flowers  with  long  red  stamens,  sessile  in  a  leafy-tipped  cluster. 
Callist^mon  (p.  207). 

C.    Leaves    larger     and    wider,    decidely    aromatic    or    pleasantly 
scented.     (E.) 

E.  Leaves  thick  and  about  evergreen.     P6rsea  (p.  294).     INIyrica 
(p.  311).     Skfmmia  (p.  84).    Callist^mon  (p.  207). 

E.    Leaves  thinner  and  deciduous.     Benzoin  (p.  297).     Sassafras 
(p.  296). 
C-    Leaves  thick,  evergreen  or  nearly  so,  not  especially  aromatic.    (F. ) 


42  KEYS    TO    THE    GENERA 

F.    Flowers  large,  J  inch  to  several  inches  broad.     (G.) 

G.    Flowers  very  large  with  0,  'J,  or  12  fleshy  petals.     Magnolia 
(p.  58). 
•  G.    Flowers  with  5  separate  petals.     Pittdsporum  (p.  08). 
G.    Flowers   cup-shaped  with   10  stamens  in  dents   of   corolla. 

Kalmia  (p.  256). 
G.    Flowers  bell-shaped  and  slightly  irregular,   lopsided.     Rho- 
dodendron (p.  200). 
F.    Flowers    smaller,   generally   under  |   inch  broad  (in   Ackcia, 
closely  clustered  so  as  to  appear  larger).     (H.) 
H.    Flowers  with  the  petals  entirely  separate  or  so  nearly  so  as 
to  appear  separate.     (I. ) 
I.    Petals  5,  white  or  nearly  so.     Lfedum  (p.  203).     Symplocos 
(p.    273).      Escallonia    (p.   188).      Cotoneaster    (p.    170). 
Cley^ra  (p.  81).    Photmia  (p.  179). 
I.    Petals  6  ;   flowers  attached  to  the  leaves.     Ruscus  (p.  323). 
•I.   Petals  usually   4    (sometimes   5).      Pitt6sporum    (p.    08). 

Cyrilla  (p.  89). 
I,    Petals   4    to   6,    almost   separate.      Ilex  (p.  86).    Ardi'sia 
(p.  208).     Skimmia  (p.  84). 
H.    Flowers  with  the  corolla  united  into  a  globular  bell  or  urn 
form  having  a  5-lobed  border.      (J.) 
J.    Fruit    dry    5-celled    many-seeded   capsules.      Andr6meda 

(p.  249). 
J.    Fruit  red  berries.      Arbutus    (p.   249).       Arctostaphylos 
(p.  240). 
H.   Flowers  tubular  with  a  4-lobed  spreading  border.     Daphne 

(p.  298). 
H.    Flowers   small   in  clusters,  5-parted   and  peculiar  in   form. 

Ceanothus  (p.  97). 
H.    Flowers   hidden   in   a   globular   or    urn-shaped   receptacle ; 
juice  very  milky.     Ficus  (p.  308). 
C.    Leaves  deciduous  and  not  especially  narrow  nor  as  above  given. 
(K.) 
K.    Leaves  very  large,  5-12  inches  long,  ill-scented  ;    fruit  large, 

fleshy.     Asimina  (p.  64). 
K.    Leaves    with    curved   parallel   side   veins.     C6rnus   (p.  214). 

"Rhamnus  (p.  93). 
K.    Leaves   blunt  and  rounded  at  tip.     Rhus  C6tinus    (p.   109). 

Spiryea  (p.  140). 
K.    Leaves  not  as  above.     (L.) 

L.    Flowers  in  catkins  ;  wood  soft.     Salix  (p.  314). 
L.    Flowers  large,  |  inch  or  more.      (M.) 


KEYS   TO    THE    GENERA  43 

M.    6  to  15  thick  petals.     Magn51ia  (p.  58). 

M.    5  stalked  petals.      Exocli6rda  (p.    101).     Lagerstroemia 

(p.  209). 
M.    Pea-shaped  flowers.    1,  White.  Cytisus(p.  113).  2,  Yellow. 

Genista  (p.  114). 
M.   Funnel-shaped  flowers,  sometimes  double.    Azalea  (p.  257). 

Leucophyllum  (p.  285). 
M.    Salver-shaped   flowers,  long  tube  and  5-lobed  spreading 

border.     Plumbago  (p.  268). 
M.    Bell-shaped  of  5  nearly  separated  petals.     Styrax  (p.  270). 
L.    Flowers  much  smaller,  i  inch  or  less,  petals  united.     (N.) 
N.    Cup-shaped  with  10  stamens  in  dents  in  corolla.     Kalmia 

(p.  256). 
N.    Tubular,  bell-  or  urn-shaped   or  globular,  with   5-lobed 

border.     Andr6raeda  (p.  249).    Gayluss^ciaand  Vaccinium 

(p.  244). 
N.    Bell-shaped,  yellow,  very  small,  with  4-lobed  border,  in 

earliest  spring.     Dirca  (p,  207). 
N.    Leaves  very  largp,    5-12   inches   long,   somewhat  heart- 
shaped.     Polygonum  (p.  299). 
L.    Flowers  small  with  separate  petals.     (O.) 

O.   Flowers  white  or  greenish  in  conspicuous  clusters.     Spiraea 

(p.  146).     Photinia  (p.  179). 
O.    Flowers  white  in  long  slender  racemes.     Cyrilla  (p.  89). 
O.    Flowers  inconspicuous  ;  fruit  red  or  black  berries  ripe  in 

fall.    Nemopanthus  (p.  88).     Rhamnus  (p.  93). 

Key  5a.     Leaves  alternate,  simple  with  entire  edges. 
(For  small-leaved  plants,  leaves  under  1  inch  long,  use  Key  9,  p.  51). 
Key  based  mainly  on  flowers.    For  a  key  based  on  leaves,  see   the 
preceding.  Key  5. 

*  Flowers  yellow,  yellowish  or  orange.     (A.) 
A.    Flowers  large,  1  inch  or  more,  funnel-shaped,  somewhat  irreg- 
ular, lopsided.     Azalea  (p.  257). 
A,    Flowers  large  of  5  spreading  petals  open  only  in  the  sunshine. 

Helianthemum  (p.  69). 
A.    Flowers  large,  irregular,  pea-shaped.     Genista  (p.  114). 
A.    Thorny  plants  with  small  flowers  in  spring.     Hippophae  (p.  303). 

B^rberis  (p.  64).     Elseagnus  (p.  300). 
A.    Tough-barked  plant,  rarely  cultivated,  with  very  small  flowers. 

Dirca  (p.  297). 
A.    Aromatic  or  spicy  plants  with   small   flowers   in   early   spring. 
Sassafras  (p.  296).     Benzoin  (p.  297).     Persea  (p.  294). 


44  KKYS    TO   THE    GENERA 

A.    Evergreens    with    lar<2;e,    1    inch    or    more,    yellowish    flowers. 
Magn61ia  fusc^ta  (p.  61). 

A.  Flowers  apparently  consisting  only  of  long  stamens  in  clusters. 
Acacia  (p.  132). 

*  Flowers  red,  bright  pink,  purplish  or  lilac  to  blue.     (B.) 

B.  Leaves  evergreen  (thick  smooth  leaves  indicate  evergreen  char- 
acter).    (C.) 

C.  Flowers  large,  bell-shaped,  somewhat  irregular,  in  clusters  in 
summer.     Rhododendron  (p.  2(50). 

C.  Flowers  large  cup-shaped  with  10  stamens  in  dents  of  corolla. 
Kalmia  (p.  250). 

C.  Flowers  small  ovate  or  urn-shaped  with  5-lobed  border.  An- 
dromeda (p.  249).     Arbutus  (p.  249).     Vaccfnium  (p.  244). 

C.  Flowers  with  a  tubular  portion,  4-lobed  spreading  border  and 
8  included  stamens.     Daphne  (p.  298). 

B.    Leaves  thinner  and  deciduous.      (D.) 

D.  Spiny  plants  with  purplish  flowers.     Lycium  (p.  284). 
D.    No  spines.     (E). 

E.    Flowers  purplish  brown,  1  inch  wide,  in  early  spring ;  fruit 

fleshy,  2-5  inches  long.     Asimina  (p.  64). 
E.    Flowers    funnel-    or    bell-shaped   and   somewhat    irregular. 

Azalea  (p.  257).     Leucophyllum  (p.  285). 
E.    Plowers  pea-shaped,  purplish  red,  in  early  spring.     C^rcis 

(p.  127). 
E.   Flowers  solitary,  large  with  0,  9,  or  12  separate  thick  petals. 

Magnolia  (p.  58). 
E.    Flowers  small  ovate  with  a  5-lobed  border,  in  clusters.     Vac- 
cinium  (p.  244). 

'  4-lobed    border.       Daphne 

(p.  298). 
5-lobed   broadly  spreading 
border.      Pliimb^go    (p. 
208). 
Flowers  white,  creamy,  or  pinkfsh  to  greenish.     (F.) 
F.    Flowers  large,  i-8  inches  wide.     (G.) 

G.  Petals  united  at  their  bases  and  completely  grown  together. 
(H.)  ■ 

H.    Funnel-shaped  and  slightly  irregular.     Azklea  (p.  257). 
H.    Bell-shaped,  somewhat  irregular ;  leaves  evergreen.     Rho- 

dod^'ndron  (p.  200). 
H.    Cup-shaped  with  10  stamens  in  dents  of  corolla.     Kalmia 

(p.  250). 
H.    Bell-shaped,  regular  with  4  lobes.     Stjrax  (p.  270). 


E.    Flowers  with  a  long  tube  and  a 


KEYS    TO    THE    GENERA  45 


H.    Salver-shaped,  long  tube  and  a 


'4-lobed    border.       Daphne 

(p.  298). 
5-lobed    spreading    border. 
Plumbago  (p.  268). 
G.    Petals  separate.     (I.) 

I.   Flowers  large  with  6,  9,  or  12  thick  petals.     Magnolia  (p.  58). 
I.    Flowers   with   5  petals    (or  double).     Exochorda.  (p.   161). 

Spiraea  (p.  146). 
I.    Flowers  irregular,  pea-shaped.     Cytisus  (p.  113). 
F.    Flowers  small,  under  i  inch,   with    the   petals   separate,    or  so 
nearly  so  as  to  appear  separate.     (J.) 
J.    Petals  definitely  4    (in  Skimmia   4  or  5).      Cornus   (p.  214). 

Nemopanthus  (p.  88).     Skimmia  (p.  84). 
J.    Petals  5  (rarely  4-6).     Ilex  (p.  86).     Spiraea  (p.  146).     Ledum 
(p.  263).     Cotoneaster  (p.  176).     Polygonum  (p.  299).     Ceano- 
thus  (p.  97). 
J.    Other  southern  shrubs  with  small  white  or  nearly  white  flowers. 
Arbutus  (p.  249).     Ardisia  (p.  268).     Cley^ra  (p.  81).     Pitt6- 
sporum  (p.  68).     Symplocos  (p.  273).     Ruscus  (p.  323). 
F.    Flowers  small,  under  ^  inch,  with  plainly  united  petals.     (K.) 
K.    Flowers  tubular,  urn-shaped,  or  globular.     (L.) 
L.    Fruit  dry  many-seeded  pods.     Andr6meda  (p.  249). 
L.    Fruit  fleshy  with  10  or  more  seeds.    Gayluss^cia  and  Vaccin- 
ium  (p.  244) . 

{plant  spiny.     Bum^lia  (p.  269). 
no  spines.    Styrax  (p.  270).    Vaccinium 
(p.  244). 

*  Flowers  inconspicuous,  catkin-like  or  very  rare.     (M.) 
M.    Flowers  in  catkhis  ;  wood  soft.     Salix  (p.  314). 

M.    Leaves  oblong,  evergreen  ;  juice  milky,     Ficus  (p.  308). 

M.    Leaves  broad  and  rounded  at  tip  ;  fruit  smoke-like.    Ehus  (p.  107). 

M.    Fruit  3-seeded  berries.     Rhamnus  (p.  93). 

M.    Fruit  1-seeded  drupes.     Myrica  (p.  311). 

Key  6.    Leaves  alternate,  simple,  with  notched  but  not  lobed  edges. 
(For  small-leaved  plants,  leaves  under  1  inch  long,  use  Key  9,  p.  51.) 
Key  based  on   all   plant  parts.      Key   based    more    particularly   on 
flowers  will  be  found  next,  Key  6a. 

*  Spiny  or  thorny  plants.      (A.) 

A.    Flowers  with  5  separate  petals,  blooming  in  spring.      Crataegus 

(p.  173).     Primus  (p.  142).     Pyrus  (p.  182). 
A.    Flowers  nodding,  yellow  or  yellowish.     Elaeagnus  (p.  300).     B^r- 

beris  (p.  64). 


46  %  KEYS    TO    THE    GENERA 

A.    Flowers   inconspicuous,  usually   greenish.       l\hamnus  (p.   0:]). 
Zfzyphus  (p.  00). 

A.  Leaves  thick  and  about  evergreen.    B^rberis  (p.  G4).    Pyracaiitha 
(p.  175).     ilex  (p.  8G). 

*  Plants  not  spiny.     (B.) 

B.  Leaves  straight-veined  but  not  oblique  at  base.     (C.) 

C.    Fruit  cone-like  and  hanging  on  till  fall  or  through  the  year. 

Alnus  (p.  312).     Betula  (p.  311). 
C.    Fruit  round  nuts    i-^  inch,  ripe  in  fall.     Corylus   (p.  313). 

Castknea  (p.  314).     Qudrcus  (p.  314). 
C.    Fruit  not  as  above,  in  some  cases  absent.     (D.) 
D.    Flowers  white  of  many   long  stamens   in   snowy   wreath. 

Neviusia  (p.  171). 
D.    Flowers  white,  sweet-scented,  with  5  petals  in  erect  clusters 
in  summer.     Cl^thra  (p.  205). 
B.    Leaves  with  oblique  base.     (E. ) 
E.    Straight-veined.       Ulmus    (p.    308).      Hamam^lis    (p.    202). 
Fothergilla  (p.  203).      Coryl6psis  (p.  204). 

E.  Three-ribbed  from  base,  small,  1  inch  long.     Zizyphus  (p.  00). 
B.    Leaves  heart-shaped  at  base.     (F.) 

F.  With  curved  parallel  side  ribs.     Ehamnus  cathartica  (p.  00). 
F.   No  such  parallel  ribs.     (G.) 

G.    Fruit  cone-like,  under  1  inch  long,  hanging  on  through  the 

year.     Alnus  (p.  312). 
G.   Fruit  round  nuts,  ripe  in  the  fall.     C6rylus  (p.  313).     Casta- 

nea  (p.  314). 
G.    Fruit  dry  capsule,  2-celled,  2-seeded.     Coryldpsis  (p.  204). 
Fothergilla  (p.  203). 
B.   Leaves  not  as  above.     (H.) 
H.    Leaves  deciduous  and     (I.) 

I.    Very  narrow  linear  or   nearly  so.      Salix    (p.   314).      Itea 

(p.  201).     Ehamnus  (p.  93). 
I.    Tliree-  or  more  ribbed  from  base.     (J. ) 
J.    Flowers  with  petals  more  or  less  united  at  base.     (K. ) 
K.    Flowers  large,  1  inch  or  more,  funnel-shaped  (sometimes 

double).     Azalea  (p.  257). 
K.    Flowers  bell-shaped  (^-1  inch).     Styrax  (p.  270).     Ha- 

l^sia  (p.  272). 
K.   Flowers  tubular,   globular,    or  urn-shaped  (^   inch   or 
less).     (L.) 
L.    Fruit  a  capsule.     Andromeda  (p.  240). 
L.   Fruit  berry-like  with  10  or  more  seeds.     Gaylussacia 
and  Vaccinium  (p.  244). 


KEYS    TO    THE    GENERA  .•  4/ 

K.    Flowers  with  tube  and  4-lobed  spreading  border  ;  leaves 
silvery.     Eheagniis  (p.  300). 
J.    Flowers  with  petals  separate  or  apparently  so.     (M.) 
M.    Flowers  solitary,   large,    2-5  inches,    with  five  petals. 

Stuartia  (p.  80).     Gordonia  (p.  80). 
M.    Flowers  clustered,  white  (about  1  inch),  with  5  stalked 

petals.     Exochorda  (p.  161). 
M.    Flowers  small,  {-^  inch,  of  5  petals  or  double.     (N.) 
N.    Fruit  fleshy.    Amelanchier  (p.  180).    Primus  (p.  142). 

Pyrus  (p.  182).    Photinia  (p.  179). 
N.    Fruit  dry.     Spinea  (p.  146).     Cl^thra  (p.  265).     Es- 
callonia  (p.  188). 
M.    Flowers  yellowy  often  double  (1  inch).     K^rria  (p.  162). 
M.    Flowers   yellowish,    small   in    hanging    clusters.     Ber- 

beris  (p.  64). 
M.   Flowers     feathery,    of     conspicuous    white     stamens. 

Neviusia  (p.  171). 
M.    Flowers  in  catkins  ;  wood  soft.     Salix  (p.  314). 
H.    Leaves  evergreen.     (Thick  glossy  leaves   indicate   evergreen 
character.)     (O.) 
O.   Flowers    large,    2-5    inches,  with   waxy  petals.      Camellia 

(p.  79).     Gordonia  (p.  80). 
O.   Flowers    small,     I-    inch,    with    5    petals    and    5    stamens. 

Escallonia  (p.  188).     Pitt6sporum  (p.  68). 
O.    Flowers    small,    i  inch,  with  5  petals   and  many  stamens. 

Photinia  (p.  179).  • 

O.    Flowers  small,  white,  of  4  petals  and  4  stamens,     tlex  (p.  86). 

O.    Flowers   tubular,   orbicular   or   ovate,    small.      Andromeda 

(p.  249).     Gaylusskcia  and  Vaccinium    (p.  244).     Arbutus 

(p.  219). 

O.    Flowers  small,  yellowish,  of  5  slightly  united  petals  in  axillary 

clusters.     Symplocos  (p.  273). 
O.    Flowers    inconspicuous ;     foliage    sweet-scented,    aromatic. 

Myrica  (p.  311). 
O.    Other  evergreens  only  found  outdoors  South.     Ardisia  (p. 
266). 

Key  6a.  Leaves  alternate,  simple,  with  notched  but  not  lobed  edges. 
(For  small-leaved  plants,  leaves  under  1  inch  long,  use  Key  9,  p.  51). 
Key  based  mainly  on  flowers. 

*  Flowers  in  catkins  generally  in  early  spring  (usually  yellow,  due  to 
the  pollen).     (A.) 
A.    Leaves  sweet-scented,  aromatic.     Myrica  (p.  311). 


48  KEYS   TO   THE    GENERA 

A.    Leaves  straight-veined.     Alnus  (p.  312).     B^tula  (p.  311).     Cas- 
tanea  (p.  314).     Corylus  (p.  313). 

A.  Other  shrubs  with  catkin  fli)\vers  \  wood  soft.     S^hx  (p.  314). 

*  Flowers  yellow,  yellowish  or  orange,  but  not  in  catkins.      (B.) 

B.  Leaves  straight-veined   and   oblique  at  base.     tJlmus  (p.  308). 
Coryl6psis  (p.  204).     Hamam^lis  (p.  202). 

B.    Leaves  straight-veined  but  not  oblique  at  base,  edge  doubly  and 

sharply   serrate ;    twigs  bright   green  with   large   pith.      Kerria 

(p.  1G2). 
B.    Leaves  clustered  at  ends  of  twigs  ;  flowers  large,  1  inch,  funnel 

form.     Azalea  (p.  257). 
B.    Leaves  with  silvery  scales  ;    plants  often  thorny ;    fruit  fleshy, 

1-seeded.     El?eagnus  (p.  300). 

B.  Leaves   clustered   along  the   branches ;    plants  usually   thorny. 
B(irberis  (p.  64). 

*  Flowers  pink  to  rosy  or  red.     (C.) 

C.  Leaves  evergreen.       (Thickness  and  smoothness  indicate  ever- 
green.)    Ardisia  (p.  2G8).     Arbutus  (p.  249).     Camellia  (p.  TO). 

C.    Leaves  deciduous   and  plants  usually  thorny.     Tj'rus  (p.  182). 

CratEegus  (p.  173).     Primus  (p.  142). 
C.    Leaves  deciduous  and  plants  without  thorns.     (D.) 

D.   Flowers  large,  2-5  inches,  hollyhock-like.     Hibiscus  (p.  81). 
D.    Flowers  much  smaller  of  5  separate  petals  (or  double) .     Prunus 

(p.  142).     Pyrus  (p.  182).     Spiraea  (p.  146). 
D.    Flowers  with  parts  grown  together  into  a  tubular,  urn-shaped, 
or  globular  part.      (E.) 
E.    F'ruit  a  capsule  with  many  seeds.     Andr6meda  (p.  249). 
E.    Fruit  fleshy  with  10  or  more  seeds.    Gayluss^cia  and  Vaccin- 
ium  (p.  244). 

*  Flowers  white  or  nearly  so.     (F.) 

F.    Leaves  evergreen.     (Thickness   and   smoothness  indicate  ever- 
green character.)     (G.) 
G.    Thorny  plants  ;    flowers  \  inch  or  more  in  size  with  5  petals. 

Pyracantha  (p.  175).     Ilex  (p.  86). 
G.    No  thorns.     (H.) 

H.  Flowers  large,  2-4  inches,  often  double  in  Camellia.    Camellia 

(p.  79).     Gord6nia  (p.  80)*. 
H.    Flowers   small,  wlieel-shaped  ;    fruit  white   or  red  berries. 

Ardfsia  (p.  268).     Ilex  (p.  86). 
H.    Flowers  small,  globular  or  ovate,  5-lobpd  ;   fruit  dry.     An- 
dromeda (p.  249). 
H.    Other  evergreens   hardy   only   South.      Photinia  (p.    179). 
E.scallonia  (p.  188).     Arbutus  (p.  249). 


KEYS    TO    THE    CENERA  49 

F.    Leaves  deciduous.     (I.) 

I.    Flowers  large,  i  inch  or  more.     (J.) 
J.    Flowers  usually  over  2  inches  wide  of  5  petals  and  many  sta- 
mens.    Stuartia  (p.  80).     Gordonia  (p.  80). 
J.    Flowers  bell-shaped,  ^-1|  inches.     Styrax  (p.  270).     IIal6sia 

(p.  272). 
J.    Flowers  with  long  stamens  making  feathery  bloom.     Neviusia 

(p.  171). 
J.    Flowers  under  2  inches  wide  of  5  petals,     (K.)  • 

K.    Fruit  fleshy.     Amelanchier  (p.  180).     C'rat*gus  (p.  173). 

Primus  (p.  142).     Pyrus  (p.  182). 
K.   Fruit  dry.     Spirsa  (p.  146).     Exoch6rda  (p.  KJl). 
I,    Flowers  small,  under  ^  inch  wide.     (For  inconspicuous  flowers 
see  next  I.)     (L.) 
L.    Flowers  of  4-9  petals,  slightly  united  at  base,  and  as  many 

stamens;  fruit  berries.     Ilex  (p.  86). 
L.    Flowers  of  5  petals  and  many  stamens,  or  double.     Spirgea 
(p.    146).      Primus    (p.  142).      Pyrus   (p.   182).      Photi'nia 
(p.  179).     itea  (p.  201). 
L.    Flowers  open  bell-shaped.     Zenobia  (p.  253).     Fothergflla 

(p.  203). 
L.    Flowers  globular,  tubular,  or  urn-shaped.     (M.) 
M.    Fruit  a  capsule.      Andr6meda  (p.  249). 
M.    Fruit  berries  with  10  or  more  seeds.      Gayluss^cia  and 
Vaccinium  (p.  244). 
L.    Other  small  white  flowers  on  deciduous  shrubs.     Ceanothus 
(p.  97).     Cl^thra  (p.  265).     Baccharis  (p.  241). 
I.    Flowers    inconspicuous    by    lack    of    size    or    color.      tJlmus 
(p.  308).     Rhamnus  (p.  93).     Zizyphus  (p.  99). 

Key  7.      Leaves  alternate,  simple  with  lobed  edges. 
*  Plants  without  thorns.     (A.) 
A.   Leaves  with  radiate  ribs  and  3-7  notched  lobes.     (B.) 
B.    Fruit  fleshy.     (C.) 

C.    Leaves  very  large,  5  inches  or  more  broad.     Ficus  (p.  308). 
F&tsia  (p.  212). 

C.  Leaves  smaller  ;  fruit  a  globular  berry  under  1  inch.     Ribes 
(p.  201). 

B.    Fruit  dry.     (D.) 

D.  Flowers  large,  over  2  inches  broad.     Hibiscus  (p.  81). 
D.    Flowers  snniU,  under  1  inch.     Pliysocari)Us  (p.  158). 

A.    Leaves  with  radiate  ribs  and  2-3  unnotched  lobes.     (E.) 
apgar's  shrubs  —  4 


50  KEYS    TO   THE    CEXERA 

E.   Leaves   with   2   equal   lobes.     (Found  outdoors  only  South.) 
Bauhfnia  (p.  128). 

E.  Leaves  irregularly  2-3-lobed  (sometimes  without  lobes).     Sas- 
safras (p.  290). 

A.    Leaves  feather-veined,     (F.) 

F.  Some  leaves  without  lobes,  all  with  tapering  bases.     Baccharis 
(p.  241). 

F.    Leavesfern-like  with  many  side  notches,  aromatic.     Comptonia 

(p.  311). 
F.    Leaves  silver-gray,  finely  divided,  aromatic.    Santolina  (p.  243). 
F.    Leaves   triangular,    with   5-9   notched  lobes.       Stephanandra 

(p.  103). 
F.    Other  thornless  shrubs  with  lobed  leaves.     Qu^rcus  (p.  314). 

Primus  (p.  142).     Spin^a  (p.  140).     Betula  (p.  311). 
*  Plants  with  more  or  less   thorns   or  prickles  ;    fruit  fleshy  berries 
(Ilex  has  spiny-edged  leaves).     Crataegus  (p.  173).    Ribes  (p.  201). 
Rubus  (p.  104) .     Ilex  (p.  80). 


Key  8.    Leaves  alternate,  compound. 

*  Leaves  of  3  blades.     (A.) 

A.    Plants  thorny  or  prickly.     (B.) 

B.   Fruit  large,  orange-like.     Cftrus  (p.  80). 

B.   Fruit  pea-like  pods.     Cytisus  (p.  113). 

B.    P'ruit  blackberry-like.     Rubus  (p.  104). 

B.    Fruit  2-5-seeded  black  rounded  berry.     Acanthopknax  (p.  212). 

B.  Other  prickly  plants  with  3-bladed  leaves.     Rosa  (p.  100). 
A.    Plants  without  thorns  or  prickles.     (C). 

C.  Flowers  pea-shaped.     Laburnum  (p.  110).     Lesped^za  (p.  124). 
C.    Flowers  not  pea-shaped,  small.     (D.) 

D.   Fruit  dry  but  somewhat  berry -like  in  appearance  ;    leaves 

aromatic.     Rhus  (p.  107). 
D.    Fruit  flat,  wafer-like,  i  inch  or  more  broad.     Pt61ea  (p.  84). 

*  Leaves  with  an  even  number  of  blades,  abruptly  pinnate.     (E. ) 

E.    Flowers  yellow  or  yellowish.    Cassia  (p.  128).    Caragkna  (p.  122). 

E.  Flowers  rosy.     Ilalimod^ndron  (p.  122). 

*  Leaves  of  5  or  7  blades  growing  from  nearly  the  same  point,  pal- 

mately  compound.     (F.) 

F.  Blades  entire  ;  flowers  yellow,  in  summer.     Potentflla  (p.  104). 
F.    Blades  somewhat  notched  ;  plant  thorny.    Acanthop^nax  (p.  212). 

F.  Blades  irregularly  cut.     Zanthorhiza  (p.  58). 

*  Leaves  once  odd-pinnate,  blades  an  odd  number.     (G.) 

G.  Plants  thorny  or  prickly.     (H.) 


KEYS    TO    THE    CIEXERA  51 

H.    Flowers  large,  2  inches  or  more,  of  5  petals  and  many  stamens 

(often  double).     Rosa  (p.  100). 
H.    Flowers  smaller,  white  ;    fruit  blackberry-  or  raspberry-like. 

Rubus  (p.  104). 
H.    Flowers  pea-shaped  ;  fruit  pea-like  pods.     Robinia  (p.  110). 
H.    Flowers  yellow  in  early  spring.     JNIahonia  (p.  60). 
H.   Flowers  inconspicuous  ;  fruit  rounded,  pepper-like.     Zanth6xy- 
lum  (p.  83). 
G.   Plants  without  thorns  or  prickles.     (I.) 
I.   Blades  of  the  leaves  entire  at  edges.     (J.) 
J.    Fruit  inflated  or  swollen  pods  2  inches  or  more  long.    Colutea 

(p.  123). 
J.    Fruit  usually  long  pods  but  not  inflated.      Robinia  (p.  119). 

Indigofera  (p.  119).     Sophora  (p.  111). 
J.    Fruit  jointed  pods.     Coronilla  (p.  125).     Sophora  (p.  111). 
J.   Fruit  short  pods  in  spike-like  clusters.     Am6rpha  (p.  117). 
J.   Fruit  seed-like  in  calyx.     Potenti'Ua  (p.  164). 
J.    Fruit  berry-like,  2-celled,  2-seeded  ;  flowers  yellow.     Jasmi- 

num  (p.  273). 
J.    Fruit  dry  and  somewhat  berry-like.     Rhus  (p.  107). 
I.    Blades  irregularly  and  deeply  cut.     (K.) 

K.    Flowers  very  large,  3-8  inches.     Preonia  (p.  57). 
K.    Flowers  small.     Zanthorhiza  (p.  58).     Rhus  (p.  107). 
I.   Blades  regularly  twice-serrate.     Sorb^ria  (p.  159). 
I.    Blades  regularly  once-serrate.    Rhus  (p.  107).    Tecoma  (p.  285). 
Xanthoc^ras  (p.  101). 

*  Leaves  2-3  times  pinnate.     (L.) 

L.    Leaves  very  large,  2-4  feet  long.     (M.) 
M.    Plant  usually  very  prickly.     Ar^lia  (p.  211). 
M.    Plant  without  prickles.     Rhus  (p.  107). 
L.    Leaves    smaller,    twice-abruptly-pinnate.       Alblzzia    (p.    131). 

Acacia  (p.  132).     Cciesalpinia  (p.  129). 
L.    Leaves  odd-pinnate,  finely  divided,  fern-like.     Grevillea  (p.  306). 
Sorbaria  (p.  159).     Rhus  (107). 

*  Leaves  divided  into  threes  2  or  3  times  with  9-27  blades.     (N.) 

N.    Blades  notched  ;  plants  hardly  woody.     Astilbe  (p.  160).     Arun- 

cus  (p.  161). 
N.    Blades  entire.     Woody  evergreen  plant  of   the  extreme  South. 

Nandina  (p.  67). 

Key  9.  Leaves  small,  geiierally  |  inch  or  less  long,  all  leaves  under 
an  inch  long  (except  on  the  last,  below,  which  is  a  shrubby  pine  with 
leaves  needle-shaped  and  sometimes  over  2  inches  long). 


52  KEYS    TO    THE    GENERA 

*  Leaves  alternate   with   entire   ed.^es  (sometimes  very  crowded  but 

never  truly  opposite  or  whorled).     (A.) 
A.    Leaves  thick  and  fully  or  nearly  evergreen.     (B.) 

B.    Leaves   with   rolled   edges.      L^dum    (p.   20.']).     Leiophyllum 

(p.  2(>3). 
B.    Leaves  without  rolled  edges.     (C.) 

C.    Leaves  needle-shaped  and  4-angled.     Picea  (p.  326). 
C.    Leaves  linear,  sharp-pointed,  green  below.     Taxus  (p.  341). 
C.    Leaves  linear,  blunt,  with  white  lines  below.     Tsuga  (p.  32(1). 
C.    Leaves  broad  at  base,  ovate,  pointed;  twigs  green.     (South.) 

Ruscus  (p.  323). 
C.    Leaves  very  hairy  ;  flowers  cup-shaped  with  10  stamens  in 

dents.     Kalmia  (p.  256). 
C.    Other  evergreens  with  small  alternate  entire-edged  leaves. 
(D.) 
D.    Flowers  tubular  with  4  spreading  lobes.     Daphne  (p.  208). 
D.    Flowers  bell-shaped,  4-lobed  in  drooping  clusters.      Erica 

(p.  254). 
D.    Flowers    small,    peculiar,    in    erect   clusters.      Ceanothus 
(p.  97). 
A.    Leaves  thinner  and  not  evergreen.     (E.) 
E.   Flowers  yellow,  pea-shaped  ;  twigs  green.     Genista  (p.  114). 
E.   Flowers  regular  of  5  separate  petals.     Spirrea  (p.  146). 
E.    Flowers  generally  pink  in  very  small  clusters  ;  leaves  minute, 
clasping  the  stem  at  base  on  thread-like  twigs.    Tamarix  (p.  73). 

*  Leaves  alternate  with  notched  edges.     (F.) 

F.   Leaves  whitish  or  silverj^-gray,  much  divided  into  lobes  ;  plant 
aromatic.     Santolina  (p.  243). 

F.  Other  shrubs  with  notched,  small  leaves.     Spir^a  (p.  146).     ilex 
crenata  (p.  88). 

*  Leaves  opposite,    thick,  and  evergreen    (including  scale-like  leaves 

covering  the  stem).     (G.) 

G.  Leaves  linear  and  sharp-pointed.     Juniperus  (p.  337). 

G.   Leaves  oval  and  about  flat.     Buxus  (p.  306).     Ceanothus  (p.  07). 
G.    Leaves  oval  with  rolled  edges.     Leiophyllum  (p.  263). 
G.   Leaves  very  small,  \  inch  or  less,  and  pressed  to  the  stem  which 
they  practically  cover.     (H.) 
H.   Flowers  yellow,  May-July.     Huds6nia  (p.  72). 
H.   Flowers  pink  or  white,  July-September.     Erica  (p.  254).     Cal- 

luna  (p.  255). 
H.  Flowers  inconspicuous  ;  fruit  a  cone.     Thiija  (p.  328). 

*  Leaves  opposite  and  not  fully  evergreen.     Lonicera  (p.  230). 

*  Leaves  whorled  on  the  stem.     (I.) 


KEYS   TO    THE    GENERA  53 

I.   Leaves   i   inch   long   and  sharp-pointed,    evergreen.     Junfperus 

(p.  ;i37). 

I.    Leaves  much  smaller.     Erica  (p.  254). 

*  Leaves   evergreen  in  clusters  along  the   sides   of  the  stem,  needle- 

shaped.     Pinus  (p.  324), 

Key  10.  Key  to  those  deciduous  bushes  which  have  flowers  during 
the  fall,  winter,  and  spring,  when  the  stems  are  bare  of  foliage.  The 
arrangement  of  the  leaves  is  easily  determined  by  their  scars. 

*  Flowers  regular,  not  lopsided,  on  alternate  leaved  bushes.     (A.) 

A.    Corolla  united  at  base.     (In  Daphne  and  Dirca  this  is  a  calyx.) 
(B.) 
B.    Flower  with  tubular  portion  and  a  4-lobed  border.     Daphne 

(p.  298).     Dirca  (p.  297). 
B.    Flower  with  a  5-lobed  edge.   (Azalea  is  sometimes  double.)    (C.) 
C.    Flowers  small,  white   or  pinkish,  urn-shaped.      Vaccinium 

(p.  244). 
C.   Flowers  large,  1  inch,  funnel-shaped.     Aztilea  (p.  257). 
A.    Corolla   with  separate   petals.     (Sometimes  these  pieces  are  in 
reality  calyx.)     (D.) 
D.    Flowers  yellow,  small,  in  clusters,  G  parts.    Benzoin  (p.  297). 

Sassafras  (p.  296). 
D.    Flowers  (1  inch)   with  4  slender  yellow  petals.     Hamamelis 

(p.  202). 
D.    Flowers  with  5  yellow  petals.     Coryldpsis  (p.  204). 
D.    Flowers  large.  1-0  inches,  with  0  or  more  thick  petals.     Mag- 
nolia (p.  58). 
D.    Flowers  |-1  inch  with  5  white  or  pinkish  petals  (sometimes 

double).     Prunus  (p.  142).     Spiraea  (p.  140). 
D.    Flowers  i-li  inches  with  0  brownish  petals.     Asimina  (p.  04). 
D.    Flowers  very  small,  i  inch,  pink  in  clusters,  with  4  or  5  petals. 
Tamarix  (p.  73). 

*  Flowers  irregular  or  lopsided,  red  or  purplish,  pea-shaped  on  alter- 

nate-leaved bushes.     C^rcis  (p.  127). 

*  Flowers  regular  on  opposite-leaved  l)ushes.      (E.) 

E.  Flowers  yellow,  bell-shaped  (I  inch  long)  with  4-lobed  border. 
Forsyth ia  (p.  274). 

E.  Flowers  yellow,  small  in  clusters  with  4  separate  petals.  C(5rnus 
Mas  (p.  210). 

E.  Flowers  large,  1  inch,  yellow  with  a  tubular  corolla  having  5-lobed 
border;  stem  green  iind  4-angled.     Jasminum  (p.  273). 

E.  Flowers  large,  1  inch,  yellowish  brown,  with  many  thick  sweet- 
scented  petals.     Calycanthus  (p.  186). 


54  KEYS    TO    THE    GENERA 

B.   Flowers  very  large,  2-4  inches,  white  or  pink  with  4  petals,  in  reality 
bracts  around  a  liead  of  small  flowers.     C6rnus  florida  (p.  214). 

*  Flowers   small,    white   or  pinkish,  somewhat   irregular  in  pairs  on 

opposite-leaved  bushes.     Lonicera  (p.  230). 

*  Flowers  in  slender  catkins.    Alnus  (p.  812).     S^lix  (p.  314).     Bdtula 

(p.  311).     C6rylus  (p.  313).     Qu^rcus  (p.  314). 

Key  11.  Key  to  those  deciduous  bushes  which  have  conspicuous  fruit 
during  the  fall  and  more  or  less  of  the  winter  when  bare  of  foliage.  The 
arrangement  of  the  leaves  is  easily  determined  by  their  scars.  The  num- 
bers refer  to  the  pages. 

*  Alternate-leaved  bushes  with  fleshy,  usually  orange,  or  red  berries. 

(A.) 
A.    Plants  without  thorns  or  spines,      ilex   (p.   80).     Cotoneaster 
(p.  174).     Tyrus  (p.  182).     Photinia  (p.  179). 

A.  Plants  more  or  less  thorny.     B^rberis  (p.  64).     Lycium  (p.  284). 

*  Alternate-leaved  bushes  with  dry  fruits.     (B.) 

B.  Fruit  rounded  and  apparently  berry-like.     (C.) 

C.    Plant   without  spines   or  thorns;    berries  in  clusters.      Ehus 
(p.  107). 

C.  Plant  with  spines  or  thorns ;  berry -like  fruit  more  scattered. 
Rosa  (p.  166). 

B.   Fruit  flat  or  wafer-like (|  inch  broad).     Ptfelea  (p.  84). 

B.    Fruit  a  capsule,  more  or  less  5-lobed  and  always  5-celled.     (D.) 

D.  Fruit  large,  1  inch  long.     Hibiscus  (p.  81). 

D.    Fruit  nearly  l  inch  long,  5-seed-ed.     Exochorda  (p.  161). 

D.  Fruit  smaller  and  many-seeded.     Spinea  (p.  146).     I'hysocar- 
pus  (p.  158). 

B.    Fruit  a  capsule,  3-lobed  and  3-celled.     (E.) 

E.  Capsule  3-seeded  and  splitting  into  3  nutlets.    Ceanothus  (p.  97). 
E.    Capsule  many-seeded,  3-angled.     C16thra  (p.  265). 

B.    Capsule   woody,    |    inch  long,    2-celled,    2-seeded.      Hamamelis 

(p.  202).     Corylopsis  (p.  204). 
B.   Fruits  hairy  clustered,  much  like  silky  white  crushes.     Baccharis 

(p.  241). 

*  Opposite-leaved  bushes  with  fleshy  berries.     (F.) 

F.    Drupes  with  1  more  o*'  less  flattened  seed.     Viburnum  (p.  219). 
C6rnus  (p.  214). 

F.  Berries  2-seeded,  in  close  clusters  along  the  branches.    Symphori- 
carpos  (p.  228). 

*  Opposite-leaved  bushes  with  dry  fruits.     (G.) 

G.  Fruit  large,  over  1  inch  long,  pear-shaped  with  many  brown  seeds. 
Calycanthus  (p.  186). 


KEYS    TO    THP]    CiENER.V  o5 

G.    Fruit   long,  several  inches,   pods  with  winged  seeds.      Catalpa 

(p.  28G).     Chil6psis  (p.  280). 
G.    Fruit  I  inch  long  with  2  valves  and  few  seeds.     Syringa  (p.  275). 
G.    Fruit  apparently  4  shining  black  beads  in  calyx.     Rhodotvpos 

(p.  103). 
G.    Fruit  a  capsule,  when  open  in  the  fall,  showing  bright  red  seeds. 

Eu6nymus  (p.  91). 
G.    Fruit  broadly  2-winged.     Acer  (p.  103). 
G.    Fruit  about  hemispheric   in   shape  with  many  seeds.      Deutzia 

(p.  191).     Philad(^lphus  (p.  100). 

Key  12.    Thorny  plants.     Plants  with  spines  or  thorns  on  their  stems, 
or  spiny-edged  leaves,  or  plants  with  apparently  no  leaves,  as  the  cacti. 

*  Plants  with  simple  leaves.      (A.) 

A.    Leaves  covered  with  silvery  scales  on  one  or  both  sides.     Elseag- 

nus  (p.  300).     Hippophae  (p.  303).     Shepherdia  (p.  303). 
A.    Leaves  without  silvery  scales.     (B.) 

B.    Leaves  with  entire  edges,  neither  notched  nor  lobed.     (C.) 
C.    Leaves  small,  round,  fleshy,  later  falling  off.  Opiintia  (p.  209) . 
C.    Leaves  alternately  arranged  on  the  stem.     Madura  (p.  310). 

Kuscus  (p.  323).     Acacia  (p.  132). 
C.    Leaves  in  alternate  clusters  on  the  stem.    B^rberis  (p.  64). 
Lycium  (p.  284).     Bum^lia  (p.  209). 

C.  Leaves  opposite.     Rhamnus  (p.  93).     Osmanthus  (p.  282). 
B.    Leaves  with  notched,  but  not  lobed  edges.     (D.) 

D.  Leaves  alternately  arranged  on  the  stem.  Ilex  (spiny  edges 
to  leaves)  (p.  86).  Zizyphus  (p.  99).  Primus  (p.  142). 
Crat^gus  (p.  173).     Pyrus  (p.  182). 

D.    Leaves  usually  in  alternate  clusters.     Bdrberis  (p.  64). 
D.    Leaves  opposite.    Clerod^ndron  (p.  291).    Rhamnus  (p.  93). 
Osmanthus  (p.  282). 
B.   Leaves  with  lobed  edges.  ■    Ribes  (p.  201).     Crataegus  (p.  173). 

*  Plants  with  compound  leaves.     (E.) 

E.    Leaves    once-odd-pinnate.       Robinia    (p.    119).      Zanth(5xyhim 

(p.  83) .    Mahonia  (p.  66) .    (Zizyphus  is  only  apparently  pinnate. ) 
E.    Leaves   abruptly    (evenly)    pinnate.     Ilalimod^ndron    (p.    122). 

Carag^na  (p.  122). 
E.    Leaves  of  3,  5,  or  7  blades.     Citrus  (p.  86).     Rubus  (p.  164). 

Acanthopanax  (p.  212). 
E.    Leaves    more    than    once-pinnate.      Acacia    (p.    132).       Ar.Mia 

(p.  211).     Caesalpfnia  (p.  129). 

*  Plants   without  leaves."    Opvintia    (p.   209).      MamilL^ria  (p.    211). 

Phyllocactus  (p.  211).     Ulex  (p.  113). 


PART   III 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


Numbers  in  parenthesis  in  the  keys  and  descriptions  which  follow  refer 
to  the  figures.     Bracketed  information  refers  to  methods  of  propagation. 

Psebnia.  The  Peonies  form  one  of  the  most  popular  groups  of  plants. 
They  are  almost  entirely  large-flowered  herbaceous  perennials,  though 
one  species  is  shrubby  and,  therefore,  to  be  included  in  our  book.  This  is 
called  Tree  Peony  Figs.  (1)  and  (2)  —  Paeonia  Moutan,  —  growing  to  the 


Fig.  1.  —  Tree  Peony. 


Fig.  2. —Tree  Peony. 


height  of  3  to  8  feet  with  large  alternate  smooth  pale-colored  feather-divided 
(pinnate)  leaves  with  irregularly  cut  and  Jiotched  blades,  as  shown  in  the 
illustrations.  The  flowers  are  six  or  more  inches  broad,  often  double 
and  of  many  colors  —  white,  pink,  rose,  sometimes  blotched  and  striped. 
One  variety  of  this,  the  Poppy  Pkony — papaverkcea, — is  white  with  a 
dark  red  center  and  has  thin  poppy-like  petals.     The  fruit  in  the  single 

57 


58 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


varieties  is  a  cluster  of  large-seeded  leathery  hairy  pods.  The  double  f<n-ms 
of  this,  as  well  as  all  other  fully  double  flowers,  do  not  produce  fruit.  This 
shrubby  peouy  is  not  so  popular  in  America  as  many  herbaceous  forms, 


Fig.  3.  —Shrub  Yellow-root. 

though  in  China,  its  native  country, 

there  are  hundreds  of  named  varieties. 

[Divisions;  seeds  (slow-sprouting).] 

Fig.  4.  —  Star  Magnolia. 
Zanthorhiza.     Shrib    Yellow- 
root    (3) — Zanthorhiza   apiifolia — is  a  low  shrubby   plant    (1-2   feet) 
sometimes  cultivated  for  the  handsome  compound  leaves  with  three  to  many 

cut  and  lobed  blades,  which  are 
clustered  at  the  top  of  the  short, 
erect,  woody  stem.  The  flowers 
and  fruit  are  small  and  sessile 
on  long  drooping  stems.  The 
flowers  are  brownish  in  April  to 
May ;  the  fruit  is  somewhat  in- 
flated 1-  to  2-seeded  yellow  pods. 
[Seeds ;  root  cuttings.  ] 


Magn61ia.  The  Magnolias 
form  a  genus  of  about  20  species  of 
hardy  trees  unsurpassed  in  the  size 
and  beauty  of  leaf  and  flower.  While 
most  of  the  species  are  tree-like  in 
form  and  size,  still  along  the  north- 


FiG.  5.  —  Swamp  Magnolia. 


THE    MACNOLIAh 


59 


ern  limit  of  the  growth  of  several  species  they  are  apt  to  be  dwarfed  into 
shrubby  forms  and  so  are  included  here.  One  species,  Star  Mag- 
nolia (4)  —  Magnolia   stell^ta,  —  from    Japan,    is    practically    always 


Fig.  0.  —  Evergreen  Magnolia. 


Fig.  7.  —  Kobus  Magnolia. 


shrubby  and  blooms  very  early  in  the  season  with  white  sweet-scented 
flowers  about  3  inches  broad ;  these  last  longer  and  are  more  abundant 


Fig.  8.  — Purple  Magnolia. 


Fig.  «>.  —  Hauana  Shrub. 


60  DESCRIPTIONS    OF   THE    SHRUBS 

than  those  on  most  of  tlie  species.  The  petals  are  narrow  and  about  15 
in  number. 

The  species  of  magnolias  from  eastern  Asia  generally  bloom  before  the 
leaves  expand  in  spring  and  have  deciduous  leaves.  The  American  spe- 
cies bloom  in  the  summer  and  are  generally  deciduous,  though  two  species 
are  evergreen.  These  are,  Small  or  Swamp  Magnolia  (5) — Magnolia 
virginiana  (M.  glauca) — which  is  found  wild  north  to  Massachusetts  and 
is  hardy  in  sheltered  positions  in  southern  Canada  though  not  fully  ever- 
green in  northern  positions;  and  Evergreex  Magnolia  (fi)  —  Magnolia 
grandiflora  —  which,  if  protected  from  the  north  winds,  can  besucceSofuUy 
grown  in  southern  New  York.  All  the  Magnolias  form  cone-like  fruits, 
usually  pink  or  red  when  ripe,  from  which  the  ripened  scarlet-coated 
seeds  hang  out  on  slender  threads. 

The  following  key  will  enable  one  to  determine  the  species  of  most  if 
not  all  of  the  forms.  In  the  key  all  the  species  are  included,  though  some 
of  them  are  always  tree-like.  [Fresh  seeds;  layers.] 


KEY  TO   THE   MAGNOLIAS 

*  Blooming  before  the  deciduous  leaves  expand.     (A.) 
A.    Flowers  pure  white  or  slightly  pinkish.     (B.) 

B.    Flowers  bell-like  in  form.    Chinese  White  Magnolia  or  Yulan 

Magnolia — Magnolia  conspicua  (M.  Yulan). 
B.    Flowers  broadly  spreading.     (C). 

C.    Petals  only  0.     Koms  Magnolia  (7)  —  Magnolia  Kobus. 
C.   Petals  narrow,  9-18.    Star  Magnolia  or  Hall's  Japan  Mag- 
nolia (4)  —  Magnolia  stelh\ta. 
A.    Flowers  pink  to  purple  outside.     (D.) 
D.    Flowers  larger,  6-8  inches  broad.     (E.) 

E.    Hardy  north  to  New  York.     Soulange's  Magnolia  —  INIag- 

nolia  Soulangekna. 
E.    Hardy     only     south.      Campbell's     Magnolia  —  Magnolia 
Campbelli. 
D.   Flowers  small,   3-4  inches  broad.     Purple  Magnolia   (8)  — 
Magnolia  purpurea  (M.  obovata). 

*  Blooming  after  the  new  leaves  expand  (some  are  evergreen).     (F.) 
F.    Flowers     greenish;     tall     tree.      Cucumber     Tree  —  Magnolia 

acuminata. 
F.    Flowers  white  with  conspicuous  colored  mark  in  center.     (G.) 
G.    Petals  purple-spotted  at  base.      Great-leaved  Magnolia  or 

Large-leaved  Cucumber  Tree  —  Magnolia  macrophylla. 
G.    Stamens  with  scarlet  filaments.     (H.) 


KEY    TO    THE    MAGNOLIAS 


61 


H.    Leaves  clustered  at  ends  of  branches.     Japanese  Umhrella 

Magnolia  —  Magnolia  hypoleuca. 
H.    Leaves  scattered  along  the  branches.     Watson's  Magnolia 
—  Magnolia  Watsoni. 
F.    Flowers  pure  white  (slightly  greenish  in  pumila).     (I.) 
I.    Flowers  1-3  inches  broad.     (J.) 

J.    Shrub  or  tree  10  feet  or  more  high.     Small  or  Swamp  Mag- 
nolia  or   Sweet    'Bay'    (5)  —  Magnolia    virginiana    (M. 
glauca) . 
J.    Shrub  less  than  10  feet  high.     Bush  Magnolia  — Magnolia 
pumila. 
I.    Flowers  6-9  inches  broad.     (K.) 

K.    Leaves    evergreen.      Evergreen   Magnolia   (G)   or   Bull 

'  Bay  '  —  Magnolia  grandiflora. 
K.    Leaves  deciduous.     (L.) 

L.    Leaves  eared  at  base.     Ear-leaved  Umbrella  Tree  — 

Magnolia  Fraseri. 
L.    Leaves  tapering  at  base.     Umbrella   Tree — Magnolia 
tripetala. 
F.   Flowers   yellowish   browni,   small  ;    leaves   evergreen.     Brown- 
flowered  Magnolia  or  Banana  Shrub  (0)  —  Magnolia  (Mi- 
chelia)  fuscata. 


Fig.  10.  —  C'ercidiphylliim. 


Fig.  11.  — North  Aiueiit'iiii  Papaw. 


62 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


Cercidiphyllum  jap6nicum.     Cercidiphyllu3i  (10).     This  is  a  bushy 
tree  of  great  beauty  aud  strange   arrangement  of   foliage  but  with  in- 


^iii 


Fig.  12. —  Thunberg's  Japanese 
Barberry. 


Fig.  1.3.  — Common  Barberry. 


conspicuous  flowers  and  fruit.     Tlie  leaves  are  generally  opposite,  heart- 
shaped,  and  with  about  5  basal  ribs.     The  great  peculiarity  of  the  leaves 

is  the  fact,  unique  so 
far  as  I  know,  that 
every  year  for  many 
years  the  single 
leaves  come  out  just 
where  last  year's 
leaves  were,  instead 
of  the  usual  branches 
appearing,  and  so  the 
stems  have  along  their 
whole  extent  fresh 
leaves  till  they  reach 
the  diameter  of  an 
inch  or  more.  Height 
usually  20  to  30  feet, 
slender  smooth  branches  with  leaves  2  to  8  inches  long.  Perfectly  hardy 
throughout.     From  Japan.  [Seeds ;  twig  cuttings;  layers.] 


Fig.  14.  —Holly-leaved  Mahonia. 


THE    BARBERRIES 


63 


Fig.  15.  —Japan  Mahonia.  Fig.  16.  — .\nierican  Barberry. 


Fig.  17— Box-leaved 
Barberry. 


Fig.  18.  — Holly-leaved  Barberry. 


64 


DESCIIIPTIOXS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


Asimina.  The  Papaws,  as  the  name  is  used  in  America,  are  shrubs 
or  small  trees  with  large  smooth  alternate  entire-edged  leaves,  and  large- 
seeded  pulpy  fruit.  The  large  purple  or  whitish  flowers  are  solitary  and 
axillary,  appearing  with  or  before  the  leaves  expand  in  spring.  The 
flowers  consist  of  three  calyx  pieces,  six  petals,  and  numerous  stamens. 
There  are  two  species  in  cultivation.     One,  a  shrubby  tree  10  to  40  feet 


Fig.  19. — Bearded  Barberry 


Fig.  20.  —  Mahonia. 


high,  hardy  in  Massachusetts,  with  leaves  6  to  12  inches  long,  and  edible 
fruit,  2  to  6  inches  long,  of  a  brown  color  when  ripe  in  October,  Com- 
mon or  North  American  Papaw  (U) — Asimina  triloba.  The  other  is 
a  shrub  2  to  6  feet  high,  hardy  only  South,  with  leaves  2  to  4  inches 
long  and  cream-colored  flowers  having  petals  2  inches  long,  Fktid  Shrub 
—  Asimina  grandiflora.  (The  Papaws  of  the  books  are  milky-juiced 
small  tropic  trees  of  palm-like  habit  with  variously  lobed  leaves,  belong- 
ing to  the  passion  flower  family.)  [Seeds  ;  layers  ;  root  cuttings.] 


Berberis.  The  Barberries  are  popular,  hardy,  usually  thorny  shrubs, 
having  yellow-  to  orange-colored  flowers,  and  white,  yellow,  red  to  black 
berries  with  1  to  several  seeds.  The  leaves  are  generally  arranged  in  close 
clusters  above  the  1-3-pointed  thorns.  The  barberries  with  compound 
leaves  are  here,  as  in  the  nurseries,  called  Mahoxias.  The  species  are  so 
numerous  (over  50),  with  many  hybrids  and  varieties,  that  the  average 
reader  will  be  satisfied  to  distinguish  only  the  few  in  general  cultivation. 

Thunberg's  Japanese  Barberry  (12)  — Berberis  Thuub^rgii, —  is  a 


KF.Y    TO    THE    BARBERRIES 


65 


dense  spreading  shrub  2  to  4  feet  high  with  small  entire-edged  leaves  ^  to 
1^  inches  long  and  usually  simple  spines  (occasionally  3-branched).  The 
branches  are  deeply  grooved.  The  pale  yellow  flowers  are  in  small  um- 
bel-like clusters,  and  the  bright 
red  fruit  is  nearly  globular. 

European  or  Common  Bar- 
berry (13)  — Berberis  vulgaris  — 
grows  from  4  to  8  feet  high  with 
erect  or  somewhat  arching  gray 
grooved  branches.  The  leaves 
are  1  to  2  inches  long  with 
notched  and  somewhat  spiny 
edges.  The  flowers  are  bright 
yellow  in  many-flowered  hanging 
clusters.  The  fruit,  in  the  dif- 
ferent varieties,  are  white,  yel- 
low, red  to  dark  purple  berries 
which  hang  on  and  add  beauty  to 
the  bushes  all  winter.  There  is 
a  variety  of  this  frequently  culti- 
vated, with  purple  leaves,  which 
hold  their  color  through  the  sea- 
son, atropurpurea. 
The  Holly-leaved  Mahonias  have  holly-edged  but  compound  evergreen 
leaves,  erect  clusters  of  yellow  flowers,  and  blue  to  black  small  berries. 
The  Mahonias  are  hardy  north  of  Philadelphia  only  in  sheltered  positions. 
American  or  Holly-leaved  Mahonia  (14)  —  Mahonia  (Berberis) 
Aquifolium  —  differs  from  Japan  Mahonia  (15)  —  Mahonia  japduica  — 
in  having  fewer  blades  but  a  longer  stem  to  the  compound  leaf  :  Ameri- 
can blades  5  to  0  ;  Japan,  9  to  13. 

The  use  of  the  following  key  will  enable  the  reader  to  determine  a  few 
additional  species.  [Fresh  seeds  ;  twig  cuttings  ;  layers.] 


Fig.  21.  — Ash  Mahonia. 


KEY  TO  THE  BARBERRIES  WITH  SIMPLE    LEAVES 


*  Leaves  thin,    deciduous,    notched,    in   clusters  above   thorns  ;   leaf- 
notches  hair-tipped.     (A.) 
A.    Branches  gray  and  grooved  ;  flowers  yellow  in  elongated  racemes, 
May  and  June.     Many  varieties  of  P^tropkan  or  Common  Bar- 
berry (13)  —  Berberis  vulgi\ris. 
A.    Branches  purplish  and  grooved  ;  leaves  purple.    Berberis  vulgaris 
atropurpurea. 

apgar's  shrubs  —  5 


66  DESCRIPTIONS   OF   THE    SHRUBS 

A.  Branches  reddish  brown  or  brown  ;  fruit  coral-red.     American 
Bakhkkkv  (16)  — Berberis  canadensis. 

*  Leaves  thin,  deciduous,  usually  without  notches. 

B.  Branches   reddish   brown ;    flowers    orange-yellow   in   racemes  ; 
fruit  dark  blue.     (C.) 

C.   Flowers  and  fruit  pendulous.      Turkestan  Barberry  —  Ber- 
beris heteropoda. 
C.    Flowers  and   frui^  erect.     Persian  Barberry  —  Berberis  in- 
tegerrima. 
B.    Branches  brown,  grooved  ;  flowers  pale  yellow,  nearly   solitary 
(1-3)  ;  fruit  bright  red;  leaves  small  (^-H  inches  long),  spatu- 
late  ;    low  dense  shrub,  2-4  feet.     Thunberg's  Japanese  Bar- 
berry (12)  —  Berberis  Thunbergii. 

*  Leaves  thick,  small  (J-1  inch  long),  usually  entire  and  about  ever- 

green.    (D.) 
D.    Flowers  solitary  on  long  stems,  orange  ;   fruit  blackish  purple. 
Box-leaved  Barberry  (17)  — Berberis  buxifolia. 

D.  Flower^  (2-6)  in  umbels  ;   leaves  with  rolled  edges,  small  (^-Ij 
inches).     Small-leaved  Barberry  —  Berberis  stenophylla. 

*  Leaves  holly-like,  spiny-toothed.     (E. ) 

E.  Flowers  in  simple  racemes,  orange-yellow.     Holly'-leaved  Bar- 
berry (18)  — Berberis  ilicifolia. 

E.    Flowers  in  compound  racemes.     (F.) 

F.    Leaves  with  many  spiny  teeth.     Bearded  Barberry  (10)  — 

Berberis  aristkta. 
F.    Leaves  with  few  large  strong  spines.     Jameson's  Barberry 
—  Berberis  Jilmesoui. 


KEY   TO   THE   BARBEEKIES   WITH   COMPOUND 
EVERGREEN^   LEAVES.  — MAHONIA. 

*  Leaves  almost  without  stalk  below  the  blades.     (A.) 

A.    Blades  3-7,  thick,  dull  and  whitish.      Fremont's    Mahonia  — 

Mahonia  Fr^raonti. 
A.    Blades  5-17,  thick,  dark  green,  shiny,  with  few  teeth  ;  height  2-3 

feet.     Mahonia  (20)  —  Mahonia  pinn^ta. 
A.    Blades  9-13,  large  (2-5  inches  long)  ;  height  5-10  feet.     Japan 

Mahonia  (15)  —  Mahonia  japonica. 

A.  Blades   5-25,    smaller,  rigid  \vith  fewer  teeth  ;  height  4-6  feet. 
Nepaul  Mahonia  — Mahonia  nepal^nsis. 

*  Leaves  decidedly  stalked  below  the  blades.     (B.) 

B.  Blades  rounded  or  square  at  base.     (C.) 


NAN  DIN  A 


07 


C.   Blades  5-0,  shiny  dark  green  above  with  many  teeth  ;  height  3^ 

feet.     Holly-leaved  Maiionia  (14)  —  INIahonia  A(iuif6liuin. 
C.    Blades  11-21,  with  3-5  basal  ribs  and  few  teeth  ;    low.     Asii 

Mahonia  (21)  —  Mahonia  nerv6sa. 
C.    Blades  3-7,  dull,  pale  ;    low,  almost  creeping,  1-2  feet  high. 
Trailing  Mahonia  —  Mahonia  ripens  (Berberis  Aquifolium). 
B.    Blades  5-9,  tapering  at  base  with  many  spiny  teeth;  low.     For- 
tune's Mahonia.     Mahonia  Fortunei. 


Fig.  22.  — Japanese  Naiuliua. 

The  tall  barberries  in  cultiva- 
tion North  are  generally  varieties 
of  Berberis  vulgaris  and  the  names 
often  indicate  peculiarities  of  foli- 
age or  fruit :  atropurpurea,  purple- 
leaved  ;  alba,  white-fruited  ;  lutea, 
yellow-fruited ;  nigra,  black-fruited 


Fig.  23.  —  Wavy-leaved  Pittosporum. 
asperma,  seedless  ;  violkcea,  violet- 


fruited  ;  dulcis,  not  sour  ;  mitis,  with  few  thorns ;  etc.  The  low  ones  are 
apt  to  be  varieties  of  Berberis  Thunbergii,  which  are  especially  valuable 
for  the  borders  of  walks  and  drives  and  grow  well  in  partial  shade. 

Nandina  dom^stica.  Japanese  Nandina  (22)  is  a  reed-like  upright 
shrub  ((3-8  feet)  with  bare  stems  ^  inch  in  diameter  and  clusters  of 
evergreen  leaves  at  the  top  ending  in  a  cluster  of  small  red  berries  the 
size  of  peas.  The  compound  leaves  are  two  or  three  times  ternate  with 
9  to  27  entire-edged  blades.  It  is  frequent  in  cultivation  in  southern  Cali- 
fornia for  the  beautiful  foliage  and  bright  berries,  but  the  bare  stems  are 
unsightly  if  exposed.  Among  other  shrubs  and  somewhat  in  the  shade 
it  is  a  fine   plant.     With  some   protection  hardy  to  Washington.     The 


68 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


Fig.  2G.  —  Cape  Pittosporum. 

flowers  are  insignificant;  the  seeds 
are  peculiar  in  that  they  are  con- 
cave on  one  side  and  convex  on 
the  other.     [Seeds  and  divisions.] 

Pitt6sporum.  The  Pittospo- 
RL'MS  are  evergreen  trees  or  shrubs 
of  w^arm  regions.  The  leaves  are 
alternate  but  clustered  in  an  ap-  ^^«-  ^T.-Karo  Pittosporum. 

parent  whorl  at  the  ends  of  the  branches  ;  the  margins  are  in  most  species 
entire.    The  regular  5-parted  flowers  form  a  cluster  above  the  whorl  of 


HELIANTHEMUM  69 

leaves  in  spring.     The  fruit  is  a  globular  woody  capsule  with  2  to  many- 
seeds.  [Seeds;  twig  cuttings.] 

KEY   TO   THE   PITTOSPORUMS 

*  Flowers  white  or  nearly  so.     (A.) 

A.  Flowers  very  fragrant  at  night,  ^  inch  long ;  leaves  a  rich  deep 
green,  lanceolate,  often  undulated  at  the  margin  ;  seeds  numerous 
in  the  ^-inch  pod.  Wavy-leaved  Pittosporum  or  Mock, 
Orange  (23)  — Pittosporum  undul^tum. 

A.  Flowers  slightly  yellowish  with  narrow  petals,  February,  March  ; 
leaves  silky- white  when  young;  seeds  4.  Madras  Pittosporum 
—  Pittosporum  tetrasp^rmum. 

A.  Flowers  pure  white  and  fragrant,  i  inch  broad,  in  winter; 
leaves  broad  towards  tip  and  blunt,  dark  above,  pale  below 
(sometimes  variegated.)  Common  Pittosporum  or  Tobira 
(24)  —  Pittosporum  Tobira. 

*  Flowers  some  shade  of  yellow.     (B.) 

B.  Plants  clothed  with  rusty  hairs  ;  leaves  about  3  inches  long  and 
half  as  wide  ;  flowers  i  inch  long,  yellow,  February  to  April. 
Pittosporum  (25)  — Pittosporum  revolutum. 

B.   Plants  smooth  throughout.     (C.) 
C.   Small  tree  or  large  shrub  with  weeping  twigs ;  leaves  2-4  inches 

long  with  hooked  point.     Pittosporum  phillyraeoides. 
C.    Shrub  6  feet  high  ;  leaves  broad  towards  tip  ;  flowers  clustered, 

greenish  yellow,  jasmine-scented.     Cape  Pittosporum  (26)  — 

Pittosporum  viridiflorum. 

*  Flowers  almost  black  and  seeds  black ;  used  in  California  as  wind- 

breaks and  hedges.     (D.) 
D.    Leaves  pale  and  glaucous  below,  2-3  inches  long  and  blunt  at 
'      tip;  a  pyramidal  tall  shrub  or  tree.     Karo  (27) — Pittosporum 

crassif51ium. 
D.   Leaves  thin,  dull  green,  1^-2  inches  long  and  pointed  at  tip ; 

tree-like.     Tawiiiwhi  —  Pittosporum  tenuif61ium. 

Helidnthemum.  The  Rockrose  —  Helianthemum  Chamaecfstus  —  and 
the  Frostweed  (28)  —  Helianthemum  canad^nse  —  are  beautiful  rock- 
work  plants  with  usually  bright  yellow  flowers  an  inch  or  more  in  diameter. 
Some  varieties  have  red  or  copper-colored  blossoms  and  some  are  double. 
The  leaves  are  linear,  hairy  above  and  whitish  beneath  and  generally 
alternate  except  at  base.  "  The  plant  commonly  cultivated,  Helianthe- 
mum Chamsecistus,  grows  in  procumbent  mats  less  than  a  foot  high  and 
the  5-petaled  flowers   are   in  nodding  racemes  v/ith  hairy   stems.      Tlie 


70 


DESCRIPTIOXS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


Fig.  29.  —  Undulate-leaved 
Rockrose. 


Fig.  28.  —  Frostweed. 


ir^^ 


\5i 


Fig.  30.  — CypriLs  Rockrose. 


Fig.  31.  — Gum  Clstus. 


KEY    TO    THE    SPECIES    OF    CISTUS 


71 


fruit  is  a  more  or  less  3-celled  capsule  with  numerous  seeds.  These  plants 
are  sometimes  called  Sun  '  Roses  '  because  the  flowers  open  only  in  sun- 
shine and  soon  drop  their  petals.  [Divisions;  seeds;  twig  cuttings.] 

Cistus.     These  are  also  called  Rockroses.     They  are  aromatic  shrubs 
having  all  parts  covered  with  short  or  long  usually  glandular  hairs.     The 


Fig.  32.  — Laurel-leaved  Cistus. 


Fig.  33.  — Hairy  Cistus. 


leaves  are  opposite,  simple,  mostly  evergreen  and  entire-edged.  The 
flowers  are  large,  rose-like,  white  to  purple  and  usually  clustered. 
The  fruit  is  a  dry  many-seeded  capsule  splitting  into  5  valves  when  ripe. 
These  plants  are  fully  hardy  only  in  the  Gulf  states  and  are  rarely  culti- 
vated even  there. 

KEY   TO   THE   SPECIES   OF  CISTUS 


*  Leaves  3-ribbed.     (A.) 
A.    Compact  shrub   to  2  feet ;   leaves  narrow,  rough   above,  hairy 

below  ;  flowers  deep  rose-color,  nearly  2  inches  wide,  3-4  in  a 

cluster  with  short  stalks.     June  to  August.     Undulate-leaved 

RocKROSE  (20)  —  Cistus  crfspus. 
A.    Erect  glutinous  shrub  to  6  feet ;  leaves  smooth  above  and  very 

hairy  below  ;  flowers  white  blotched  with  purple,  nearly  3  inches 


72 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


wide,  5-7  in  a  cluster.     June.     Cyimu:s  Rockrose  (30) — Cis- 
tus  cypi'i^^s. 
A.    Glutinous  shrub  to  4  feet;  flowers  with  yellow  center  (in  var, 
macul^tus   dark   crimson),    3-4  inches   wide,   usually   solitary, 
June.     Gum  Cistus  (31) — Cistus  ladaniferus. 
A.    Shrub  to  6  feet;  leaves  1-2^  inches  long,  whitish  or  brownish 
below  ;  flowers  yellow-blotched,  2-3  inches  wide,  3-8  in  a  cluster. 
June  to  August.     The  hardiest  species.     Laurel-lk.wed  Cistis 
(32)  — Cistus  laurifolius. 
*  Leaves  feather-veined;  flowers  l|-2  inches  wide.     Shrub  .3-4  feet; 
leaves    rough  above   and  very  velvety  below,   1-2  inches    long  ; 
flowers  purple  or  red  usually  on  long  stems,  1-3  in  a  cluster.     May, 
June.     A    variable    species    with    many   named    forms.     Haikv 
Cistus  (33)  —  Cistus  villosus.  [Seeds.] 

Hudsbnia.     The   Hidsomas  are  hardy  evergreen  shrubs  1  foot  high 
with  small  awl-shaped  heath-like  leaves.     The  flowers  are  small,  yellow, 


Fig.  34.  — Woolly 
Hudsoiiia. 


Hi 

Fig.  35.  —  German 
Tamarisk. 


abundant,  blooming  from  May  to  July.  These  plants  are  so  difficult  to 
keep  in  health  that  they  are  seldom  found  in  cultivation,  though  wild 
in  sandy  coast  regions  from  Maine  to  Virginia. 


KKY    TO    TAMARIX 


73 


The  two  species  are  Heath-t.ike  HrnsoxiA  — Hudsonia  ericoides, — 
with  f^reenish  leaves  and  the  flowers  on  slender  naked  stalks,  and  Wooi-lv 
HfDsoxiA  orFALSK  Heather  (34)  —  Hudsonia tomentosa, — with  whitish 
leaves  and  nearly  sessile  flowers.  [Layers  ;  twig  cuttings.] 


Fig.  ofj.  —  African  Tamarisk. 


Fig.  37.  — French 
Tamarisk. 


Tamarix.  The  Tamarisks  are  beautiful  shrubs  with  minute  scale-like 
leaves  and  clustered  small  usually  pink  flowers.  They  are  especially 
fitted  for  seaside  planting,  as  the  salt  air  and  wind  storms  do  not  perma- 
nently injure  them.  There  are  about  ten  species  in  cultivation  so  nearly 
alike  in  foliage  that  there  is  much  confusion  in  the  names  given  by  the 
nurserymen.  If  the  reader  wishes  certainly  to  determine  the  species  he 
will  need  to  examine  the  small  flowers  with  a  magnifying  glass. 

[Seeds ;  twig  cuttings.] 

KEY   TO   TAMARIX,   INCLUDmG   MYRICAEIA 

*  Stamens  10  grown  together  for  i  to  i  their  length.     Myricaria.     (A.) 
A.    Racemes  of  pink  or  whitish  flowers  in  compound  terminal  clusters 

4-6  inches  long.    German  Tamarisk  (85)  —Tamarix  (Myricaria) 
germanica. 
A.    Racemes  usually  simple.     Dahurian  Tamarisk  —  Tamarix  (My- 
ricaria) dahurica.    . 

*  Stamens  not  grown  together  or  but  slightly  so  at  base,  usually  4 

or  5.     (B.) 


74 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


B.    Petals  4  ;   racemes  short  on  the  sides  of  last  year's  branches  in 
early  spring.     April  and  May.     (C.) 
C.    Petals  spreading  and  wilting,  i^ersistent.     African  Tamarisk 
(30)  —  Tainarix  parviflora. 

C.  Petals  erect  and  dropping  off.  Four-antiiered  Tamarisk  — 
Tamarix  tetrandra. 

B.    Petals  5.     (D.) 

D.  Leaves  pubescent,  bluish  green  ;  flowers  with  deciduous  petals 
nearly  sessile  in  racemes  2-3  inches  long.  Pubescent-leaved 
Tamarisk  —  Tamarix  hispida. 

D.    Leaves  smooth.     (E.) 
E.    Petals  deciduous  ;  shrub  or  small  tree  with  whitish  or  pinkish 
flowers,  May-July  (in  var.    I'ndica,  Late-flowering   Tam- 
arisk,  Aug.,   Sept.).      French  Tamarisk   (37)— Tamarix 
gallica. 
E.    Petals  persistent,  wilting.     (F.) 

F.    Racemes  about  2   inches  long  on  old  branches.     Japan 

Tamarisk  —  Tamarix  juniperina. 
F.    Flowers  in  terminal  compound  clusters.     (G.) 

G.    Shrub  or  small  tree  with  spreading  or  drooping  branches. 

Chinese  Tamarisk — Tamarix  chinensis. 
G.    Shrub  4-6  feet  high  with  upright  branches.     Caspian 
Tamarisk — Tamarix  odessana. 


Ascyrum.  St.  Andrew's  Cross 
and  St.  Peter's-wort  are  pretty 
yellow-flowered,  slightly  shrubby, 
summer-flowering  plants  sometimes 
cultivated  in  borders.  They  can  be 
known  by  the  calyx  of  4  pieces  (2 
large  and  2  small),  4  cross-like 
broadly  spreading  petals  and  many 
stamens.  The  leaves  are  opposite 
with  entire  edges.  St.  Peter's- 
woRT  (38) —  Ascyrum  stans  —  is  the 
taller  growing,  2-3  feet,  with  larger 
flowers,  thicker  leaves,  and  3  or  4 
styles.  St.  Andrew's  Cross  (39)  — 
Ascyrum  hypericoides  —  is  more 
spreading  with  lighter  colored  smaller 
flowers  and  2  styles.  The  fruit  is  a 
dry  1-celled  many-seeded  pod. 

[Divisions  ;  seeds.] 


Fig.  38.  — St.  Peter's-Wort. 


ASCYRUM 


75 


Fig.  39.  — St.  Andrew's  Cro.ss.  Fig.  40.  — Hooker's  Hypericum. 


Fig.  41.  — Aaron's  Beard.  Fig.  4'2.  — Kalm's  St.  John's- Wort. 


76 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHKUBS 


Fig.  43.  — Great  St.  John's-Wort.  Fig.  44.  — Bushy  St.  John's- Wort. 


Fig.  45.  — Bartrani's  Hypericnni.         Fig.  40.- Shrubby  St.  John's- Wort. 


KEY    TO    THE    COMMONLY    CULTIVATED    HYL'EIUCUMS       /  / 

Hypericum.  The  St.  Joiin's-worts  are  an  extensive  genus  (200  spe- 
cies) of  herbs,  shrubs,  and  trees  with  more  or  less  dotted,  opposite,  entire- 
edged  leaves  and  sliow^y  yellow  flowers  with  many  stamens.  The  5  oblique- 
edged  yellow  petals,  many  stamens  (frequently  united  into  groups),  and 
the  transparent-dotted  opposite  leaves  are  the  peculiarities  which  will 


■v>r^. 


Fig.  47.  —  Creeping  St.  John's- Wort.  Fig.  48.  —  Small-Leaved 

Hypericum. 

separate  these  plants  from  all  others.  About  a  dozen  species  are  in  culti- 
vation. Several  species  are  evergreen  in  the  North,  and  others  additional 
to  these  hold  their  leaves  through  the  winter  South.  Some  are  trailing 
plants  spreading  over  the  bare  ground,  others  are  erect  shrubs  5  to  6  feet 
high.  They  flower  from  July  to  October,  but  most  bloom  in  early  August 
when  but  few  flowers  are  seen  in  the  shrubbery. 

[Seeds  ;  suckers  ;  twig  cuttings.] 

KEY   TO   THE   COMMONLY   CULTIVATED 
HYPEKTCUMS 

*  Stem  round  ;  leaves  about  evergreen  ;  pistil  with  5  styles  ;   flowers 
golden  yellow  ;  hardy  south  of  New  York.     (A.) 
A.   Flowers  2-3  inches  broad,  petals  thick  and  orbicular,  stamens  in 
5  clusters,    August ;   leaves   sometimes  4   inches  long ;    slightly 


78  DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 

shrubby,  to  2|  feet   high.     Hooker's  IIyi-ekicum    (40)  —  Hy- 
pericum Ilookeri^num. 

A.  Flowers  2  inches  broad,  stamens  with  reddish  anthers,  July,  Aug. ; 
branches  erect  with  pendulous  tips  ;  2  feet  high.  Gold  Flower 
—  Hypericum  Moserianum. 

*  Stem  -i-angled  ;  pistil  with  5  styles.     (B.) 

B.  Leaves  evergreen,  leathery,  dark  above,  whitish  below,  2-4  inches 
long ;  flowers  3  inches  broad  ;  low  plant  1  foot  high,  tufted. 
Aaron's  Beard  (41)  —  Hypericum  calycinum. 

B.  Leaves  about  linear  1-2^  inches  long,  bluish  above  ;  flowers  ^-1 
inch  broad  ;  shrub  2-3  feet  high  with  contorted  stems.  Kalm's 
St.  John's-wort  (42)  —  Hypericum  Kalmianum. 

B.  Leaves  2-5  inches  long,  clasping  ;  flowers  1-2  inches  wide  ;  plant 
2-6  feet  high  but  not  shrubby  even  at  base.  Great  St.  John's- 
woRT  (43) —  Hypericum  Ascyron. 

*  Stem  4-angled  ;  pistil  with  3  styles.     (C.) 

C.  Fruit  berry-like,  the  size  of  peas,  violet  when  ripe  ;  plant  very 
aromatic  ;  leaves  ovate,  4  inches  long.  Sweet  Amber  —  Hyperi- 
cum Androscemum. 

C.  Fruit  a  1-3-celled  capsule ;  dense  low  shrub  forming  rounded 
tufts ;  leaves  ^-2^  inches  long,  bluish ;  flowers  1  inch  wide. 
Buckley's  Hypericum  —  Hypericum  Biickleyi. 

C.  Fruit  3-celled  capsules ;  erect  shrub  4-(3  feet  high  ;  leaves  lin- 
ear, crowded,  1-2  inches  long;  flowers  |  inch  wide.  Bushy 
St.  Johk's-wort  (44)  —  Hypericum  densiflorum. 

*  Stems,  at  least  in  the  younger  growth,  2-ridged  or  2-winged;  pistil 

with  3  styles  grown  more  or  less  together.     (D.) 

D.  Fully  shrubby,  3  feet  high  ;  bark  red  or  brown  splitting  off  in 
layers  ;  flowers,  li  inches  broad,  showy,  July-Sept.     (E.) 

E.  Leaves  somewhat  leathery,  oblong,  1-3  inches  long,  whitish 
beneath  ;  flowers  sessile  1-3  in  cluster.  Bartram's  Hyperi- 
cum (45)  — Hypericum  aiireum. 

E.  Leaves  thinner,  more  slender,  usually  pointed,  1-3  inches  long, 
dark  glossy  green.  Shrubby  St.  John's-wort  (46)  —  Hyperi- 
cum prolfficum. 

D.  Shrubby  only  at  base  or  herbaceous  throughout;  flowers  small. 
(F.) 

F.  Erect  from  a  creeping  base  to  2  feet ;  leaves  lanceolate,  1-2 
inches  long  ;  flowers  about  ^  inch  wide.  Creeping  St.  John's- 
wort  (47)  —  Hypericum  adpr^ssum. 

F.  Erect  to  4  feet ;  leaves  |-1|  inches  long  and  somewhat  clasping 
at  base  ;  flowers  under  |  inch  wide.  Small-leaved  Hyperi- 
cum (48)  —  Hypericum  opacum. 


CAMELLIA 


79 


Camellia.    This  is  a  genus  of  elegant  evergreen,  usually  glossy-foliaged, 
large-flowered  plants  hardy  only  in  the  Gulf  states,  though  a  few  specimens 


^:-N 


I 


Fig.  49. — Japan  Camellia. 


Fig.  50.  —  Alleghany  Stuartia. 


are  found  in  well-protected  positions 
as  far  north  as  Washington.  There 
are  hundreds  of  named  varieties, 
double  and  single,  white,  red,  and 
variegated.  They  have  peculiar 
waxy  petals  and,  in  the  single  forms, 
many  more  or  less  united  stamens. 
Japan  Camellia  (49)  —  Camellia 
japonica  —  is  the  parent  of  most  of 
the  varieties.  The  leaves  are  simple, 
alternate,  evergreen  with  notched 
edges.  Besides  these  species  and 
varieties  with  erect  flowers  cultivated 
entirely  for  ornament,  the  Tea  Plant 
—  Camellia  th^a  —  with  nodding 
flowers  is  cultivated  for  use.  In  this 
the  flowers  are  much  smaller,  under  1 1  inches  and  single  with  5  petals. 
It  grows  to  the  height  sometimes  of  80  feet  and  can  be  successfully  grown 
in  the  (iulf  states.  [Seeds;  twig  cuttings  ;  layers;  grafting.] 


Japanese  Stuartia. 


80 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


Studrtia.  This,  like  the  CamelHas,  has  large  flcnvers  and  united 
stamens,  but  the  foliage  is  deciduous  and  the  shrubs  are  hard)^  in  the 
North.  The  alternate  leaves  are  simple,  feather-veined,  with  notched 
edges.     The  flowers  are  white  or  cream-colored  with  usually  5  petals. 

[Seeds  ;  layers  ;  twig  cuttings.] 

KEY   TO   THE   STUAETIAS 

*With  purple  spreading  stamens  and  globular  fruit  i  inch  or  more 
broad;  shrub  0-12  feet  high  blooming  in  May  and  June.  Hound- 
fruited  Stuautia  —  Stuartia  Malachodendron. 

*With  wavy-edged  cream-colored  petals  and  curved  white  stamens 
having  orange  anthers,  July  and  Aug.  ;  capsules  5-angled,  ovate; 
6-15  feet  high.     Alleghany  Stuartia  (50)  —  Stuartia  pentagyna. 

*With  concave  orbicular  petals,  silky  outside;  10-50  feet  high  with 
smooth  red  bark  peeling  off  in  great  thin  layers  or  flakes  and  acute- 
tipped  narrow  leaves  1^3  inches  long.  Japanese  Stuartia  (51) 
—  Stuartia  Pseudo-camellia. 


Gordbnia.     The   Gordoxias   are   nearly  evergreen  with   large  white 
flowers  having  many  united  stamens,  like  the  Stuartias,  but  the  stamens 


Fio. 


.blolly 


Fig.  53.  —  Franklinia. 


are  in  five  clusters  on  a  cup  of  white  petals.     These  plants  are  usually 
trees  but  ai  the  northern  border  of  their  range  (the  hardiest,  Gordonia 


HIBISCUS 


81 


pub^scens,  can  be  grown  in  Massachusetts)  reduced  to  shrubs  and  bloom- 
ing when  small. 

Loblolly  or  Tax  'Bay'  (52)  —  (Jordonia  Lasianthus  —  has  a  pointed 
pod    and   is    fully   evergreen    with 
glossy   notch-edged    leaves   4  to  6 
inches  long  and  pure  white  flowers 
21  inches  broad  in  July  and  August. 

Fkanklinia  (53) — Gordoniapu- 
bescens  —  has  a  globular  pod  and 
deciduous  leaves  which  turn  a  bril- 
liant scarlet  before  dropping  in  the 
autumn.  The  pure  white  flowers 
are  3  inches  broad,  silky  outside, 
blooming  in  September  and  October. 

'i'here  is  another  plant,  always 
a  shrub,  probably  belonging  to  this 
genus,  from  China,  Chinese  Gor- 
DONiA  (54)  —  Gordonia  andmala. 
This  has  almost  sessile  creamy- 
white  flowers  2  to  3  inches  broad, 
in  November,  and  nearly  entire- 
edged  dark  evergreen  oblanceolate 
leaves  3  to  G  inches  long. 

[Seeds  j  layers  ;  twig  cuttings.]  Fig.  5i.  -Chinese  Gordouia. 


Fig.  5.").  —  Japanese  Cleyera. 


Cleyera     ochnacea.        Japanese 

Cleykra  (-w)  is  a  tender  shrub  (0 
feet  high)  with  alternate,  glossy, 
evergreen,  entire-edged  (except  at 
tip)  leaves  pointed  at  both  ends  ;  the 
flowers  are  fragrant,  numerous, 
creamy-white  in  June  ;  the  fruit  are 
red  berries  which  last  all  winter. 
Hardy  in  the  Gulf  states.  There  is 
a  variety,  tricolor,  witli  grayish 
blotchings  and  white  and  rose-colored 
edgings  to  the  foliage  ;  the  flower 
has  5  sepals,  2  bracts,  and  o  petals; 
the  berries  are  2  to  3-celled. 

[Seeds.] 


Hibiscus.     The  Rose  Mallows  form  a  large  group  of  mainly  herba- 
ceous i»lants  with  large  hollyhock-like  flowers.     The  only  woody  species 

•  APGAR's  SHRUBS  -() 


82 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


in  the  North  is  the  extensively  cultivated  summer-flowering  Shruhby 
Ai/rHKA,  usually  called  'Rose  of  Siiakox'  (5G)  —  Hibiscus  syriacus, — 
with  tapering-based  more  or  less  o-lobed  leaves.  There  are  scores  of 
named  varieties  with  single  or  double  flowers  of  many  colors,  —  white, 
pink,  red,  purple,  and  variegated. 

In  southern  California  there  is  in  cultivation  another  tall  shrubby  species 
from  Australia,  Gkkkx  Kukrajong  or  Qlekxsland  Sorrel Trke  —  Hibis- 
cus heterophyllus,  —  with  abundant  white  flowers  having  a  deep  crimson 


Fig.  56.  — Rose  of  Sharon 


Swamp  Rose  Mallow. 


center.  These  flowers  are  large,  3  to  4  inches  long,  with  hairy  calyx  and 
capsule.  The  leaves  are,  as  the  name  indicates,  exceedingly  variable  in 
form :  linear,  lanceolate,  oblong,  and  with  a  tendency  to  3-lobing  in  the 
broader  forms.  These  leaves  are  5  to  6  inches  long  and  in  some  varieties 
wdiite  beneath,  though  usually  green  on  both  sides. 

Besides  these  two  shrubby  species,  we  include  a  tall  swamp-growing 
hardy  herb.  Swamp  Rose  Mallow  (57)  —  Hibiscus  Moscheutos.  It  grows 
3  to  7  feet  high,  has  white  or  pink  flowers  4  to  8  inches  broad  often  with 
a  crimson  center,  in  summer.  The  ovoid  capsule  is  1  inch  long  and  remains 
on  the  i)lant  through  the  winter.  The  leaves  are  large,  ovate,  notch-edged, 
sometimes  slightly  ;5-lobed  and  almost  velvety  beneath. 

[Seeds  ;  twig  cuttings.] 


ZANTHOXYLUM 


S3 


Fig.  58.  — Northern  Prickly  'Ash. 
Zanth6xylum.      The   Prickly 


Chinese  'Pepper.' 

Ashes  '  or  Toothache-trees,  with 
prickly  pinnate  leaves  and  pepper-like  pods,  are  wild  and  frequently  culti- 
vated for  the  foliage  and  the  small 
peppery  fruit.  The  flowers  are  in- 
significant. The  northern  species 
has  small  clusters  of  flowers  and 
fruit  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves, 
wliile  the  southern  and  the  Chi- 
nese species  have  large  terminal 
clusters. 

Northern  Prickly  'Ash  '  (58) 
—  Zanthoxylum  americcinum,  — 
hardy  North  and  often  cultivated, 
has  prickly  leaves  with  5  to  11  oi> 
posite  nearly  entire-edged  sessile 
blades  IJ  to  2  inches  long ;  stems  j. '^ 
also  prickly. 

Chinese  'Pepper'  (59) — Zan- 
thoxylum piperitum  —  has  11  to  13 
somewhat  notched  blades  f  to  1^ 
inches  long  and  is  probably,  hardy 
in  the  middle  states. 

Toothache-tree  (60)  or  South- 
ern  Prickly  '  Ash  '  —  Zanthoxy- 


FiG.  00.  —  Tootliache-tree. 


84 


DESClllPTIOXS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


lum  Clkva-IIe'rculis  —  lias  7  to  17  slightly  notched  nearly  sessile  blades 
U  to  3  inches  long,  tree-like  (often  30  feet  high)  and  is  hardy  in  the 
middle  states.  [Seeds;  suckers.] 

Ptelea  trifoliata.  Shrurby  Tukfoil  or  Hop  Thee  (01)  is  a  tall  orna- 
mental aromatic  shrub  with  elm-like  winged  fruit  in  clusters  and  3-bladed 
alternate  leaves.  The  small  greenish  flowers  bloom  in  May  and  June. 
The  fruit  socni  forms  and  remains  on  the  bush  till  winter.  The  leaves 
when  held  towards  the  light  show  pinhole-like  transparent  dots.  This  is 
probably  the  only  species  in  general  cultivation,  though  in  the  AVest  there 
are  several  others  (a  late  writer,  Edward  L.  Green,  would  divide  them  into 
over  50),  differing  in  color  and  pubescence  of  foliage  and  in  size  and  shape 
of  fruit.  [Seeds  ;  layers.] 

Skimmia.  The  Skimmias  are  handsome  evergreen  shrubs  with  simple 
alternate  entire-edged  leaves,  insignificant  flowers  (usually  of  4  petals) 

and  small  red  berries  with  2  to  4  seeds 
lasting  over  the  winter.     The  leaves 


Fig.  61.  —  Hop  Tree.  Fig.  62.  — Japan  Skimmia. 

are  transparent-dotted,  as  in  the  Hop  Tree.  They  are  not  fully  hardy 
north  of  Washington.  The  Japan  species  is  the  taller,  to  5  feet,  and  has 
brighter  colored  berries,  while  the  Chinese  is  smaller,  2  to  4  feet,  with 
more  abundant  dull  red  berries. 

Japan  Skimmia  ((52)  —  Skinnnia  japonica  —  has  the  leaves  crowded  at 
the  ends  of  the  branches,  more  or  less  yellowish  green  on  both  sides,  3^  to 


SKIMMIA 


85 


5  inches  long.     This  species  is  more  or  less  dioecious  and  so  care  must  be 
taken  to  have  a  stamen-bearing  plant  to  fertilize  the  pistils. 

Chinese  Skimmia  —  Skimmia  Fortunei  —  has  larger,  3i  to  10  inches 


Fig.  f)5.  —  American  Holly. 


Fkj.  go.  —  Japan  Large-leaved  Holly. 


86 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


long,  and  greener  leaves  and  more  abundant  flowers  and  fruit.  In  this 
the  berries  are  somewliat  pear-shaped  and  about  all  the  bushes  have 
both  stamens  and  pistils.  [Seeds;  twig  cuttings, ] 


Fig.  G7. — Red  Winterberry. 


Fig.  G8.  —  Mouutaiu  Holly. 


Fig.  G9.  — Dahoon. 


Citrus.  The  Citrus  plants  in- 
clude the  lemons,  oranges,  grape 
fruit,  limes,  etc.,  and,  with  the 
exception  of  the  3-bladed  thorny 
species.  Hardy  Orange  (03)  —  Cit- 
rus trifoHMa  —  hardy  north  to  Phil- 
adelphia, are  found  only  in  the 
extreme  South.  The  evergreen 
leaves  of  all  the  species  are  peculiar 
in  that  the  blade  (generally  there 
is  but  one)  is  joined  to  a  usually 
winged  stem  and  so  must  be  con- 
sidered as  compound,  though  with 
but  one  si)reading  portion. 

[Seeds  ;  grafting  of  varieties,  es- 
pecially of  seedless  forms.] 

ilex.  The  Holly  shrubs  and 
trees  are   extremely    beautiful    in 


THE    HOLLIES 


87 


foliage  and  fruit.  Of  the  two  species  with  evergreen  spiny-edged  leaves, 
the  European  Holly  (64)  —  Ilex  Aquifoliuin,  —  has  brighter  red  berries 
but  does  not  seem  to  thrive  in  our 
climate  ;  the  American  Holly 
(65)  —  Ilex  op^ca,  —  with  duller 


Cassena 


Fig.  71.  — Inkbeny. 


berries, 
remain 


is  wild  throughout  and  frequent  in  cultivation.     The  fruit 
on  the  plants  through  the  winter  and  have  extensive  use  in 


of  both 
indoor 


Fig.  72.  —  Swamp  Holly. 


Fig.  73.  —  Large-leaved  Holly. 


m  DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 

decorations  at  Christmas  timo.  The  best  of  the  evergreens  without  spiny- 
edged  leaves  are  those  from  Japan.  The  one  with  the  largest  and  brightest 
leaves  (6  inches  long  and  3  to  4  inches  wide)  is  Japan  Large-leavkd 
Holly  (0(5)  — Hex  latifolia  ;  while  the  one  with  foliage  next  in  size  (8  to  4 
inches  long)  is  Entihe-leaved  Holly  —  Ilex  Integra.  The  small-leaved 
one  (about  1  inch  long)  is  Small-leaved  Holly  —  Ilex  cren^ta. 

The  best  of  the  deciduous-leaved  Hollies  is  Red  Wintekbeukv  ((i7)  — 
Ilex  verticill^ta,  —  which  grows  about  G  feet  high  and  has  small  brilliant 
red  berries  remaining  on  the  bare  bushes  in  close  clusters  through  most  of 
the  winter.  Mountain  Holly  (68) — Nemopanthus  mucronata  (N.  fas- 
cicul^ris)  —  has  bright  ridged  red  berries  on  stems  about  an  inch  long  ; 
it  grows  6  to  8  feet  high  with  ash-colored  bark.  All  of  the  hollies  have 
alternate  simple  leaves.  [Seeds,  taking  2  years.] 


KEY   TO   THE   HOLLIES 

*  Foliage  evergreen.     (A.) 
A.    Leaves  with  spiny-edged  teeth  ;  trees  rather  than  shrubs.     (B.) 
B.    Flowers  and  fruit  on  axillary  clusters  on  old  growth.     European 
Holly  ((34)  — Ilex  Aquifolium. 

B.  Flowers  and  fruit  in  small  axillary  clusters  on  new  growth. 
American  Holly  (Go)  —  Ilex  opaca. 

A.    Leaves  with  few  spines   at  tips  and  base  ;    shrub   with  short 

spreading  branches.     Chinese  Holly  —  Ilex  corn iita. 
A.    Leaves  without  spiny  edges,  entire  or  slightly  notched.     (C.) 

C.  Fruit  red;  hardy  only  south  of  Washington  ;  shrubs  or  trees  to 
40  feet  or  more.     (D.) 

D.    Leaves  large,  3-7  inches  long,  glossy  green  ;  fmit  large  in 

sessile  clusters.     Japan  Large-leaved  Holly-   ((5G)  —  Ilex 

latifolia. 
D.    Leaves  obovate,  entire-edged,  3-4  inches  long;  fruit  large, 

long-stemmed.    Japan  Entire-leaved  Holly  —  Ilex  Integra. 
D.    Leaves  obovate,  nearly  entire,  2-3  inches  long  ;  fruit  small, 

dull  red  to  yellow.     Daiioon  (GD)  —  Ilex  Cassine. 

D.  Leaves  oval,  small,  |-2  inches  long ;  fruit  on  old  growth 
globose,  small.     Cassena  (70)  or  Ya upon — Ilex  vomitoria. 

C.    Fruit  black,  nearly  solitary  on  new  growth.     (E.) 

E,  Leaves  small,  crenate,  smooth,  ^-IJ  inches  long  ;  hardy  only 
South.     Japan  Small-leaved  Holly  —  Ilex  crencita. 

E.  Leaves  larger,  1-2  inches  long,  notched  towards  tips; 
hardy  upright  shrub  to  8  feet.  Evergreen  Winterberry. 
Inkuerry  (71)  — Ilex  glabra. 


CYRILLA    KACEMIFLOIIA 


89 


*  Foliage  deciduous  ;  fruit  red  or  oraiiL;e-red  on  stems  I  incli  or  less 

long.     (F) 
F.    Leaves  clustered  on   short  side   spurs  ;   berries   I  inch  ;    hardy 
shrubs  or  trees  to  30  or  40  feet.     (G.) 
G.    Leaves  w^idest  beyond  tlie  middle,  l|-3  inches  long,  dark  above, 

pale  beneath.     Swamp  Holly  (72).  —  Ilex  decidua. 
G.    Leaves  widest  below  the  middle,  2-6  inches  long,  sharply  ser- 
rate.    Lahge-leaved  Holly  (73)  —  Ilex  monticola. 
F.    Leaves   alternate   and   not   in   clusters ;    berries   but  i  inch    or 
less.     (H.) 
H.   Berries  about  |  inch,  orange-red.     Smooth  Wintjerberry  — 

Ilex  IsevigMa. 
H.    Berries  about  i  inch,  bright  red.     Red  Winterberry  (67)  — 

Ilex  verticillata. 
H.    Berries  about  I  inch,  bright  red.    Japan  Winterberry  —  Ilex 
serrata. 

*  Foliage  deciduous  ;  fruit  ridged,  red,  on  stems  1  inch  or  more  long. 

Mountain    Holly    (68)  —  Nemopantlms   mucron^ta    (N.  fascicu- 
l^ris). 

Cyrilla  racemiflbra.    Leatiierwood  (74)  or  Black  Ti-ti  is  a  nearly 
'vergreen  shrub  or  small  tree  with  alternate  oblanceolate,  entire-edged, 

smooth  bright  green  leaves,  hardy 
to  New  York  but  evergreen  only 
South.  The  flowers  are  small, 
white,    5-parted,    in    slender    ra- 


,^-^- 


Fig.  74.  —  Leatherwood. 


Fig.  75.  —  Running  Euonyiniis, 


90 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


Fig.  76.  —  Burning  Bush. 


^Mk./k 


Fig.  77.  — Wincred  Buruing  Bush. 


Fig.  78.  — Japanese  Spindle  Tree.        Fig.  79. —  Erect  Strawberry  Bush- 


EUONYMUS 


91 


cemes,  June,  July.     The  fruit  are  small,  2-celled,  2-seeded  pods  less  tlian 
1  Incli  in  diameter.  [Seeds  ;  twig  cuttings  under  glass.] 

Eu6nymus.  The  Burning 
Bushes  or  Spindi.k  Tukes  have 
flat  greenish  4-  or  5-petaled  flowers, 


Fig.  80.  —  Warty  Euonymus. 


Fig.  81.  — European  Spindle  Tree. 


opposite  leaves  and  generally  4-sided  twigs.  The  bright  two-colored 
fruit,  which  is  very  ornamental  in  the  fall,  is  a  good  characteristic 
for  the  determination  of  the  group 
by  the  beginner  in  the  study  of 
shrubs.  These  two  colors  are 
shown  when  the  capsule  bursts 
open  and  the  bright  red-  or  orange- 
coated  seeds  appear. 

Running  Euonymus,  (75)  or 
Strawberry  Bush  —  Euonymus 
obovktus  —  has  a  straggling  growth 
2  to  5  feet  high,  thrives  well  in  shady 
places,  and  receives  its  name  from 
the  rough  warty  strawberry-like 
look  to  its  capsules.  The  Ameri- 
can Burning  Bush  (76) — Euony- 
mus atropurpureus  —  has  smooth 
deeply  3-4-1  obed  red  capsules  and 
grows  to  the  height  of  6  to  25  feet. 
The  European  species  differs  from 
the  American  one  in  that  the  an-      Fig.  82.  —  Broad-leaved  Spiudle  Tree. 


92  DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 

thers  of  the  flowers  are  not  sessile  and  it  is  not  so  tall-growing,  3  to  15 
feet.  Winged  BritNixo  Bush  (77) — Euonymus  al^tus  —  from  Japan 
has  usually  broadly  ridged  or  winged  stems.  There  is  an  evergreen  spindle 
tree  from  Japan  often  cultivated  though  not  fully  hardy  North  ;  of  this 
there  are  a  number  of  varieties  with  white-  and  yellow-blotched  leaves. 
Most  of  the  species  bloom  in  June  and  all  from  May  to  July. 

[Seeds  (slow)  ;  twig  cuttings.] 


KEY  TO   THE   BURNINCx   BUSHES 

*  Leaves  evergreen,  thick  and  glossy,  1-3  inches  long.     (A.) 

A.    Erect  to  10  feet.     Japanese    Spindle    Tree   (78)  —  Euonyinus 
jap6nicus. 

A.  Trailing,    procumbent     or    climbing.      Climbing    Euonymus  — 

Euonymus  radicans. 

*  Leaves  thinner  and  deciduous.     (B.) 

B.  Stem  broadly  ridged  with  wing-like  corky   growths.      Winged 
Burning  Bush  (76)  —  Euonymus  alatus. 

B.    Stem  usually  somewhat  4-angled  but  not  winged.     (C.) 
C.   Fruit  rough,  warty,  strawberry-like.     (D). 

D.    Upright  shrub  to  8  feet.     Erect  Strawberry  Bush  (79)  — 
Euonymus  americ^nus. 

D.  Procumbent  to  1  foot.     Running  Euonymus  (75)  or  Straw- 
berry Bush  —  Euonymus  obovatus. 

C.   Fruit  more  or  less  deeply  3-5-lobed.     (E.) 

E.  Branches  densely  warty;   erect  to  G  feet.     Warty  Euony- 
mus (80)  —  Euonymus  verrucosus. 

E.   Branches  smooth.     (F.) 

F.   Flowers  purplish  with  yellow  anthers  ;  low  shrub  to  2  feet 
with  linear  leaves.      Naruow-leaved  Burning  Bush  — 
Euonyinus  n^nus. 
F.   Flowers    yellowish    with    yellow    anthers ;    shrub    to    15 
feet.     (G.) 
G.    Clusters  3-7 -flowered  ;   capsule  deeply  4-lobed.     Euro- 
pean Spindle  Tree  (81)  —  Euonymus  europieus. 
G.    Clusters  more  flowered  ;  capsule  winged,  large  ;  leaves 
large,  2-4  inches  long.     Broad-leaved  Spindle  Tree 
(82)  —  Euonymus  latifolius, 
F.    Flowers  puri)le  with  purple  anthers.     Burning  Bush  (70) 
or  Waahoo  —  Euonymus  atropurpureus. 


RHAMNUS 


93 


F.    Flowers  yellowish  or  whitish  with   purple  anthers  ;    tall 
shrub  or  tree  to  25  feet.     (H.) 
H.   Leaves  large, — 3-6  inches  long  and  l-2i  inches  broad. 

Siebold's  Euonymus  —  Euonymus  Sieboldianus. 
H.    Leaves   smaller,    2-5   inches   long    and    under    1    inch 

broad.     Haaiilton's  Euonymus  —  Euonymus  Hamilto- 

nianus. 
H.    Leaves   small,    2-1    inches  long ;    fruit    abundant   and 

large ;   seeds   white-    or    pinkish-    and    orange-coated. 

Bunge's  Euonymus  —  Euonymus  Bunge^nus. 

Rhdmnus.  The  Buckthorns  are  large  shrubs  or  small  trees  some- 
times cultivated  for  hedges  and  border  plants.  The  leaves  are  either 
alternate  or  opposite,  the  flowers  minute  but  fragrant,  and  the  berries 
when  ripe   are  red  or  black  and   1-  to  4-seeded.      The  opposite-leaved 


Fig.  83. — Commou  Bnckthoru. 


forms  are  thorny,  while  the  alternate-leaved  ones  are  not.  One  or  two 
species,  hardy  only  South,"  have  small  evergreen  leaves,  while  most 
species  have  larger  deciduous  leaves.  The  buckthorns  do  best  in  rather 
moist  soil.  [Seeds  (slow)  ;  twig  cuttings.] 


94 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


Fig.  84. —  Red-fruited  Evergreen  Fig.  85.  — Black-fruited  Evergreen 

Buckthorn.  Buckthorn. 


Fig.  86.  —  Lebanon  Buckthorn.  Fig.  87.  —  Alder-leaved  Buckthorn. 


THE  BUCKTHORNS 


95 


A.'//1 


Fig.  88.  —  Lauce-leaved  Buckthoru.  Fig.  89.  —  Indian 'Cherry.* 


Fig.  IX).  — Aklcr  Buckthorn.  Fig.  91.  — Fern-leaved  Buckthorn. 


9G  DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


KEY   TO   THE   BUCKTHORNS 

*  Leaves   opposite   and   serrate ;   plants   usually  thorny  ;   fruit   black, 

1  inch  broad.     (A.) 
A.    Leaves  broad  at  base,  sometimes  heart-shaped.     Common  lircK- 
Tiioux  (83)  —  Rhamnus  cathartica. 

A.  Leaves  narrowed   at  base.     Dahuriax  Bucktiiokn  —  Rliauuius 
dahiirica. 

*  Leaves  alternate  ;  plants  not  thorny  ;  winter  buds  scaly  ;  petals  4  or 

more.     (B.) 

B.  Leaves  evergreen  ;  hardy  only  South  ;  shrubs  or  small  trees  to  20 
feet.     (C.) 

C.  Twigs  somewhat  hairy  ;  leaves  orbicular,,  dentate  ;  fruit  red. 
Red-fruited  Evergreen  Buckthorx  (84)  —  Rhamnus 
crocea. 

C.  Twigs  smooth ;  leaves  oval  ;  fruit  nearly  black.  Black- 
fruited  Evergreen  Buckthorn  (85)  —  Rhamnus  Alat^r- 
nus. 

B.    Leaves    thinner    and    deciduous    with    many    side-veins,    10-20 
pairs;  fruit  black.     (D.) 

D.  Twigs  smooth  ;  leaves  pale  green,  2-6  inches  long.  Mountain 
Buckthorn —  Rhamnus  alpina. 

D.  Twigs  pubescent ;  leaves  brownish  when  mature,  3-9  inches 
long.     Lebanon  Buckthorn  (8G) — Rhamnus  libanotica. 

B.    Leaves    deciduous    with   but   few    side-veins,    4-9    pairs ;    fruit 
black.      (E.) 

E.  Wide-spreading  shrub  to  4  feet;  fruit  with  3  nutlets.  Alder- 
i.EAVED  Buckthorn  (87)  —  Rhamnus  alnifolia. 

E.  'Jail  erect  shrub  to  8  feet  ;  fruit  with  2  nutlets.  Lance-leaved 
Buckthorn  (88)  — Rhamnus  lanceolkta. 

*  Leaves  alternate  ;  plants  not  thorny  ;  winter  buds  naked,  not  scaly  ; 

petals  5.     (F.) 
F.    Leaves   thickish,  nearly   evergreen,  1-7    inches   long ;   fruit  red 
changing  to  black.     (G.) 
G.    Leaves  with  notched  and  often  Avavy  margins.     Coffee-berry 

—  Rhamnus  Purshi^na. 
G.    Leaves     about     entire.       Carolina    Buckthorn    or    Indian 
'  Cherry  '  (89)  —  Rhamnus  carolini^na. 
F.   Leaves  thinner  and  smaller,  1-3  inches  long  ;  nutlets  2.     Alder 

Buckthorn  (90)  —  Rhamnus  Frangula. 
F.    Leaves  linear  with   undulate   edge  ;    nutlets   2.      Fern-leaved 
Buckthorn  (91)  —  Rhamnus  Frangula  aspleniifolia. 


CEANOTHUS 


97 


Fig.  92.  —  New  Jersey  Tea. 


Fig.  93.  —  Evera^reen 
Ceauotbus. 


Ceanbthus.  The  best  example  of  this 
genus  is  New  Jersey  Tea  (92)  — Ceauotbus 
americanus,  —  a  red-rooted  shrub  1-2  feet 
high  with  alternate  (opposite  in  some  of 
the  species  of  the  genus)  simple  leaves. 
The  small  flowers  in  summer  are  crowded 
in  a  dense  slender-stalked  cluster.  The 
o-lobed  small  capsules  separate  into  3  nut- 
lets and  remain  on  through  the  winter. 
The  peculiar  flowers  of  the  Ceanothus 
shown  enlarged  at  (97)  are  the  best  test  of 
the  genus.  Of  the  score  or  more  American 
species  doubtless  a  number  of  the  western 
ones  will  be  cultivated  in  the  South,  and 
one  at  least  may  endure  the  climate  in 
the  North.  The  eastern  species  are  hardy 
throughout,  thrive  in  the  shade,  and  are 
well  worthy  of  cultivation.  "The  California 
species  grow  best  in  sunny  places. 

[Seeds;  twig  cuttings.] 
apgar's  shrubs  —  7 


'J^ 


Fig.  94.  —  Fendler's  Ceanothus. 


98 


DESCRIFnONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


Fig.  5)5.  —  Spiny  Ceanothus.  Fig.  96.  —  Entire-leaved  Ceanothus. 


Fig.  97.  — Red-stemmed  Ceanothus.  Fig.  98.  — Velvety  Geauutbus. 


KEY    TO    THE    SPECIES    OF    CEANOTHUS  99 


KEY  TO   THE   SPECIES   OF  CEANOTHUS 

*  Hardy  species  growing  in  shade    1-3  feet  high ;    leaves  alternate, 

3-ribbed  from  base  ;  blooming  July-Sept.     (A.) 
A.    Leaves  nearly  an  inch  wide,  broadest  near  base.     New  Jersey 
Tea  (92)  —  Ceanothus  americ^nus. 

A.  Leaves  ^  inch  wide,  broadest  near  middle.     Smaller  Red-root 
—  Ceanothus  ovatus. 

*  Pacific  region  species,  generally  hardy  only  South  and  growing  best 

in  the  sun.     (B.) 

B.  Leaves  opposite,  evergreen,  widest  near  tip,  |-1  inch  long.     (C.) 
C.    Flowers  white  in  small  clusters  along  the  branches,  March  to 

May  ;  tall  shrub.       Evergreen  Ceanothus  (93)  — Ceanothus 
cune^tus. 

C.  Flowers  blue  ;  procumbent  shrub.  Spreading  Ceanothus. 
Ceanothus  prostr^tus. 

B.    Leaves  alternate,  nearly  evergreen,  entire-edged.     (D.) 

D.  Low  prostrate  vspiny  shrub,  the  only  western  species  likely  to 
be  hardy  North.  Fendler's  Ceanothus  (94)  —  Ceanothus 
Fendleri. 

D.  Tall,  often  spiny ;  flowers  pale  blue,  April-June ;  leaves  i-l 
inch  long.  Spiny  Ceanothus  (95)  —  Ceanothus  divari- 
cktus. 

D.  Tall,  not  spiny  ;  flowers  blue,  April-June ;  leaves  1-2  inches 
long.  Entire-leaved  Ceanothus  (9G)  —  Ceanothus  inte- 
g^rrimus. 

B.   Leaves  alternate,  notch-edged  ;  tall  shrubs  or  small  trees.     (E.) 

E.  Flowers  white.  May,  June  ;  leaves  nearly  orbicular,  1-3  inches 
long;  branches  reddish.  Red-stemmed  Ceanothus  (97)  — 
Ceanothus  sanguineus. 

E.  Flowers  white,  June,  July ;  leaves  evergreen,  somewhat  cor- 
date, hairy  beneath.  Velvety  Ceanothus  (98)  —  Ceanothus 
veliitinus. 

E.  Flowers  blue  or  purplish,  April,  May  ;  leaves  hairy  beneath. 
Hairy  Ceanothus  —  Ceanothus  hirsutus. 

E.  Flowers  blue  or  rarely  white,  May- July.  Blue  '  Myrtle  ' 
—  Ceanothus  thyrsiflorus. 

E.  Flowers  of  many  colors  and  under  many  names,  the  garden 
hybrids.     Hybrid  Ceanothus  —  Ceanothus  hybridus. 

Zlzyphus.     The  Jujubes  are  shrubs  or  trees  with  small  alternate  3  to 
5-ribbed  leaves,  small  greenish  axillary  flowers,  drupe-like,  usually  edible 


100 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


fruit.    The  plants  are  generally  prickly.     The  most  hardy  species  is  not 
fully  so  north  of  Washington. 


I 


^Y* 


Fig.  99.  —  Chinese  Flowering 
Chestnut. 


Fig.  100. 


Long-racemed  Horse- 
chestnut. 


Common  Jujube  —  Zizyphus  sativa  —  is  a  shrub  or  small  tree,  often 
prickly,  growing  occasionally  to  the  height  of  30  feet.  The  leaves  are  so 
arranged  along  slender  green  stems  as  to  look  like  compound  pinnate 

ones  but  the  flowers  and  fruit  in 
their  axils  prove  the  leaves  are 
simple.  These  leaves  are  from  1 
to  3  inches  long,  dark  glossy -green 
above,  whitish  below,  oblicjue  at 
base  and  finely  notched.  The  fruit 
is  short-stalked,  dark  red  to  black, 
I  to  I  inch  long. 

There  is  a  species  only  3  to  4  feet 
high  with  yellow  drupes.  Lotos 
Tree  —  Zizyphus  L5tus.  This  is 
always  very  prickly  and  probably 
not  so  hardy  as  the  larger  species. 
[Seeds  ;  twig  cuttings ;  root  cut- 
Smooth-fruited  Buckeye,     tings.]  ' 


XANTHOCERAS 


101 


Xanthoclras  sorbifblia.    Xanthoceras  (99)  or  Chinese  or  Flowering 
Chestnut.      This  is  a  rarely  cultivated  but  very  beautiful  hardy  shrub  or 

small  tree  reaching  the  height  of 
15  feet,  from  North  China.  The 
alternate  leaves  are  pinnate,  6  to 


Fig.  102.  —  Ash-leaved  Maple. 


Fig.  103.  — Mountain  Maple. 


12   inches  long,   of  9  to   17   serrated  blades   1  to  2  inches  long.     The 
flowers  are  very  showy  in  terminal  and  axillary  racemes  in  May.     The 

individual  flowers  are  |  inch  broad 
of  5  white  petals  having  yellow  or  red 


Fig.  104.  — Striped  Maple. 


Fig.  105. —Japan  Maple. 


102 


DESCRIPTIOXS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


blotches  at  the  base.     The  green  fruit  is  large,  1|-2|  inches  long,  like 
the  Buckeye,  but  splitting  into  three  parts  having  in  each  several  globular 

dark  brown  seeds  .]  inch  wide.  It 
is  well  adapted  to  solitary  planting 
rather  than  among  other  shrubs. 

[Seeds  ;  root  cuttings.  ] 

^sculus.  The  Horse-chest- 
nuts and  Buckeyes  are  niainJy 
ornamental  trees  with  clusters  oi 
large  flowers  and  opposite  decidu- 
ous palmately  compound  leaves. 
There  are  two  or  three  species 
shrubby  in  growth  and  so  included 
here. 

The  one  oftenest  in  cultivation 
as  a  lawn  plant  is  the  Long-ua- 
CEMED  Horse-chestnut  (100)  — 
jEsculus  parvifl5ra;  it  grows  as  a 
broadly  spreading  bush  3  to  10  feet 
high  and  has  in  July  and  August  erect  narrow  clusters  of  irregular 
white  flowers.  The  fruit  is  large,  smooth,  with  several  large  chestnut- 
like seeds.  The  blades  of  the  leaves  are  5  to  7,  nearly  sessile  and  finely 
serrate. 


Fig.  106.  —  Siberian  Maple. 


Fig.  107.  — Field  Maple. 


Fig.  108.  —  Montpelier  Maple. 


Red  or  Smooth-fruited  Buckeye  (101)  —  ^Esculus  P^via  —  is  some- 
times a  tree  20  feet  tall  but  usually  a  shrub  2  to  10  feet  high  with  purple 
to  red  flowers  in  large  loose  clusters  in  May  or  June  and  smooth  fruit. 
The  5  to  7  blades  of  the  leaf  are  finely  serrate,  short-stalked,  and  purplish 
below.     i)l  this  species  there  are  a  number  of  named  varieties :  p^udula, 


ACER 


103 


weeping ;  carnea,  flesh-colored  flowers  ;  humilis,  very  low  shrub  2  to  4 
feet  high;  atrosangufnea,  dark  red  flowers;  variegt'ita,  blotched  leaves; 
etc.  [Seeds ;  layers ;  root  cuttings.  ] 


Acer.     The  Maples  are  generally  among  the  tallest  and  most  useful  of 
trees  but  a  few  of  them  are  only  shrubby  in  growth.     The  opposite  pal- 

mately     lobed    simple     deciduous 

leaves  are  almost  universal  in  the 

^  ^^  '       „„.,,        genus,  but  the  2-winged  fruit  is  a 


Fig.  109. —Round-leaved  Maple. 


Fig.  110.  — Tartarian  Maple. 


better  test,  because  there  are  no  exceptions  to  this  characteristic.  Ash- 
leaved  MA.PLE  (102)  or  Box  '  Elder  '  — Acer  Negundo  —  has  compound 
leaves  and  is  generally  a  small  tree  but  is  sometimes  shrubby  with  smooth 
dark  green  bark  on  the  twigs. 

The  shrubby  maples  wild  in  America  and  often  cultivated  are :  Moun- 
tain Maple  (103)  —  Acer  spicc^tum  —  with  3-lobed  coarsely  serrated 
leaves  and  dense  upright  clusters  of  flowers  (June)  and  fruit;  and 
Striped  Maple  (104) — Acer  pennsylvanicum  —  with  greenish  white- 
striped  bark.  The  leaves  of  the  striped  maple  are  large,  6  to  8  inches 
long,  with  3  finely  serrated  lobes.  The  flower-clusters  are  drooping,  in 
spring.  The  best,  most  varied  and  beautiful  of  the  shrubby  maples  are 
those  of  China  and  Japan.    ■  [Layers  ;  twig  cuttings  ;  seeds.] 


104  DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


KEY  TO   THE   SHRUBBY   MAPLES 

*  Leaves  compound  (pinnate)  of  usually  3  (3-7)  irre,£jularly  notched 

blades.     Ash-leaved  Maple  (102)  or  Box  'Elder'  —  Acer  Ne- 
gundo. 

*  Leaves  compound  (palmate)  of  5-0  narrow,  deeply-notched  blades. 

Varieties  of  Japan  Maple  (105)  —  Acer  palmktum  : 
diss^ctum  has  green  blades. 
ornMum  has  deep  red  blades, 
rdseo-pictum  has  green  blades  marked  with  white  and  green 

spots, 
aureum  has  yellow  blades, 
sangufneum  has  bright  red  blades. 

*  Leaves  generally  3-  (rarely  5-)  lobed.     (A.) 
A.   Lobes  acute  at  tip  and  fully  notched.     (B.) 

B.  Leaves  lJ-3^  inches  long  with  long  terminal  lobe.  Siberian 
Maple  (106)  — Acer  Ginn^la. 

B.  Leaves  2^-4^  inches  long  with  coarsely  serrated  lobes.  Moun- 
tain Maple  (103)  —  Acer  spic^tum. 

B.  Leaves  6-8  inches  long,  finely  serrate  ;  bark  green  with  white 
lines;  usually  a  tree.  Striped  or  Goosefoot  Maple  (104) 
MoosEwooD  —  Acer  pennsylvanicum. 

A.    Lobes  all  rounded  and  entire  or  with  blunt  teeth  ;  flower-clus- 
ters erect.     (C.) 

C.  Leaves  3-5-lobed,  the  lobes  entire  or  the  middle  one  slightly 
3-lobed,  dull  green  in  some,  varieties  variegated  with  white 
dots  or  blotches,  1^-31  inches  long ;  fruit  broadly  spreading. 
Field  Maple  or  English  Corkbark  Maple  —  (107)  Acer 
campdstre. 

C.  Leaves  3-lobed,  thick  and  nearly  evergreen,  shiny  above  and 
glaucous  beneath;  fruit  slightly  spreading.  Montpelier 
Maple  (108)  — Acer  monspessul^num. 

*  Leaves  rounded,  vine-like  with  7-11  short,  pointed,  doubly  serrated 

lobes.     Vine  Maples.     (D.) 
D.    Stems   of   leaves    and    fruit    smooth.      Round-leaved    Maple 
(100)  —  Acer  circin^tum. 

D.  Stems  of  leaves  and  fruit  downy  when  young.      Japan  Vine 
Maple  —  Acer  japonicum. 

*  Leaves  rounded  and  deeply  5-11 -lobed,  the  lobes  pointed  and  doubly 

serrated.     (E.) 

E.  Stems  of  leaves  and  fruit  smooth.    Japan  Maple  (105)  —  Acer 
palm^tum, 


STAPHYLEA 


105 


E.    Stems  of  leaves  and  fruit  downy  when  young.     Parson's  Japan 
Maple  —  Acer  japduicum  Tarsonsi. 

*  Leaves  radiate-veined  bat  margin  without  distinct  lobes;  usually  a 

tree.    T  a  u  t  a  ii  i  a  x   Maple 
(110)  —  Acer  tataricum. 

*  Leaves    feather-straight-veined  ; 

usually    a    tree.      IIoknijeam 
Maple  —  Acer  carpinifolium. 


Staphylea.  The  Bladder  Nuts 
are  shrubs  with  usually  3-(3-7-) 
bladed  compound  opposite  decidu- 
ous leaves  and  swollen  bladder-like 
fruit.  They  have  handsome  light 
colored  bright  green  leaves  and  white 
or  greenish  flowers  in  spring.  They 
are  good  plants  for  the  shrubbery 
and  do  best  in  somewhat  moist  rich 
soil  and  grow  well  in  partial  shade. 
The  parts  of  the  flowers  are  separate 
and  have  6  sepals,  5  petals,  and  5 
stamens.  The  fruit  is  a  2-  or  3-celled 
inflated  pod  with  1  to  few  rather 
large  bony  seeds  in  each  cell. 

[Seeds  ;  layers  ;  suckers.] 


Fig.  111.  —  American  Bladder  Nut. 


Fig.  112.  — European  Bladder  Nut.        Fig.  113.  — Caucasus  Bladder  Nut. 


106 


DESCKirnONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


KEY   TO   THE   SPECIES   OF  STAPHYLEA 

*  Leaves  with  3  blades.     (A.) 

A.    All  the  blades  short-stalked   with   serrate  awned  edges    H-2^ 

inches   long ;    fruit  2-lobed  and  flattened,  about  an  inch  long ; 

small  shrub  to  0  feet,  from  Japan.     Japan    Bladder    Nut  — . 

Staphylea  Bumalda. 
A.    End  blade  long-stalked,  all  finely  serrated  ;   upriglit  slu-ub  with 

stout  branches  6-15  feet  high  ;  pod  li-2  inches  long.     American 

Bladder  Nut  (111)  —  Staphylea  trifolia. 

A.  Similar  to  the  last  but  the  blades  smoother  and  nearly  orbicular ; 
fruit  larger,  —  2-5  inches  long.  California  Bladder  Nut  ^ 
Staphylea  Bolanderi. 

*  Leaves  with  3-7  blades.     (B.) 

B.  Cluster  of  flowers  narrow  and  raceme-like  and  pendulous  ;  up- 
right shrub  sometimes  tree-like,  6-15  feet  high  ;  bladder  about 
an  inch  long.  European  Bladder  Nut  (112) — Staphylea 
pinn^ta. 

B.  Cluster  broad,  upright  or  somewhat  nodding ;  blades  3-5  ;  blad- 
der  1-2  inches  long.  Caucasus  Bladder  Nut  (113)  —  Staphy- 
lea colchica. 


V^'.-.— , 


Fig.  Ill-  —  Staghorii  Sumach. 


Fig.  li; 


Mountain  Sumacn. 


RHUS 


lo; 


Rhus.     The  Sumachs  are  a  large  group  (100  species)  of  interesting 
plants  of  mainly  rather  small  tree-like  growth  generally  15  feet  or  less 


»1.  s^ji-* 


high  and  so  may  be  considered  as 
shrubs.  Most  species  have  alter- 
nate pinnate  leaves  and  large  clus- 
ters of  small  berry-like  drupes 
which  remain  on  the  plants  through 
the  winter ;  these  are  often  of 
bright  red  or  purple  color.  The 
flowers  are  small  and  inconspicu- 
ous and  the  sap  often  milky. 

The  tallest  species,  Stag  horn 
SiMACH  (114)  —  Rhus  typhina, — 
grows  10  to  30  feet  high  and  has 
velvety-hairy  stems.  The  crimson- 
hairy  fruit  is  very  conspicuous,  ter- 
minating all  stems.  The  leaves 
have  11  to  31  smooth  notched 
Wades  (in  var.  laciniata  they  are 
so  deeply  notched  as  to  make 
them  twice-pinnate). 

Three  species  have  the  stalk  be- 
tween the   blades   broadly  margined  or  winged.     The  one  with   entire 


Fig.  llfi. 


<^1 
•Elm-leaved  Sumach. 


Fig.  117.  —  Fragruut  Sumach. 


Fig.  118. —  Poison  'Ivy. 


108 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF   THE   SHRUBS 


I 


( 


Fig.  119. —  Poisou  Sumach. 


Fig.  120.  —  Smooth  Sumach. 


Fig.  121.  — Cut-leaved  Sumach 


Fig.  122.  —  Feru-leaved  Sumach. 


KEY    TO    THE    SUMACHS 


109 


blades  is  Mountain  Sumach  (115)  —Rhus  copallina  ;  witli  finely  toothed 

blades,  Japan  Sumach  — Rhus  semial^ta  and  var.  Osb^ckii ;  with  coarsely 

toothed  blades,  European  or  Elm-h:aved  Sumach  (116)  — Rhus  Cori^ria. 

The  smallest  species  with  only  3  aromatic  blades  is  the  Fragrant 

Sumach  (117)  —  Rhus   canad^iusis 
or  aromatica. 

Besides    these    with    compound 
leaves  there  are  two  species  with 


Fig.  123.  —  Smoke  Bush. 


Fig.  124.  —  Evergreen  Sumach. 


simple  rounded  leaves,  sometimes  placed  in  a  separate  genus,  Cdtinus. 
These  are  called  Smoke-trees  because  of  the  delicate  feathery  growths 
which  form  after  the  flowers  in  early  summer. 

The  above  are  nearly  all  in  general  cultivation  and  about  all  that  can 
be  safely  cultivated,  as  several  of  the  others  are  very  poisonous  to  the 
touch  to  many  people.  Most  of  the  sumachs  have  brilliant  red  and  yellow 
colors  in  their  autumn  foliage.     [Seeds  ;  suckers  ;  layers  ;  root  cuttings.] 


KEY   TO   THE   SUMACHS 

*  Leaves  deciduous,  compound  of  3  blades.     (A.) 
A.    Berries  bright  red  ;  blades  crenate,  sometimes  lobed,  aromatic. 

Fka<;rant  Sumach.  (117)  — Rhus  canadc^ns's  (R.  aromatica). 
'  A.    Berries  gray  ;  plant  very  poisonous,  usually  climbing  by  rootlets. 

When  erect.  Poison  'Oak';  when  climbing.  Poison  ^  Ivy  '  (118) 

—  Rhus  Toxicodendron. 


110  DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 

*  Leaves  deciduous,  composed  of  many  (7-31)  blades  ("or  twice-pin- 

nate).    (B.) 
B.    Stem  of  leaves  winged  between  the  blades  ;  fruit  red.     (C.) 
C.    Blades    (9-21)    about    entire,    smooth    above ;    berries  hairy. 

Mountain  Sumach  (115)  —  Rhus  copallina. 
C.    Blades   (9-21)    finely    toothed,   brown-hairy    beneath.     Japan 

Sumach  —  Rhus  semial^ta  (R.  Osb^ckii). 

C.  Blades  (11-15)  coarsely  toothed,  leaf-stem  hairy.    European 
or  Elm-leaved  Sumach  (116)  — Rhus  Cori^ria. 

B.    Stem  of  leaves  without  wings  between  the  blades.     (D.) 

D.  Blades  (7-15)  without  notches,  smooth  on  both  sides ;  berries 
white  ;  plants  very  poisonous  to  the  touch.     (E.) 

E.    Berries  small,  pea-like  ;    in  moist  ground.     Poison  Sumach 

(119)  —Rhus  V^rnix  (R.  venenata). 

E.  Berries    large  —  cherry-like ;      from     Asia.      Lac    Sumach 
—  Rhus  succed^nea. 

D.    Blades  (11-13)  sharply  serrate  ;    not  poisonous ;  berries  red  ; 
stem  smooth.     (F.) 

F.  Blades  regularly  serrate  ;  shrub  to  15  feet.     Smooth  Sumach 

(120)  —  Rhus  glabra. 

F.  Blades  deeply  and  irregularly  cut ;    shrub  to  8  feet.      Cut- 
leaved  Sumach  (121)  — Rhus  gl^ibra  lacini^ta. 

D.    Blades  hairy  beneath  ;  berries  red.      (G.) 

G.  Stem  velvety -hairy  ;  tall,  10-30  feet.     (H.) 

H.    Blades   (11-31)    regularly    notched.     Staghorn     Sumach 

(114)  —Rhus  typhina  (R.  hfrta). 
H.   Blades  deeply  and  irregularly  cut.     Fern-leaved  Sumach 
(122)  —  Rhus  typhina  laciniata. 
G.    Stem  less  velvety;    blades  9-13;  low,  nearly  procumbent; 
poisonous;    fruit  red;    southern.      Dwarf  Sumach — Rhus 
pumila. 
G.    Stem  slightly  hairy  when  young  ;  tree-like,  20-30  feet  high; 
hardy  only  South  ;  very  poisonous  ;  from  Japan.     Varnish 
or  Lacquer  Tree  —  Rhus  vernicifera. 

*  Leaves  deciduous,  simple,  rounded  at  tip  ;  fruit   generally  abortive 

and  plume-  or  smoke-like,  C6tinus.      (I.) 
I.    10-15  feet  high.     Smoke  Bush  (123)  or  Venice  Sumach  —  Rhus 

Cotinus  (Cotinus  C6tinus). 
I.    20-40  feet  high.     Wild  Smoke-tree  or  Chittam  Wood  —  Rhus 

Cotinoides  (Cotinus  Cotinoides). 

*  Leaves  evergreen,  usually  simple  (occasionally  with  3  blades),  entire- 

edged  ;  low,  2-8  feet  high  ;  hardy  only  in  the  extreme  Sov^th  ;  from 
California.     (J.) 


SOPHORA 


111 


J.    Small,  slightly  hairy  leaves.     Evergreen  Sumach  (121)  —  Rhus 

integrif51ia. 
J.    Larger  and  smoother  leaves.     Rhus  ovkta. 

Sophbra.  The  Sophoras  form  a  rather  large  group  of  evergreen  and 
deciduous  trees,  shrubs,  and  herbs,  but  few  of  them  are  in  cultivation  in 
America.  The  leaves  are  alternate,  odd-pinnate,  and  in  the  different  species 
range  in  number  of  blades  from  5  to  over  50.  The  clustered  white,  pinkish, 
purplish,  or  yellow  pea-like  flowers  are  in  most  species  less  than  an  inch 
long,  but  in  one  of  the  evergreen  species  are  nearly  2  inches  long.    The  fruit 


Fig.  125. —  Japan  Pagoda  Tree. 


Fig.  126.  —  Coral  Bean. 


is  a  jointed  pod,  resembling  a  string  of  beads  with  a  globular  seed  iii  each 
joint.  The  evergreen  species  can  be  grown  only  in  tlie  Gulf  states  and 
southern  California.  The  commonest  species  in  cultivation,  Japax  Pagoda 
Tree  (125)  —  Sophora  jap6nica  — is  a  slow-growing,  generally  shrubby 
plant  with  11  to  21  oblong  blades.  The  bark  of  the  young  twigs  is  green. 
The  cream-white  clustered  flowers  bloom  in  the  late  summer.  This  some- 
times grows  to  the  height  of  50  feet. 

[Seeds  ;  twig  cuttings  ;  layers]. 


112 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


KEY   TO   THE    SOPHORAS   IN   CULTIVATION 


*  Leaves  deciduous  ;  flowers  in  terminal  compound  clusters  (panicles), 

in  late  summer.     (A.) 
A.    Leaves  of  5-21  blades  1-2  inches  long ;  flowers  yellowish  white 
I  inch  long  in  loose  clusters  10-15  inches  long  ;  shrub  or  tree  to 
50  feet.     Jatan  Pagoda  Tree  (125)  —  Sophora  japouica. 

A.  Leaves  of  11-17  blades  2-l^  inches  long;  flowers  white,  over 
i  inch  long ;  pod  1-5-seeded  and  flattened  ;  tree.  Flat-podded 
Pagoda  Tree  —  Sophora  platycarpa. 

*  Leaves  evergreen  ;  hardy  only  South  ;  flowers  in  early  spring.     (B.) 

B.  Flowers  violet  in  terminal  racemes,  very  fragrant ;  the  3-4  seeds 
bright  scarlet  in  white  hairy  pods  1-7  inches  long  and  J-J  inch 
thick ;  small  tree  or  shrub  with  slender  trunk  and  upright 
branches  ;  blades  7-13,  leathery,  i  inoh  long.  Coral  Bean 
(126)  —  Sophora  secundiflora. 

B.    Flowers  yellow  in  axillai-y  racemes.     (C.) 

C.  Pod  4-winged,  7  inches  long  ;  blades  of  the  leaves  very  numer- 
ous, nearly  orbicular,  i-i  inch  long  ;  racemes  pendulous  of  2-8 
flowers  1|  inches  long.     Pelu  Tree  —  Sophora  tetraptera. 

C.  Pod  rounded  and  not  winged,  1-4-seeded ;  blades  21-45,  |-1 
inch  long ;  flowers  |-1  inch  l(Mig  in  short  racemes ;  entire 
plant  densely  hairy.  Lakge-fruited  Sophora  —  Sophora 
macrocarpa. 


Fig.  127.  — Furze. 


Fig.  V2H.  —  Scotch  Broom. 


CYTlftUS 


113 


Ulex     europgeus.     Furze    (127)    or  Gorse  is  a  leafless  thorny  plant 
(2-5  feet),  with   large,  f  inch,  fragrant  j'ellow  pea-like  flowers  in  the 
axils  of  the  upper  thorns,  cultivated  for  the 
showy  flowers  which  bloom  April  to  June 


Fig.  129.  —  Dyer's  Greenweed. 


Fig.  130.  —  Hairy  Broom. 


and  frequently  again  in  September  and  October  ;  oblong  pod  |  inch  long. 
It  is  especially  suited  for  seaside  planting  and  grows  best  in  sandy   or 
gravelly  soil.     The  green  twigs  are  striped.     There  are  other  species  of 
the  genus,  much  less  hardy,  which  might  be  cultivated  South. 
(See  key,  to  this  and  the  following  two  genera,  after  Genista.) 

[Seeds  ;  twig  cuttings.] 

Cytisus.  The  Brooms  are  a  large  group  (45  species)  of  more  or  less 
leaflets  shrubs  w'ith  large  yellow,  white,  or  purple  pea-like  flowers  and 
elongated  pea-like  pods.  The  leaves,  if  enlarged  and  complete,  are 
3-bladed  and  alternate  but  are  often  reduced  to  a  single  blade  or  almost 
absent.  IMost  of  the  species  bloom  in  May  and  June.  The  commonest 
in  America  is  Scotch  Broom  (128) —  Cytisus  scop^rius  —  5  to  10  feet  high 
with  erect  slender  angular  green  branches  and  leaf-blades  \  to  J  inch 
long.  The  flowers,  f  inch  long,  are  usually  yellow  with  more  or  less  of  a 
crimson  tinge.  The  pods  are  nearly  black  with  hairy  edges,  1-2  inches 
long,  containing  several  seeds  and  ending  in  a  slender  coiled  tip.  (See 
key  after  next  genus.)  [Seeds  ;  twig  cuttings  ;  layers.] 

apgar's  sHRuns  —  8 


114 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


Fig.  131.— Purple  Cytisus. 


Genista.  The  true  Genistas  (flo- 
rists' Genistas  are  usually  Cytisus) 
have  pea-like  yellow  flowers  and  few 
alternate  simple  entire-edged  leaves. 
The  calyx-lobes  are  longer  and  more 
slender  in  true  Genistas  and  the  pods 
are    shorter. 

While  neither  genus  is  fully  hardy 
North,  and  while  both  contain  a  num- 
ber of  species  which  might  be  worth 
cultivating,  very  few  are  in  cultiva- 
tion. 

The  only  one  needing  description 
is  probably  Woad-waxex  or  Dyer's 
Greenweed  (129)  —  Genista  tinctdria 
an  erect  shrub  to  3  feet  with  yellow 
flowers  along  the  tips  of  the  branches  in 
early  summer. 

[Seeds;  layers;  twig  cuttings.] 


Fig.  132.  — Florists' Genista. 


Fig.  133.  —  Narrow-bladed  Cytisus. 


KEY  TO  THE  BROOMS  AND  GORSE         115 

KEY   TO   THE   BROOMS    AXD   GOESE   IX   CULTIVA- 
TION,  INCLUDING   THOSE   IN    HOTHOUSES 
NORTH   OR   IN   THE   OPEN    SOUTH 

*  Flowers  along  the  sides  of  branches  not  in  decided  clusters,  either 

solitary  or  2  or  3  in  a  cluster.     (A.) 
A.    Flowers  yellow  ;  leaves  deciduous.     (B. ) 

B.  Pods  hairy  on  the  margins,  smooth  on  the  sides,  1-2  inches 
long;  branches  angled;  erect,  5-10  feet.  Scotch  Buoom 
(128)  —  Cytisus  scoparius. 

B.  Pods  hairy  all  over,  1  inch  long  ;  branches  round ;  blades  of 
leaves  hairy,  i-|  inch  long.  Hairy  Broom  (130)  —  Cytisus 
hirsutus. 

A.    Flowers  white  ;  tender  North.     (C.) 

C.  Branches  slender  but  not  thread-like,  grooved  ;  erect,  to  3  feet. 
Portugal  Broom  —  Cytisus  albus. 

C.    Branches  thread-like  and  angulate  —  Cytisus  filipes. 
C.    Branches  long,  slender,  pubescent,    round,   not    angulate    or 
grooved  ;  shrub  to  12  feet ;  leaves  all  3-bla(led.     Proliferous 
Laburnum  or  Tagasaste  —  Cytisus  proliferus. 
A.    Flowers  pink  to  purple  ;  procumbent  shrub  frequently  grafted  on 
an  erect  stem  to  form  a  weeping  plant ;  tender  North.     Purple 
CvTisus  (131)  —  Cytisus  purpureus. 

*  Flowers  in  rounded  terminal  heads,  yellow  or  brownish  when  fad- 

ing, nearly  1  inch  long,  July,  August;  pod  hairy,  1-1|  inches  long; 
branches  round  and  hairy ;  blades  |-1  inch  long ;  hardy  to  Wash- 
ington.    Cluster-flowered  Laburnum  — Cytisus  capit^tus. 

*  Flowers  yellow  in  elongated  terminal  clusters.     (D.) 

D.    Leaves  evergreen  ;  branches  grooved  ;  hardy  only  South.     (E.) 
E.    Blades  widening  towards  tip,  wedge-shaped.     (F.) 
F.   Blades  |-f  inch  long,  pubescent  beneath.     Cytisus  candicans. 
F.    Blades  \-^  inch  long,  scabby  beneath.     Cytisus  mader^nsis. 
F.    Blades  i-f  inch  long,  pubescent  on  both  sides;  flowers  in 
one-sided  clusters.     (G.) 
G.    Racemes  shortened;    blades  usually  under  ^  inch   long 
(the  Genfsta  of  florists).     Yellow  or  Florists'  Genista 
(132)  — Cytisus  canari^nsis. 
G.    Racemes  longer,  3-5  inches    long ;    blades   usually    over 
1  inch  long.  "  A  hybrid  of  garden  origin  and  better  than 
the  last.     Racemed  Cytisus  —  Cytisus  racemosus. 
E.    Blades  linear,  ^-1  inch  long  with  rolled  edges  ;  to  3  feet.     Nar- 
Row-BLADED  Cytisus  (133)  — Cytisus  linifolius. 


IIG 


DKSCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


D.  Leaves  deciduous,  blades  ^1  inch  long ;  branches  round,  pubes- 
cent;  racemes  slender,  —  3-8  inches  long,  June,  July  ;  hardy  to 
middle  states.     Black-rooted  Broom  —  Cytisus  nigricans. 

D.  Leaves  deciduous  of  one  lanceolate  blade ;  branches  grooved, 
green;  flowers  small,  in  early  summer  ;  plant  1-2  feet.  Whin  or 
Dyer's  Greenweed  (129)  —  Genista  tinctoria. 

D.  Leaves  almost  entirely  absent,  found  only  on  vigorous  shoots 
near  the  ground  ;  very  spiny  and  rigid  shrub ;  flowers  fragrant, 
I  inch  long;  calyx  2-lobed.  Furze  or  Gorse  (127) — Ulex 
europSeus. 

Laburnum.     The  Golden  Chains  are  rather  trees  than  shrubs  but  in 
the  North  they  are  apt  to  grow  somewhat  bushy.     They  receive  their 


Fig.  1^.  — Scotch  Laburnum 


Fia.  135.— Golden  Chain. 


common  name  from  the  slender  drooping  clusters  of  large,  generally  yel- 
low, pea-like  flowers  in  late  spring.  The  leaves  are  compound  of  3  oblong 
usually  entire-edged  blades.  The  pods  (2  inches  long)  are  hairy  with  one 
thick  edge  and  black  or  brown  seeds.  The  tallest  of  these  plants  is  the 
Scotch  Laiuirnum  (134) — Laburnum  alpinuni, —  which  grows  occasionally 
to  the  height  of  30  feet  with  late  flowers  (June)  and  brown  seeds. 
The  commonest  species  in  cultivation  is  Golden  Chain  or  Bean  Tree 
(135)—  Laburnum  vulg^re,  —which  grows  to  the  height  occasionally  of  20 


AMORPHA 


117 


feet  and  lias  many  garden  varieties.     One  of  these  varieties  has  yellow 
foliage,   aiireum;     another,    curled    foliage,   bull^tum ;    another,    lobed 


Fig.  130.  —  Adam's  Laburnum. 

blades,  quercif61ium ;  weeping,  pendulum  ;  small  narrow  blades, 
Carli^ri ;  and  crowded  leaves,  sessilifolium.  (The  last-named  is  supposed 
to  be  a  graft  hybrid.)  [Seeds  ;  layers.] 


KEY   TO   THE   LABURNUMS 

*  Flowers  yellow,  large  (f  inch  long),  in  silky-hairy  racemes  4-8  inches 

long;    pod   2  inches  long,  hairy  ;  seeds  hairy.     Golden  Chaix  or 
Bean  Tree     (135)  —  Laburnum  vulg;\re. 

*  Flowers  smaller  in  longer  and  more  slender  racemes  ;  pod  thin  with 

one  edge  winged  ;  seeds  brown.     Scotch  Laburnum  (134) — La- 
burnum alpinum. 

*  Flowers  somewhat  purplish,  rarely  pure  yellow.     Adam's  Laburnum 

(130)  —  Laburnum  Adami. 


Am6rpha.  The  Amorpiias  are  handsome  hardy  deciduous  shrubs 
with  alternate  many-bladed  pinnate  leaves,  purple  or  blue  (rarely  white) 
flowers  in  erect  terminal  clusters  and  short  (|  inch  or  less)  1-  or  2-seeded 
pods.     There  is  a    tall    species,  5-20    feet,    False    or    Bastard  Indigo 


118 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


Fig.  137.  —  Bastard  ludigo.  Fig.  1.'>8.  —  Bastard  Indigo  (in  fruit) 


Fig.  1.39.  —  Downy  Amorpha.  Fig.  140. — Chinese  Indigo. 


ROBINIA  119 

(137)  (138) — Amorpha  fruticosa — with  11- to  25-bladed  leaves  and  violet- 
purple  flowers,  May  to  July  ;  and  a  low  bush,  1-3  feet  high,  Lead  Plant  or 
Downy  Amoki'ha  (13'.>)  —  Amorpha  caiiescens  —  with  lo  to  51  lead-colored 
blades,  bright  blue  flowers  (July,  August)  and  whitish  branches.  A  species 
only  slightly  shrubby  at  base,  Dwarf  Indigo  —  Amorpha  herb^cea  —  is 
grayish-hairy  all  over  with  crowded  leaves,  growing  to  the  height  of  2 
to  4  feet ;  the  blades  are  numerous,  11-37,  with  black  glands  on  the  under 
side  ;  it  blooms  in  spring  with  white  or  purple  flowers. 

Besides  these  three,  the  common  ones  in  cultivation,  there  are  sev- 
eral others  which  may  be  found  in  the  South.  They  can  all  be  recognized 
by  the  peculiar  lopsided  flowers  of  but  one  petal  in  terminal  spike-like 
clusters,  10  exserted  stamens  united  at  base,  and  the  short  1-  to  2-seeded 
pods.     The  blades  of  the  leaves,  if  held  to  the  light,  are  seen  to  be  dotted. 

[Seeds;  twig  cuttings ;  layers;  suckers.] 

Indig6fera.  The  Indigo  plants  are  shrubs  or  herbs  mainly  cultivated 
for  use  rather  than  ornament  but  a  few  shrubby  species  are,  in  the  South, 
raised  for  their  beauty.  The  flowers  are  small,  pea-shaped,  in  axillary 
racemes  and  the  fruit  are  elongated  pods.  The  leaves  are  odd-pinnate 
with  7  to  21  blades.  [Twig  cuttings  ;  seeds.] 


KEY  TO   THE   ORNAIVIENTAL  INDIGOFERAS 

*  Clusters  of  flowers  longer  than  the  leaves,  rosy-red,     (A.) 
A.    Weak-growing  almost  climbing  shrub  with  13-17  sharp-pointed 
blades  to  the  leaves  ;  slender  stems  red-tinged.    Chinese  Indigo 
(140)  —  Indigofera  decora. 
A.    Erect-growing   with  17-21  broader  and  blunter  blades   to   the 
leaves.     Indigofera  macrdstachys. 
*■  Clusters  of  flowers  not  longer  than  the  leaves.     Smooth  erect  shrub 
with  0-17  oblong  to  rounded  blades  to  the  leaves.     Australian 
Indigo  —  Indigofera  austr^lis. 

Robiaia.  The  Locusts  are  generally  tall  trees,  a  few  species  are  always 
shrubs,  and  one  is  a  busby  tree.  All  have  beautiful  clustered  pea-shaped 
flowers,  odd-pinnate  alternate  leaves  and  pea-shaped  pods.  Bristly 
Locust  or  Rose  'Acacia'  (141)  —  Robiniahfspida  —  grows  2  to  8  feet  high 
with  bristly-hairy  twigs  and  leaves,  beautiful  large  rose-colored  flowers 
(May  to  July),  and  0-to  18-bladed  leaves.  Clammy  Locust  —  liobinia  vis- 
c6sa — is  a  small  tree,  10  to  30  feet,  with  sticky  stems,  leaf -stalks,  and 
pods.  The  blades  of  the  leaf  range  from  11  to  27  ;  the  flowers  are  pink 
or  rose-colored  in  racemes  2  to  4  inches  long  of  6  to  15  flowers  ;  the  flat 


120 


DESCRirTIOXS    OF    TIIK    SHRUBS 


Fig.  141.— Rose 'Acacia. 


Fig.  142.  — Western  Locust. 


pods  are  2  to  3  Inches  long  and  2  to  7-seeded.     Western  Locust  (142)  — ■ 
Robinia  neo-mexic^na  —  is  a  prickly  shrub  5  or  6  feet  high  with  rose-colored 

flowers  and  twigs  covered  with 
glandular,  but  not  gummy,  hairs  ; 
this  has  two  stout  prickles  at  the 
bases  of  the  leaves,  like  the  common 

31110^^^:^^'^^"^^    locust. 


Fig.  143.  —  Siberian  Pea  Tree. 


Fig.  144.  —  Small-bladed  Pea  Tree. 


ROBINIA 


121 


Besides  these  three  species,  which  are  the  common  shrubby  forms  in 
cultivation,  there  are  a  number  found  in  the  South  which  will  doubtless 
soon  be  tried  and  may  prove  desirable.     The  smallest  of  these  is  Robinia 

nana,  which  grows  only  to  the  height  of  a 
foot  or  two  with  almost  an  unbranched 
stem  and  purple  flowers  |  inch  long  with 
white  markings. 

[Seeds;  suckers;  twig  cuttings.] 


Fig.  145.  — Tall  Caragana. 


Fig.  UT.  — Dwarf  Caragana.  Fig.  148. —  Large-flowered  Caragana. 


122  DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 

Caragana.  The  Pea  Trees  are  generally  shrubby  in  growth  and  can 
be  most  readily  known  by  the  even  number  of  blades  to  the  pinnate  leaves, 
yellow  flowers,  and  linear  pods.  There  is  but  one  species  which  is  tall 
enough  to  be  considered  a  tree.  This  is  the  Siberian  Pea  Tree  (143)  — 
Caragana  arbor^scens,  —  which  may  grow  to  the  height  of  20  feet,  but  is 
usually  bushy  ;  it  has  8-  to  12-bladed  leaves,  yellow  flowers  f  inch  long 
( May,  June) ,  and  cylindric  pods ;  there  is  a  weeping  variety  of  this,  p^ndula. 
Small-bladed  Pea  Tree  (144)  —  Caragana  microphylla  —  grows  4  to 
G  feet  high,  has  12  to  18  veiy  small  blades  (^\  inch)  to  the  leaves 
and  flat  pods.  The  remaining  species  have  but  4  blades  to  the  leaves ; 
of  these  one  from  Siberia  (6-10  feet  high)  has  the  blades  so  close  together 
as  to  appear  like  a  '  four-leaved  clover '  ;  three  species  have  persistent 
spines  at  the  tips  of  the  4-bladed  leaves  and  are  less  than  5  feet  high. 

[Seeds  (soaked  in  warm  water)  ;  root  cuttings  ;  layers.] 


KEY  TO   THE   PEA   TREES 

*  Blades  8-12,  |-1  inch  long  ;  flowers  yellow,  |  inch  long,  2  to  4  in  a 

cluster  (May,  June)  ;  10-20  feet  high.    Siberian  Pea  Tree     (143) 

—  Caragana  arbor^scens. 

*  Blades  12-18,  ^-\  inch  long ;  flowers  yellow,  |  inch  long,  1  to  2  in  a 

cluster;  shrub  4-6  feet    high.     Small-bladed    Pea  Tree  (144) 

—  Caragana  microphylla. 

*  Blades  2-4.     (A.) 

A.    Blades  4,  like  a  4-bladed  clover  leaf,  without  spines ;  6-10  feet. 

Tall  Caragana  (145)  —  Caragana  frut^scens. 
A.    Leaves  spiny-tipped  ;  shrub  1-4  feet.     (B.) 
B.   Blades  in  two  somewhat  distant  pairs  ;  flowers  reddish  yellow, 
li  inch  long.    Chinese  Caragana  (146)  —  Caragana  Chamlagu. 
B.    Blades  together.     (C.) 

C.    Flowers  golden,   f  inch    long.     Dwarf    Caragana     (147) 

—  Caragana  pygmpea. 

C.    Flowers  li  inch  long.     Large-flowered   Caragana  (148) 

—  Caragana  grandiflora. 

Halimodendron  arg^nteum.  Salt  Bush  (140)  is  a  hardy  deciduous 
shrub  4  to  10  feet  high  with  whitish  spiny  branches,  rosy-purplish  pea- 
shaped  flowers  and  compound,  usually  4-bladed  leaves  with  stinging 
spines  at  their  tips.  The  flowers,  nearly  an  inch  long,  are  in  axillary 
clusters  in  May  to  July.  The  brown  inflated  pods  6  to  7  inches  long  are 
ripe  in  September.  The  blades  of  the  leaves  are  rather  narrow  near  the 
tips.  [Seeds;  layers;  twig  cuttings.] 


COLUTEA 


123 


Colutea.     The  Bladder  Sennas  are  deciduous  shrubs  with  alternate 
odd-pinnate  leaves.     The  flowers  are  pea-like,  yellow  to  brownish  red, 


Fig.  149.  — Salt  Bush. 


Fig.  150.  —  Tall  Colutea. 


in  axillary  clusters  June  to  September.  The  fruit  is  an  inflated  bladder- 
like  many-seeded  pod.  These  plants  are  not  fully  hardy  north  of  New 
Jersey.  [Seeds  ;  twig  cuttings.] 


Fig.  151.  —  Orange  Flowered  Colutea. 


124 


DESCRirTIONS    OF   THE    SHRUBS 


KEY   TO   THE   CULTIVATED   COLUTEAS 

*  Flowers  lemon-yellow,  |  inch  long,  3-8  in  a  cluster  ;  shrub  to  15  feet; 

leaves  with  9-13  dull  green  blades  ^-1  inch  long.     Tall  Colutea 
(150)  —  Colutea  arborescens. 

*  Flowers  orange  to  brownish,  3-0  in  a  cluster.     (A.) 

A.    Pod  closed  at  tip.     Orange-flowered  Colutea  (151)  — Colutea 

ni^dia. 
A.    Pod  open  at  tip.     Oriental  Colutea  —  Colutea  orient^lis, 

Lespedeza.  The  Lespedezas  or  Bush  '  Clovers  '  are  mainly  herba- 
ceous, but  one  species  in  cultivation  is  shrubby,  and  two  others  have  a 
shrubby  appearance  as  used  in  borders.  These  three  species  are  exten- 
sively cultivated  for  their  flowers  and  are  practically  hardy  to   Massa- 


Shrubby  Bush  '  Clover.'      Fig.  153.  —  Siebold's  Bush  '  Clover. 


chusetts.  The  Lespedezas  have  alternate  3-bladed  leaves,  the  end  blade 
at  some  distance  from  the  side  blades.  The  pea-shaped  flowers  in  these 
species  are  purple  (or  white)  in  axillary  racemes.  The  upper  parts 
of  these  plants  show  much  smaller  leaves  than  the  lower  and  this  gives 
them  the  peculiar  bush-clover  look.  [Divisions.] 


CORONILLA 


125 


KEY   TO  THE   MORE   SHRUBBY   LESPEDEZAS 

*  Shrubby  with  slender  branches,  5-10  feet ;  blooming  in  July,  with 

slightly  hairy  pods  ^  inch  long  ;  blades  of  leaves  rounded.    Siikubby 
BusH  '  Clover  '  (152)  —  Lespedeza  bicolor. 

*  Herbaceous    with    angular    brown    branches    and    flowers    ^    inch 

long.     (A.)     . 
A.   Blooming  in  September  with  rose-purple  flowers  ;  blades  of  leaves 

elongated.       Siebold's     Bush    '  Clover  '     (153)  —  Lespedeza 

Si^boldi. 
A.   Blooming  late  in  September  with  large  white  flowers  ;  blades  of 

leaves  broader   and   less   pointed.     Japanese   Bush  '  Clover  ' 

—  Lespedeza  jap6nica. 

Coronilla.  The  Coronillas  are  shrubs  or  herbs  with  odd-pinnate 
leaves  and  purple  or  yellow  pea-shaped  flowers  in  rounded  clusters,  like 
the  clovers  but  larger  and  with  fewer  blossoms. 

Scorpion    '  Senna  '  (154)  — Coronilla  Enierus  —  is  a  dense  shrub  4  to 


Fig.  154.  —  Scorpion  '  Senna 


■  Glaucous  Scorpion 
'  Senna.' 


6  feet  high,  hardy  only  South.  Leaves  deep  glossy-green  (evergreen 
South),  of  5  to  7  blades  broadest  near  their  tips;  flowers  in  clusters  of 
about  three,  large,  yellow  tipped  with  red.  May  to  June, 


126 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


Fig.  156.  — Americau  Redbud.  Fig.  157.  —  Chinese  Redbud. 


Fig.  158. —  European  Redbud. 


Fig,  15<».  —  "White-flowered 
Bauhinia. 


CERCIS 


127 


Glaucous   Scorpion  'Senna'    (155) — Coronillaglauca— isa  smooth 
shrub  2  to  4  feet  high  ;  leaves  whitish  with  a  bloom  of  5  to  7  blunt  blades  ; 
flowers  7  to  8  in  an  open  cluster,  yel- 
low, fragrant  in  the  daytime  but  not 
at  night,  blooming  through  the  year  in 
southern  California. 

[Fresh  seeds  ;    twig  cuttings  ;    divi- 
sions. ] 


Fig. 


IGO.  —  Purple-flowered 
Bauhinia. 


Fig. 


IGl.  —  Green-aud-white 
Bauhinia. 


Cercis.  The  Redbuds  or  Judas  Trees 
are  beautiful  flowering  shrubs  with  large 
heart-shaped  simple  alternate  leaves  ; 
pea-shaped  purple  or  red  flowers  in  early 
spring    close    clustered     along    the     old 

branches  and  flat  pea-like  pods  2   to   5  inches  long,    in  summer. 

American  Redbud  (15(3) — Cer- 
cis canadensis  —  is  a  very  ornamen- 
tal shrub  or  small  tree,  to  40  feet, 

with  rosy-pink  flowers  h  inch  long 

and   rather  broad  pods  2^   to  3J 

inches  long. 

Chinese  Redbud  (157)  —  Cercis 

chinensis  —  has    purplish   flowers, 

longer    and    narrower    pods,    and 

grows,  under  good  conditions,  even 

taller  than  the  above. 

California      Redbud  —  Cercis- 

occidenti\lis  —  is  never  more  than  a 

shrub,  to  15  feet,  has  rose-colored 

flowers,   blunt-tipped  leaves  about 

2  inches  wide  and  pods  only  2  to 

2^  inches  long.  Fig.  1G2.  —  Red-flowered  Bauhinia. 


128  DESCRIPTIONS    OF   THE    SHRUBS  "" 

European  Redbud  (158) — Cercis  Siliqudstrum  —  grows  to  the  height 
of  40  feet  and  has  large  leaves  deeply  heart-shaped  at  base  (3-5  inches 
wide),  large  purplish  rose  (rarely  white)  flowers  |  inch  long  and  pods 
3  to  4  inches  long.  [Seeds  ;  layers  ;  twig  cuttings.] 

Bauhinia.  The  Bauhinias  or  Mountain  Ebony  plants  are  tropic 
trees,  shrubs,  and  vines  (200  species),  and  can  be  easily  recognized  by  the 
peculiar  2-lobed  leaves  of  all  the  species  in  cultivation  in  this  country. 
Between  these  lobes  there  may  generally  be  found  an  awn  or  bristle. 
The  flowers  are  very  showy  and  of  good  size,  ranging  in  color  from  white 
to  purple.  The  fruit  is  a  pea-like  pod.  (The  species  given  do  not  include 
climbers.)  All  have  their  leaves  split  less  than  half  their  length.  They 
are  hardy  only  far  south  but  are  cultivated  north  in  hothouses  and  planted 
out  in  summer.  [Seeds.] 


KEY   TO   THE   BAUHINIAS 

*  Leaves  4-ribbed .     (A. ) 

A.  Shrub  5-0  feet  high  ;  flowers  pure  white,  2-3  inches  broad, 
May-Sept.  White-flowehei)  Bauhinia  (159)  —  Bauhinia 
acuminMa. 

A.  Shrub  (5-20  feet  high  ;  flowers  of  many  colors  and  variegated, 
3-5  inches  broad  ;  pod  a  foot  long.  Pukple-flowered  Bau- 
hinia (100)  —  Bauhhiia  purpurea. 

*  Leaves  5-ribbed.     (B.) 

B.  Flowers  white  beautifully  veined  with  green,  Feb.-May  ;  shrub 
to  12  feet.  Green-and-white  Bauhinia  (101)  —  Bauhinia 
varieg^ta  Candida. 

B.  Flowers  large  (4  inches),  rosy-colored  distinctly  veined  with 
darker ;  pod  1-2  feet  long  ;  generally  tree-like,  (5-20  feet. 
Variegated-flowered  Bauhinia  —  Bauhinia  varieg^ta. 

*  Leaves  7-ribbed  ;  petals  alike,  1-lJ  inches  long,  brick-red;   pod  3-5 

inches    long;     somewhat     climbing.       Red-flowered    Bauhinia 
(162)  —  Bauhinia  Galpini. 

Cdssia.  The  Sennas  include  several  hundred  species  of  herbs,  shrubs, 
and  trees  with  showy  (mainly  yellow)  flowers  ;  stalked,  usually  flat, 
many-seeded  pods.  Only  a  few  are  in  cultivation.  The  leaves  are  alter- 
nate on  the  stem  and  compound  with  an  even  number  of  blades.  The 
flowers  have  5  spreading  nearly  equal  petals.  The  plants  need  a  sunny 
position.  [Divisions  ;  seeds. T 


CiESALPINiA 


129 


Fig.  163.  —  Australian  Senna. 


Fig.  164. — Corymbed  Senna. 


KEY  TO  THE  ORNAMENTAL  SENNAS 

*  Herbaceous    but    shrub-like    in   appearance,   sometimes   cultivated. 

Hardy.  Leaves  light  green  of  8-18  blades  ;  flowers  in  axillary 
clusters  near  the  tips  of  branches  ;  pods  linear,  flat,  curved,  3-4 
inches  long.  Good  for  damp  places.  Wild  Senna  —  Cassia  mary- 
landica. 

*  Shrubs,  hardy  only  far  South.     (A.) 

A.    6-10  feet  high  ;  leaves  with  12-20  narrow  pointed  blades  ;  Clus- 
ters of  narrow  flowers  shorter  than  the  leaves,  pods  thin.     Aus- 
tralian Senna  (163)  —  Cassia  Sophora. 
A.   4-10  feet  high;    leaves  with   6   somewhat  curved  blunt  blades. 

Corymbed  Senna  (164)  — Cassia  corymbosa. 
A.    Tree-like  shrub  with  soft  gray  hairs  all  over ;    leaves  with  6-8 
narrow  linear  blades  ;   flowers  deep  yellow.     Good  for  dry  locali- 
ties.    Artemisia-leaved  Cassia  —  Cassia  artemesioides. 


Caesalpinia.  The  Brasiletto  shrubs  and  trees  are  tropic.  Leaves 
abruptly  twice-pinnate  ;  flowers  with  5  stalked  petals  and  10  very  long 
and  bright  colored  stamens  ;  the  fruit  is  a  pod.  Most  of  the  species  in  cul- 
tivation in  this  country  are  hardy  only  in  Florida  and  southern  California. 
The  most  hardy  species,  Japan  C.esalpinia  (165)  — Cajsalpinia  japonica, 
apgar's  shrubs  — 9 


130 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF   THE    SHRUBS 


Fig.  165. — Japan  Cjesalpiuia. 


Fig.  IGO.  — Gillies' Caisalpinia. 


—  is  probably  hardy  in  southern  Virginia,  and  one,  Gillies'  C^salpinia 
(166)  — Csesalpinia  Gilliesii,  —  is  hardy  in  the  Gulf  states. 

[Seeds,  well  soaked  in  warm  water.] 


Fig.  1G7. —  Barbadoes  Pride. 


ALBIZZIA 


131 


KEY  TO   THE  SPECIES   OF  C^SALPINIA 

*  Stamens  and  style  red  and  very  long,  extending  far  beyond  the 

petals.     (A. ) 
A.    Sepals  hairy-fringed  ;  plant  without  spines  or  prickles.    Gillies' 
C^SALPiNiA  or   La   Plata   Poinciana  (106)  —  Csesalpinia   Gil- 
liesii. 

A.  Plant  with  few  scattered  prickles  and  crisped  yellow  petals  ; 
evergreen.  Barbadoes  Pride  (167)  or  Dwarf  Poinciana 
—  Csesalpinia  pulcherrima. 

*  Stamens  not  especially  long  or  much  exserted  beyond  the  petals.    (B.) 

B.  Plant  without  prickles ;  blades  of  the  leaves  |-1  inch  long  and 
blunt ;  flowers  yellow  and  showy.     Csesalpinia  pannosa. 

B,   Plant  with  prickles  or  thorns.     (C.) 

C.  Pod  smooth  ;  stamens  red  ;  petals  canary-yellow  ;  prickles  re- 
curved. The  hardiest  species.  Japan  C^salpinia  (165) 
—  Csesalpinia  japonica. 

C.  Pod  prickly  with  7  black  seeds  ;  blades  of  leaves  1-3  inches 
long  ;  flowers  white  and  purple.     Caesalpinia  Minax. 

Albizzia.  The  Albizzias,  frequently  though  improperly  called 
Mimosa  Trees,  are  tropic  trees  (25 
species)  with  only  one  species, 
Mimosa  Tree  (168)  — Albizzia  julib- 
rfssin,  —  hardy  enough  to  thrive  in 
the  middle  states.  This  has  alter- 
nate leaves,  twice-abruptly-pinnate, 
with  400-1500  small  blades.  These 
blades  are  entire-edged  and  lopsided, 
the  midrib  being  near  the  upper  edge. 
The  pinkish  flowers  are  feathery  or 
silky,  in  summer,  and  the  flat  pods 
are  5  or  6  inches  long.  This  beauti- 
ful small  tree  can  be  grown  in  pro- 
tected places  north  to  New  York 
city.  Its  remarkable  foliage  makes 
it  a  very  interesting  plant  where  it 
can  be  grown.  It  is  very  late  in  start- 
ing growth  in  the  spring,  July  in 
the  middle  states,  and  continues 
putting  out  new  leaves  till  after  severe 
frosts,  even  till  most  other  deciduous 
trees  and  shrubs  have  dropped  their 
foliage.  Fig,  168. —Mimosa  Tree. 


132 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THP]    SHRUBS 


In  the  southern  range  of  states  there  are  a  number  of  other  species  in 
cultivation,  most  of  them  trees.  They  can  all  be  known  by  the  numerous 
oblique  blades  on  the  abruptly  twice-pinnate  leaves. 

[Fresh  seeds,  soaked  in  hot  water.] 


WMWwSM 


''^'^C^^ 


Fig.  169.  —  Evergreen  Albizzla. 


KEY   TO   THE   SPECIES   OF   ALBIZZIA 

*  Hardy  to  New  York  with  protection  ;  blades  of  leaves  500  or  more,  \ 

inch  long  and  oblique  ;  flowers  in  globular  heads,  pink.     Mimosa 
Tree  (168)  —  Albizzia  julibrissin. 

*  Tender  species,  hardy  only  in  the  Gulf  states.     (A.) 

A.  Flowers  yellowish  in  cylindric  axillary  spikes  ;  leaves  evergreen  ; 
shrub  6-15  feet  high.  Evergreen  Albizzia  (160) — Albiz- 
zia lophantha. 

A.  Flowers  in  globular  heads  ;  leaves  deciduous.  Six  or  eight  species 
of  tall  tropic  or  semitropic  trees. 

Acacia.  Acacias  or  Wattles.  There  are  a  number  of  species  of 
Acacias  out  of  doors  in  the  Gulf  states  and  in  northern  conservatories 
which  are  well  worthy  of  cultivation  for  the  beauty  of  foliage,  as  well  as  the 
brightness  and  peculiarity  of  bloom.  The  flowers  are  generally  in  glob- 
ular clusters  of  fine  feathery  parts,  and  usually  of  some  shade  of  yellow, 
from  pale  lemon  to  deep  orange.  To  the  eye  they  form  in  their  foliage 
two  entirely  dissimilar  groups  ;  those  with  simple,  thickish,  sessile  alter- 
nate leaves,  and  those  with  fern-like,  abruptly  twice-pinnate  leaves.  To 
the  casual  observer  it  would  seem  that  the  plants  should  form  two  genera, 
but  the  seedlings,  or  young  plants,  of  those  which,  when  mature,  have 
simple  leaves,  have  in  this  early  stage  the  fern-like  foliage  of  the  other 


THE    ACACIAS 


133 


Fig.  170.  —  Needle-leaved  Acacia. 


Fig.  171.  — Broom  Wattle. 


Fig.  172.  —  Long-leaved  Acacia, 


Fig.  173. — ^Kaugaroo  Thoru. 


134 


DESCRIPTIOXS    OF    THT-:    SHRUBS 


group.     Occasionally  the  growth  of  vigorous  shoots 
.^.vM ,  .  on  old  plants  will  have  more  or  less  of  these  com- 

ffllL     pound  leaves. 

*'  1df^         [Seed,  as  soon  as  ripe,  is  soaked  in  hot  water  24 
i^  i;  ■/      hours  and  then  sown  under  glass.] 


Fig.  174.  — Small- 
leaved  Acacia. 


Fig.  175.  —  Blunt-leaved  Acacia. 


Fig.  170.  —  Meissner'.s  Acacia. 


Fig.  177.  —  Shining  Acacia. 


THE    ACACIAS 


135 


mm 


Fig.  178.  —  Knife-leaved  Acacia.  Fig.  17i). — Trapezoid-leaved  Acacia. 


Fig.  180.  — Narrow-leaved  Acacia.        Fig.  181. —  Short-bunched  Acacia. 


136 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF   THE    SHRUBS 


Fig.  182.  —  Myrtle-leaved  Acacia. 


Fig.  183.  — Spat  ulate-leaved 
Acacia. 


Fig.  184.  —  Oleander-leaved  Acacia. 


Fig.  185.  —  Fragrant  Acacia. 


THE    ACACIAS 


137 


Fig.  186.  —  Weeping  Myall. 


Fig.  187.  —  Whorl-leaved  Acacia. 


Fig.  188 


58.  -  Ri<rid-leaved  Acacia.  Fig.  189.  -  Sydney  Golden  Wattle. 


138 


DESClUrTlONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


Fig.  190.  —  Pale-flowered  Acacia. 


Fig.  191.  — Mulga. 


Fig.  192.  — Hairy  Wattle. 


Fig.  193.  —  Beautiful 
Acacia. 


THE    ACACIAS 


139 


Fig.  191.  — Beautiful  Acacia 
(Grandis) . 


Fig.  195.  —  Popinac. 


Fig.  19(5.  —  Fern-leaved  Acacia.  Fig.  197.  — Drumiuond's  Acacia. 


140  DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


KEY   OF   ACACIAS,   BASED   ON   THE  EOLIAGE 

f  Leaves  usually  simple  and  alternate  (in  one  species  whorled).     (A). 
A.    Flowers  in  globular  and  nearly  solitary  axillary  heads.     (B. ) 
B.    Leaves  very  slightly  flattened  and  thus  nearly  cylindric,      (C.) 
C.   Leaves  less  than  2  inches  long  and  \  inch  wide  ;  branches 

angular.     Needle-leaved  Acacia  (170)  —  Acacia  diffusa. 
C.    Leaves  3-4  inches  long  with  short  recurved  or  oblique  point. 
Broom  AVattle  (171)  —  Acacia  calamifolia. 

C.  Leaves  3-8  inches  long,  slender  and  4-sided  ;  branches 
angular  or  winged.  Long-leaved  Acacia  (172)  — Acacia 
ext^nsa. 

B.   Leaves  decidedly  flattened  and  1-  or  few-veined,  4  inches  or  less 
long.     (D.) 

D.  Stipules  forming  slender  spines  ;  leaves  1  inch  long.  Kanga- 
roo Thorn  (173)  —  Acacia  arm^ta. 

D.    Stipules  not  forming  spines,  or  no  stipules.     (E.) 
E.    Leaves  i-l  inch  long.     (F.) 

F.   Branches  round  and  hairy  ;  leaves  linear  with  hooked 
point.     Small-leaved  Acacia   (174)  —  Acacia  linekta. 
F.    Branches  angular  and  free  from  hairs.     (G.) 

G.    Mower-stems  about  as  long  as  the  leaves.      Blunt- 
leaved  Acacia  (175)  —  Acacia  acin^cea. 
G.    Flower-stem    shorter    than    the  leaves.     Meissner's 
Acacia  (176)  —  Acacia  Meissneri. 
E.  Leaves  often  an  inch  long  (to  1|  inches)  and  blunt.     Acacia 

brachybotrya  argyrophylla. 
E.   Leaves   l|-4   inches  long  and   blunt.      Shining     Acacia 
(177)  —  Acacia  dodonseifdlia. 
A.    Flowers  usually  in  numerous  globular  heads  in  axillary  clusters  ; 
leaves  2  inches  or  less  long,  l-few-veined.     (H.) 
H.    Clusters  of  heads  decidedly  longer  than  the  leaves  ;  leaves  less 
than  1  inch  long.     (I.) 
I.    Leaves  obliquely  lanceolate  with  minute  point.   Small-leaved 

AcACiA  (174)  —  Acacia  line^a. 
I.    Leaves    triangular    with    thickened    edges,    ^-|   inch    long. 

Knife-leaved  Acacia  (178)  —  Acacia  cultrif6rmis. 
I.   Leaves  curved,  obovate,  less  than  ^  inch  long.    Trapezoid- 
leaved  Acacia  (179)  —  Acacia  pravissima. 
H.    Clusters  of  heads  only  about  as  long  as  the  leaves.     (J.) 

J.  Leaves  linear,  straight  and  thin,  1-1 1  inches  long.  Narrow- 
leaved  Acacia  (180)  —  Acacia  linifblia. 


KEY    TO    THE    ACACIAS  141 

J.    Leaves  obliquely  obovate,  {-2  inches  long.     Short-bunchkd 

Acacia  (181)  —  Acacia  brachybotrya. 
J.    Leaves  with  gland  on  edge  below  the  middle,  1-2  inches  long. 
Myrtle-leaved  Acacia  (182)  —  Acacia  myrtifolia. 
A.    Leaves  2-12  inches  long,  flat  and  with  feather-veining.       (K.) 
K.    Leaves  3-8  inches  long,  curved  like  a  scythe  ;  branches  angular. 
Scythe-leaved    Acacia  — Acacia  falc^ta.     Willow-leaved 
Acacia  —Acacia  saligna.     (The  smaller  species,  6-10  feet,  is 
Acacia  saligna.) 
K.    Leaves  on  old  growths  12   inches  long;    branches  drooping. 

Blue-leaved  Wattle  —  Acacia  cyanophylla. 
K.   Leaves  1 1-3  inches  long  and  almost  straight,  spatulate.     Spatu- 
late-leaved  Acacia  (183)  —  Acacia  obtuskta. 
A.    Leaves  2-6  inches  long,  thick  and  usually  with  almost  no  side- 
veins.     (L.) 
L.   Leaves  3-6  inches  long  and  under  |  inch  wide,  curved  like  a 
scythe.    Oleander-leaved  Acacia  (184)  —  Acacia  neriifolia. 
L.    Leaves  3-6  inches  long,  I  inch  wide,  linear  with  thick  edges. 

Fragrant  Acacia  (185)  —  Acacia  suaveolens. 
L.   Leaves  l|-2  inches  long,  twisted  and  finely  striate.     Oswald's 

Acacia  —  Acacia  Oswaldi. 
L.    Leaves  li-3  inches  long,  narrow  and  curved  ;  branches  weep^ 

ing.     Weeping  Myall  (186)  —Acacia  pendula. 
L.    Leaves  li-3  inches  long,  rigid  and  nearly  straight.     Acacia 
Cyclops. 
A.   Leaves  i-1  inch  long  with  rigid  spine-like  tips  ;  flowers  in  cylin- 
dric  spikes.     (M.) 
M.    Leaves  mostly  in  whorls  around  the  stem  ;    spikes  i-l  inch 

long.     Whorl-leaved  Acacia  (187)  —  Acacia  verticill^ta. 
M.    Leaves  scattered,  stipules  often  spine-like  ;  spikes  1  inch  oi 
more    long.      Rigid-leaved    Acacia   (188)  —  Acacia    oxy, 
cedrus. 
A.    Leaves  li-6  inches  long  and  not  spiny-tipped  ;  flowers  in  cylin- 
dric  spikes.     (N.) 
N.    Leaves  4-6  inches  long  with  distinct  side-veins  ;  spikes  usually 
in  pairs.     Sydney  Golden  Wattle   (189)  —  Acacia  longifolia. 
N.   Leaves  4-6  inches  long  with  1  distinct  nerve  or  vein ;  spikq 
dirty    white,    1-2    inches    long.       Pale-flowered     Acacia 
(190)  —  Acacia  linearis. 
N.    Leaves  li-3  inches  long,  \  inch  wide,  rigid  ;  spikes  short  and 

dense.     Mulga  (191)  —  Acacia  aneiira. 
N.    Leaves  4-6  inches  long ;    branches  white   and  silky  ;  spikea 
usually  in  pairs.     Silky  Acacia  —  Acacia  holosericea. 


142 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


*  Leaves  compound,  fern-like,  all  twice-pinnate.     (O.) 

O.  Flowers  in  globular  heads  forming  racemes  ;  branches  very  hairy. 
Hairy  Wattle  (192)  — Acacia  pub^scens. 

O.  Flowers  in  globular  heads,  solitary  ;  first  division  of  leaves  2, 
blades  small  (^  inch),  8-20  on  each  pinna;  spiny  plant  with 
bright  yellow  flowers.  Beautiful  Acacia  (193)  —  Acacia 
pulch^'lla.  Smooth  form  of  this  species  is  var.  grandis  (194).. 
Very  hairy  form  is  var.  hispidissima. 

O.  Flowers  very  fragrant,  deep  yellow,  in  large  heads  ;  first  division 
of  leaves  10-10,  each  with  20-50  very  small  blades  ;  pods  elon- 
gated, not  flattened.  Popinac  or  Opoponax  (195)  —  Acacia 
Farnesiana. 

O.  Shrub  without  spines ;  first  division  of  leaves  4-30  with  20-100 
very  small  hairy  blades;  pods  linear  (1-2  inches  long),  straight 
and  flat.     Fern-leaved   Acacia    (196)  —  Acacia  filicina.     . 

O.  Flowers  in  cylindric  drooping  pale-yellow  spikes  1-1^  inches 
long  ;  first  division  of  leaves  4-8,  each  with  4-10  blunt  blades. 
Drummond's  Acacia  (197)  —  Acacia  Drumm6ndii. 


Prunus.  This  is  a  genus  which  includes  the  Cherry,  Plum,  Peach, 
and  Apricot  trees  and  as  far  as  this  book  is  concerned  need  not  be 
included  because  of  their  height  and  because  the  trees  are  cultivated  for 
their  useful  fruits  rather  than  for  ornament.  Of  the  more  shrubby  forms 
some  have  double  flowers,  producing  no  fruits,  others  have  beautiful  foliage, 


Fig.  .398. —Blackthorn 


Beach  Plum. 


and  still  others  have  large  and  abundant  single  flowers  and  so  are  rather 
ornamental  than  useful. 

They  all  have  alternate  simple  serrate  leaves  of  peculiar  taste  and  odor 
when  bruised.     The  peach  and  cherry  will  give  the  reader  good  examples 


PRUNUS 


143 


Fig.  2U0.  —  Saud  Cherry. 


Fia.  201.  —Japan  Almond. 


Fig.  202.- Choke  Cherry. 


Fig.  203. —  European  Bird  Cherry. 


144 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


of  these  characteristics,     Many  of  the  species  are  apt  to  be  thorny.     The 
blossoms  are  single  witli  5  petals  and  many  stamens,  like  the  peach  ;   or 


Fig.  204.  — Euiilish  Laurel. 


Fig.  205.  — Mock  Orange. 


double,  like  the  flowering  almond.       Nearly  all  bloom  in  spring,  some 
before  the  leaves  expand.  [Seeds  ;  grafting  of  varieties.] 


KEY  TO  SMALL  BUSHY  FORMS  OF  PRUNUS  CUL- 
TIVATED FOR  FLOWERS  AND  FOLIAGE  MORE 
THAN  FOR  FRUIT 

*  Leaves  deciduous;  flowers  solitary  or  in  umbel-like  clusters.     (A.) 

A.    Plant  usually  very  thorny  ;  fruit,  if  formed,  small  (^  inch  or  less), 

purple  or  yellow,  covered  with  bloom  like  a  plum  ;  leaves  blunt ; 

low  spreading  bushes.     (B.) 

B.    Kruit,  if  formed,  small,  pea-like,  and  inedible,  hanging  on  until 

winter;    leaves  very  numerous  and  small.     Blackthorn  (198) 

—  Prunus  spinosa. 

B.    Pruit  flattened  at  ends,  |  inch  long ;  flowers  abundant,  before 
the  leaves  ;  branches  rough  and  warty.      Beach  Plum   (199) 

—  Prunus  marftima. 

B.    Fruit  large  (f-^  inches)  globular;  leaves  in  the  ornamental 


KEY  TO  SMALL  BUSHY  FORMS  OF  PRUNES     145 

variety  purple,  one  of  the  best   purple-leaved  plants  in  culti- 
vation, especially  in  the  South.    Plhple-leavedPlum  —  Pru- 
nus  cerasifera  atropurpurea  (P.  Pissardi). 
A.    Plant  usually  thorny  ;  fruit,  if  formed,  smooth  and  glossy  with- 
out bloom  ;  twigs  zigzag  in  growth  ;  leaves  narrow  and  pointed, 
1-2  inches  long  ;  fruit  |  inch,  orange-red  with  yellow  flesh  ;  bush 
6-10  feet  high.     Sand  Plum* — Prunus  angustifolia  Watsoni. 
A.    Plant  without  thorns.     (C.) 

C.   Fruit,  if  formed,  with  dry  inedible  flesh   splitting  open   and 
letting  out  the  stone  when  ripe  ;   a  peach-like  tree,  10-20  feet 
high.     There   are  double-flowered  and  weeping  forms.     Com- 
mon Almond  —  Prunus  Amygdalus. 
C.    Fruit  smooth,  small,  globular,  purple-red,  very  sour  ;  spreading 
.  bush  2-4  feet  high  often  grafted  on  standard  stock  and  used  as 
a  weeping  tree.     Dwarf  or  Ground  Cherry  —  Prunus  fruti- 
cosa  and  var.  p^ndula. 
C.    Fruit  smooth,  globular,  dark  purple  (i  inch),  abundant;  bush 
decumbent  at  base,  but  with  erect  twiggy  stems  5-8  feet  high. 
Sand  Cherry  (200)  —  Prunus  pumila. 
C.    Fruit  very  small,  astringent ;  small  tree  with  drooping  crooked 
branches  ;  large  pink  flowers  with  notched  petals,  before  the 
leaves  appear;  calyx  red.     Rosebud  Cherry  or  Japan  Weep- 
ing RosE-FLowERED  Cherry  —  Pruuus  p^udula. 
•  C.    Fruit,  if  formed,  covered  with  halj-s  like  a  peach,  i  inch,  yellow 
with  reddish  cheek,  not  edible.      Siberian  Apricot  —  Prunus 
sib^rica. 
C.    Fruit  rarely  formed  ;  flowers  generally  fully  double,  pink,  rose- 
colored,  or  white.     (D.) 
D.    Leaves    small,    2-3    inches    long,    pointed   at   both   ends ; 
bush  8-5  feet  high  ;  flowers  nearly  1  inch  broad,  usually 
solitary.     Russian  Almond  —  Prunus  n^na. 
D.    Leaves  larger,  very  strongly  veined  beneath  ;  flowers  1-3  in 
clusters  before  the  leaves.     Japan  Almond  (201)  —  Prunus 
jap6nica. 
D.    Leaves  broad  and  more  or  less  3-lobed,    flowers   solitary. 
Flowering  Pluji  —  Prunus  trfloba. 
Leaves  deciduous  ;  flowers  in  elongated  clusters.     (E.) 
E.    Bush  or  tree  to  30  feet ;  flowers  in  clusters  2-4  inches  long  ;  fruit 
the  size  of  peas,   dark  red  and  scarcely  edible,  stone   smooth 
There   are  dwarf   and   weeping  forms.      Choke   Cherry  (202) 
—  Prunus  virgini^na. 
E.    Similar  to  above  and  with  similar  varieties,  but  the  stone  in  fruit 
is  rough.     European  Bird  Cherry  (203)  —  Prunus  P^dus. 
afgar's  shrubs — 10 


146 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


*  Leaves  thick  and  glossy  —  evergreen  ;  flowers  in  elongated  clusters  — 
racemes  ;  hardy  only  south  of  Washington,  but  cultivated  north 
as  tub-plants  ;  fruit  small  (^  inch  or  less),  shining  black,  inedi- 
ble.    (F.) 
F.   Flowers   white,    in   spring ;    cultivated  under  a  dozen  varietal 
names,     Chkury    or   English   Laurel  (204) — Prunus  Lauro- 
c^rasus. 
F.    Flowers  cream-colored  (Feb. -Apr.)  ;  leaves  with  slightly  rolled 
edges   and  nearly  entire  or  few-toothed.     The  Evkuguekn   or 
Mock  Orange  (205)  of  the  South  —  Prunus  caroliniana. 

Spiraea.  The  Spireas  form  one  of  the  largest  and  most  popular  of  the 
hardy  ornamental  genera  of  shrubs.  Some  of  the  50  different  species  iu 
cultivation  in  America  are  to  be  found  in  bloom  from  early  spring  till  the 


Fig.  200.  —  Pluui-leaved  Spirea. 


Fig.  207.  — Thunberg's  Spirea. 


frosts  of  autumn.  The  colors  of  the  flowers,  though  oftenest  white,  vary 
to  pink,  red,  and  purple.  They  grow  in  almost  any  soil  and  range  in 
height  from  less  than  1  foot  to  12  feet  or  more,  though  the  usual  height  of 
most  of  the  species  is  from  3  to  6  feet.  The  flowers  are  always  in  clusters 
and  the  individual  flowers  are  small,  from  ^  to  -^  inch  ;  in  the  single 
forms  there  are  5  petals  and  10  to  many  stamens.  Some  species,  as  culti- 
vated, are  nearly  always  double.  The  earliest  species  in  bloom  are  the 
following,  about  in  the  order  given  :  Tlumberuii.  Van  Ilouttoi.  arguta, 
cantoniensis,  prunifolia,  hypericifolia,  m^dia,  and  trilobi\ta.     All  of  these 


SPIILEA 


147 


Fig.  208. —  Hybrid  Suow  Garland. 


Fig.  209.  —  HyperiLum-leaved 
Spirea. 


have  white  flowers,  and  prunifolia  is  the  commonest  species  with  double 
flowers.  The  commonest  species  blooming  from  late  June  till  frost  are 
the  pink  Bumalda  and  the  crimson  Bumalda  Anthony  Waterer. 

[Seeds  ;  divisions  ;  suckers.] 


Fig.  210.  —  Alpiiie  Spirea. 


Fig.  211.  —  Crenate  Spirea 


U8 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF   THE    SHRUBS 


Fig.  212.  —  Round-leaved  Spirea. 


Fig.  213.  —  Three-lobed  Spirea. 


Fig.  214.  — Van  Houtte's  Spirea. 


Fig.  215,  —  Lance-leaved  Spirea. 


SPIRiEA 


149 


Fig.  216.  — Dowuy-leaved  Spirea.  Fig.  217.  —  lutermediate  Spirea. 


Fig.  218.  —  Gennauder-leaved  Spirea. 


Fig.  219.  —  Wedge-leaved 
Spirea. 


150 


DESCIUPTIUAS    OF    THL    bHllULS 


Fig.  220.  —  Long-budded  Spirea. 


Fig.  221.  —  Beautiful  Spirea. 


Fig.  222. —Fortuue's  Spirea.  Fig.  22;}.  —  White-flowered  Spirea. 


SPIRiEA. 


151 


Fig.  224.  — Bumald's  Spirea. 


Fig.  225.  — Anthony  Waterer' 
Spirea. 


Fig.  226.  —  Corymbed  Spirea.  Fig.  227.— Birch-leaved  Spirea. 


152 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


Fk;    2'J8.  —  Western  Corymbed 
Spirea. 


Fig.  229.  — Noble's  Spirea. 


MMg 


m 


Fig.  230.  —  AYillow-leaved  Spireg,. 


Fig.  2.31.  —  Menzies'  Spirea. 


SPIRAEA 


153 


W)ii 


mm 


Fig.  232.  — Billard'sSpirea. 


TO? 


WW 


Fig.  233.  — Douglas' Spirea. 


^'.^^^fe^<^'''' 


Fig.  234.  —  Steeple  Bush. 


Fig.  235.  — White  Beam-leaved  Spirea,. 


154  DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


KEY   TO   THE   SPIHEAS 

But  not  including  several  so-called  Spireas,  the  one  with  large  3-lohed 
leaves  and  inflated  pods,  Physocarpus,  p.  158;  or  any  with  compound  leavt-s, 
Sorb^ria,  p.  159,  Astflbe,  p.  100,  or  Ariincus,  p.  101. 

*  With  white  flowers  in  sessile  umbels  along  the  stems  in  April  and 

May,  before  the  leaves  expand,  earliest  blooming.     (A.) 
A.    A  slender  shrub  (to  C  feet)  with  the  flowers  usually  fully  double 
(var.  flore  pleno)  and  about  I  inch  in  diameter  ;  the  leaves  when 
they  expand  are  dark  green,  oblong,  denticulate,  and  haiiy  be- 
neath, 1-2  inches  long.     Plum-leaved  Spirea     (20G)  —  Spiraea 
pruni  folia. 
A.    A  spreading  shrub  with  arching  branches  ;  flowers  in  3-5-flowered 
clusters,  the  5  petals  much  longer  than  the  short  stamens  ;  the 
leaves  are  small,  1-1 1   inches,  slender,  willow-like.    A  graceful 
shrub   very   useful  for  seaside   planting.       Snow    Garland  or 
Thuxberg's  Spirea   (207)  —  Spimea  Thunbergii. 
A.    Similar  to  the  last  but  taller  and  more  free-flowering  with  broader 
and  less  willow-like  leaves  ;  better  for  spring  blooming  but  not  so 
.  flue  in  its  summer  condition.     Hybrid    Snow    Garland    (208) 
—  Spiraea  arguta. 

A.  A  spreading  shrub  with  erect  or  arching  branches  (to  5  feet)  and 
nearly  round  petals  somewhat  longer  than  the  stamens  ;  the  leaves 
are  usually  3-ribbed  from  the  base  and  widest  toward  the  tip 
(|-1|  inches  long) .  A  variable  species  with  a  dozen  varietal  names  ; 
the  wedge-shaped  leaves  and  rounded  petals  are  constant  charac- 
teristics of  about  all  of  the  forms.  Hypericum-leaved  Spirea 
(209)  —  Spiraea  hypericifolia. 

*  White   flowers  in  umbel-like   clusters    on    short   leafy  side-shoots. 

Blooming  at  the  time  of  leaf  expansion,  May,  June.     (B.) 

B.  Margin  of  leaves  entire  at  base  and  but  slightly  if  at  all  notched 
near  the  tip.  Stamens  never  longer  than  the  petals  (except  in  S. 
crenjUa).     (C.) 

C.  Leaves  small  (|-1  inch  long),  grayish  with  hairs  on  both  sides. 
A  dense  bushy  shrub  to  3  feet.  Flowers  ^  inch  broad  in  dense 
head-like  clusters.     Hoary-leaved  .Spirea  —  Spiraea  c^na. 

C.  Leaves  \-l  inch  long,  feather-veined,  entire-edged  and  smooth 
on  both  sides  ;  branches  reddish  brown  and  angular ;  seed-pods 
curving  outward  ;  4  feet  high  with  arching  branches.  Alpine 
Spirea  (210)  —  Spira?a  alpina. 

C.  Leaves  ^-1]  inches  long  and  3-ribbod  from  base,  grayish  green 
below  ;    3  feet  high  with  slender  striped  branches ;   seed-pods 


KEY    TO    THE    SPIRE  AS  155 

erect ;  stamens  longer  than  the  round  petals.    Crenate  Spikea 
(211)  —  Spiraea  crenMa. 

C.  Leaves  f-l|  inches  long  and  almost  as  broad  as  long,  smooth 
dark  green  above  and  bluish  green  below,  thick  and  almost  ever- 
green; tall,  to  8  feet  with  spreading  branches.  Round-leaved 
Spirea  (212)  —  Spir?ea  bracte^ta. 

B.    Margin  of  leaves  decidedly  notched  and  surface  smooth  on  both 
sides  ;  stamens  not  longer  than  the  petals.     (D.) 

D.  Leaves  |-lf  inches  long,  broad  ovate  and  feather- veined  ;  hardy 
only  South  ;  petals  about  as  long  as  stamens.  Blume's  Spirea 
—  Spiraea  Blumei. 

D.    Leaves  -i-l^  inches  long,  3-5-ribbed  from  base  and  often  3-lobed 

at   tip;   shrub  to  4  feet  with  spreading  branches;    common. 

Three-lobed  Spirea  (213)  —  Spirsea  trilobata. 
D.    Leaves  |-1|  inches  long ;  petals  twice  the  length  of  the  stamens  ; 

to  6  feet  with  arching  branches ;    common.      Van  Houtpe's 

Spirea  (214)  —  Spirsea  Van  Hoiittei. 

D.  Leaves  decidedly  more  elongated,  l-2i  inches  long,  dark  green 
above  and  bluish  green  below ;  handsome  and  common  South 
but  not  fully  hardy  North,  growing  to  the  height  of  4  feet  with 
arching  branches  ;  flowers  larger  in  dense  clusters,  often  double 
(var.  fl6re  pl^no).  Lance-leaved  Spirea  (215)  —  Spiraea 
cantoni^nsis  (S.  lanceol^ta,  S.  Reevesi^na). 

B.    Margin  of  leaves  decidedly  notched  and  surface  pubescent,  espe- 
cially below ;  stamens  not  longer  than  the  petals.     (B.) 

E.  Flowers  and  seed-pods  also  pubescent ;  hardy  only  South.  (F.) 
F.  Lower  side  of  leaves  covered  with  grayish  hairs.  Spira^ablanda. 
F.    Lower  side  of  leaves  covered  with  yellowish  hairs.     Chinese 

Spirea  —  Spiraea  chin^nsis. 
E.    Flowers  and  seed-pods  smooth  ;  shrub  to  C  feet  with  slender 
arching  branches  ;  hardy  and  frequent  North.  .  Downy-leaved 
Spirea  (216)  —  Spiraea  pub^scens. 
B.    Margin  of  leaves  serrate  or  doubly  serrate  ;  stamens  longer  than 
the  petals  ;  calyx  reflexed.     (G.) 
G.    Upright  shrub  to   five   feet   with  round  and  usually  smooth 
branches  ;  leaves  slightly  notched  near  tip,  1-2^  inches  long. 
Intermediate  Spirea  (217)  —  Spiraea  mfedia. 
G.    Shrub  to  (5  feet  with  smooth  but  angular  branches  ;  leaves  de- 
^        cidedly  notched,  2-3  inches  long.    Germander-leaved  Spirea 
(218)  —  Spiraea  chamaedryfolia. 
White  or  pink  flowers  in  broad  and  fiat  compound  clusters  at  the 
tips  of  the  branches,  blooming  in  June  and  later,  some  as  late  as 
August.     (H.) 


156  .        DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 

H.    Stamens  about  as   long  as  the  white  petals  ;  leaves  small,  an 
inch  or  less  long,     (I.) 

I.  A  tall  (5-12  feet),  graceful,  handsome  shrub  with  dense  and 
nearly  globular  clusters  (2  inches  broad)  of  small  flowers  ;  not 
hardy  North.  Sold  under  many  names.  Wkdge-leaved 
Spikea  (21*.))  —  Spiraa  can^scens. 

I.    A  dwarf  procumbent  shrub  \6  inches  high)  blooming  in  July 
with   leaves   ^-1    inch   long.       Decumbent     Spikea  —  Spiriea 
deciimbens. 
H.    Stamens  longer  than  the  petals.     Free-flowering  with  many  clus- 
ters.    (J.) 

J.  A  shrub  to  4  feet  with  smooth  round  branches,  sharp-pointed 
elongated  buds  and  doubly  notched  leaves  with  gland -tipped 
notches.  Flowers  white,  in  June.  Long-budded  Spirea 
(220)  —  Spirnea  longig^mmis. 

J.  To  3  feet  with  angular,  spreading  branches  ;  small  pink  flowers 
in  small  (^-2  inches)  clusters,  June,  July  ;  not  hardy  North. 
Beautiful  Spirea  (221)  —  Spirsea  b^Ua. 

J.  Upright  to  6  feet  "with  round  branches  (hairy  when  young) ; 
flowers  white  or  pale  pink  in  clusters  1-4  inches  broad,  in 
August.     Broad-clustered  Spirea  —  Spiraea  expansa. 

J.  Upright  usually  smooth  shrub  to  4  feet  with  round  branches  and 
small  pink  flowers  in  rather  loose  clusters,  the  ripe  pods  spread- 
ing. Hardy  and  frequent  in  cultivation  (called  call6sa)  with 
many  named  varieties.  Fortune's  Spirea  (222)  —  Spiraea 
japonica  (S.  pallosa,  S.  F6rtunei). 

J.  Handsome,  to  5  feet,  free-flowering  with  large  bright  pink 
flowers  in  broad  clusters  (July,  Aug.)  ;  pale  green  leaves  (2-8 
inches  long).  The  ripe  pods  do  not  spread.  Pink  Hybrid 
Spirea  —  Spiraea  Margaritse. 

J.  Similar  plant  with  paler  flowers  (sometimes  almost  white),  June, 
July.  The  ripe  pods  somewhat  spreading.  Fox's  Spirea 
—  Spiraea  F6xii. 

J.    Small,    rarely  2  feet  high,   of  garden    origin  ;   July   to   Sept. 

Bumald's  Spirea  (224)  —  Spir.ea  Bumalda,  —  with  whitish  or 

dark  pink    flowers ;    Anthony    AVaterer's    Spirea    (225)  — 

S.   Bumalda   Anthony   Waterer;    and   S.    Bumalda   Lemoinei 

with  bright  crimson  flowers,  leaves  of  the  latter  more  puckered 

or  rougher.     Wiiite-flowered   Spirea   (223)  —  Spiraea  albi- 

fl6ra —  with  stiff  upright  branches. 

H.    Stamens  longer  than  the  petals  (as  with  the  last  section)  but  less 

fi-ee-flowering,  usually  with  only  terminal  clusters.     Low  shrubs 

rarely  3  feet  high.     Tods  not  spreading.     (K.) 


KEY    TO    THE    SPIREAS  157 

K.    Shrub   with  purplish  brown  whip-like  branches ;   small  white 
flowers  in  rounded  clusters  (l|-3  inches  broad)   in  May  and 
June  ;  leaves  coarsely,  often  doubly,  serrate,  bluish-green  be- 
low,  1^-3  inches  long.     Corymbed    Spire  a   (226)  —  Spirtea 
corymbosa. 
K.    Later-blooming  (June  to  Aug.)  but   similar  shrubs.     Birch- 
leaved   Spirea    (227)  —  Spirtea  betulifolia   and  the  follow- 
ing: 
L.    Branches  yellowish  brown    with   more   deeply   cut  leaves ; 
flowers      white.      Western      Corymbed      Spirea      (228) 
—  Spirtea  lucida.     Virginia  Spirea  —  S.  virgini^na. 
L.  Branches  striped  dark  brown  ;  rather  large  white  or  pale  pink 

flowers  with  round  petals.     Spiraea  sup^rba. 
L.    Flowers   bright  pink   in   dense   clusters    1-2  inches  broad. 
Dense-flowered  Spirea  —  Spiraea  densiflora. 

*  Extensively  cultivated  hybrid  Spireas  with  rounded  and  very  com- 

pound clusters  (about  as  broad  as  high).     Only  the  commonest  are 
given  ;    new    ones   of   garden  origin  are  constantly   being  intro- 
duced.    (M.) 
M.    Tall-growing  (G  feet)  with  slender  upright  branches  and  numer- 
ous rather  small  lateral  clusters  (1^-3  inches)  of  white  or  pink 
flowers,  June,  July.    Leaves  1-2  inches  long,  pale  bluish  green 
below,   rounded  at  both   ends,  crenately  notched  beyond  the 
middle.     Not  fully  hardy  North.    Fontenay's  Spirea  —  Spiraea 
Fontenkysii. 
M.   Smaller  shrubs  (3-4  feet)  with  larger  terminal  clusters  on  upright 
branches.     (N.) 
N.    Upright  shrub  with  dark  brown  branches  and  oblong  smooth 
leaves  (1^2}  inches  long)  acute  at  both  ends  and  fully  serrate. 
Flowers  pinkish  white  in  broad  finely  pubescent  clusters,  July- 
Sept.     Spiraea  conspicua. 
N.    Upright  shrub  with  striped  and  finely  hairy  branches ;  leaves 
2-3|  inches  long,    elongated  and  pointed  at  both  ends,  fully 
serrate,  grayish-hairy  beneath.     Flowers  pink  in  broad  corymb- 
like panicles,  July,  Aug.     Spiraea  sanssouci^na. 
N.    Similar  to  the  last  but  the  leaves  usually  rounded  at  base  and 
the   flowers   a   lighter  pink,    June,    July.     Noble's    Spirea 
(229)  —  Spiraea  Noble^na.    (Similar  to  this,  with  larger  leaves 
and  paler  flowers.  Plumy  Meadow-sweet  —  Spira'a  pachysta- 
chys.) 

*  Queen  of   the   Meadow  and  Meadow-saveet  Spireas  (including 

Schizonotus,  3d  O)  with  elongated  and  very  compound  clusters  of 
small  white  or  pink  flowers.     (O.) 


158       .  DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 

O.   Leaves  smooth  or  nearly  so  and  sharply  notched  except  at  base, 
but  not  lobed  ;  blooming  June-Aug.     (P.) 
P.   Upright  to  G   feet   with   reddish-brown  branches   and  white 
flowers  in  leafy  pyramid-shaped  clusters  ;  stamens  about  as  long 
as    the    petals    and    white  ;    pods    smooth.     Meadow-sweet 
—  Spiraea  alba. 
P.    "With  larger  and  somewhat  blushed  petals  and  pink  stamens 
longer  than   the   petals.     Queex  of  the   Meadow  —  Spirix-a 
latifolia. 
P.    With  pink  and  white  flowers  and  stamens  twice  the  length  of 
the  petals ;    pods  hairy  where   they  join.      Willow-leaved 
Spirea  (230)  or  Meadow-sweet  —  Spimea  salicif olia. 
P.    With  bright  pink  flowers  in  narrow  clusters  5-8  inches  long, 
stamens  more  than  twice  the  length  of  the  nearly  round  petals  ; 
leaves    coarsely    toothed.     Menzies'    Spirea    (231)  —  Spircea 
M^nziesi. 
O.    Leaves  usually  with  whitish  or  brownish  hairs  beneath  ;  flowers 
bright  pink,  July-Sept.;  shrubs  to  G  or  8  feet  with  brown  hairy 
branches.     (Q.) 
Q.    Leaves  narrow  and  acute  at  both  ends.     Billard's    Spirea 

(232)  —  Spirsea  Billardii. 

Q.    Leaves  broader  and  rounded    at    ends.     Douglas'      Spirea 

(233)  —  Spirsea  Douglasi. 

Q.    Leaves  with  brownish  hairs  beneath.    Hardhack  or  Steeple 
Bush  (234)  —  Spirsea  tomentosa. 
Of  this  last  there  is  a  white-flowered  variety  (alba). 
O.   Leaves  broad  and  decidedly  lobed,  more  or  less  hairy  below  ; 
flowers  creamy-white,  small  in  very  large  panicles.     A  peculiar 
plant  which  has  been  called  by  several  different  names.     Shrub  to 
20  feet.     Hardy  with  protection  to  Massachusetts.     Very  variable. 
July.     White   Beam-leaved   Spirea  (235)  —  Schizonotus  dis- 
color. 

Physocarpus.  Ninebark  (236)  —  Physocarpus  opulif olius  —  is  an  ex- 
cellent shrub,  usually  considered  a  Spiraea,  6  to  8  feet  high  with 
beautiful  foliage,  flowers  and  fruit.  It  takes  its  name  from  the  layers  of 
gray  bark  which  readily  peel  off  from  the  stems.  It  has  simple  alternate 
somewhat  lobed  leaves,  white  spirea-like  flowers  (in  June)  and  five 
slightly  united  bladdery  pods  which  turn  purple  in  late  summer  and  till 
fall.  There  is  a  variety  with  golden  foliage  in  the  spring,  bronzy  later  in 
the  season,  Golden  Ninebark  (237)  — liitea  or  aurea.  A  dwarf  form  with 
darker,  smaller  and  fowor-lobed  leaves  is  Ucina. 

This  is  an  eastern  American  species  and  probably  the  common  one  in  cul- 


SORBARIA 


159 


Fig.  236.  — Ninebark. 


Fig.  237.  — Golden  Niuebark. 


tivation,  but  there  is  a  taller  and  more 
vigorous  species  from  eastern  Asia,  <.-■ 
Eastern  Ninebark  —  Physocarpus 
amur^nsis,  — which  can  be  known  by  its 
smaller  and  more  hairy  pods  only  one 
third  longer  than  the  calyx  lobes  ;  the 
leaves,  also,  are  more  decidedly  lobed 
and  more  sharply  notched. 

[Twig  cuttings  ;  seeds.  ] 

Sorbaria.  The  Ash-leaved 
Spireas  are  beautiful  hardy 
shrubs  with  pinnate  or  bipin- 
nate  leaves  and  spirea-like  white 
flowers  in  showy  terminal  pan- 
icles. Except  the  last  species 
they  all  prefer  rich  and  rather 
moist  soil.  They  put  out  their 
foliage  early  in  the  season. 

[Twig  cuttings  ;  root  cut- 
tings ;  suckers  ;  seeds.] 


Fig.  238,— 

Mouiit;ii:i-ash 

Spiiea. 


160 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


KEY  TO   THE   SORBARIAS 


*  Leaves  odd-pinnate  with  doubly  serrate  blades  ;  blooming  June  to 

Sept.     (A.) 
A.    Flower-cluster  5-12  inches  long,  June,  July  ;  shrub  3-5  feet  high  ; 

blades    13-23.     Mountain-ash   Spire  a    (238)  —  Sorb^ria  sorbi- 

folia. 
A.    Flower-cluster  3-5  inches  long  with  larger  flowers  (^  inch  broad), 

June,  July ;    1-3  feet  high ;    blades   13-17.     Lauge-floweued 

SouBARiA  —  Sorbaria  grandiflora. 
A.   Flower-cluster  8-12  inches  long  and  8  inches  broad,  flowers  only 

\  inch  wide,  July,  Aug.;  shrub  to  8  feet;   blades  15-21  ;  twigs 

green.     Lindley's  Sorbaria  —  Sorbaria  Lindleykna. 
A.    Flower-cluster   12  inches   long   and    broad,   flowers   large  (i-i 

inch),    July    to    Sept.;    shrub    to   8   feet,    very    beautiful    and 

hardy  ;   blades  not  so  deeply  or  doubly  cut  as  the  other  species. 

Aitchison's  Sorbaria  — Sorbaria  Aitchisoni. 

*  Leaves  very  fern-like,  bipinnate,  only  1-3  inches  long  with  minute 

blades.     Flower-clusters  2-5  inches  long  with  flowers  |  inch  broad. 

This  is  an  American  species  found  in  California  to  Wyoming,  but 
rare  in  cultivation  East,  though  hardy 
to  Massachusetts.  Milfoil-leaved 
Sorbaria  —  Sorbaria  millefolium. 


Astilbe.  Japan  Astilbe  (230)  — 
Astilbe  jap6nica  —  is  a  beautiful  tall 
hardy  herb  often  grown  as  a  border 
plant  among  Spireas  and  so  like  them 
that  it  is  frequently  called  Spiraea 
japonica  in  the  nursery  catalogues. 
For  this  reason,  although  an  herb,  it 
is  included.  It  has  alternate  several- 
tinies-compound  leaves  with  3  to  30 
notched  narrow  blades.  The  small 
white  flowers  are  in  large  terminal 
clusters,  panicles,  in  May  and  June. 
It  is  generally  cultivated  for  its  forced 
feathery  flowers,  in  winter.  Asa  win- 
dow plant  it  needs  abundant  water 
when  in  bloom.  Another  plant  similar 
to  tliis  in  appearance  of  both  flowers 
and  foliage  and  often  confused  with  it  is 


Fig.  239.  —  Japan  Astilbe. 


EXOCHORDA 


161 


AsTiLBE-LiKE  Aruncus  (240)  — Amucus  astilboides.  Both  of  these 
plants,  though  placed  by  botanists  in  separate  families,  are  popularly  and 
in  catalogues  called  Spireas.  The  Aruncus  is  closely  related  to  the  true 
Spireas  in  the  rose  family,  while  the  Astilbe  is  placed  in  the  Saxifrage 
family.  The  figures  given  will  enable  the  reader  to  separate  these  two 
herbs  from   each  other  as  well  as 

to  separate  both  from  the  true  Spi-  '^O.-V 

reas.  The  Aruncus  is  a  dioecious 
plant,  i.e.  the  stamens  are  in  the 
flowers  of  one  plant  and  the  pistils 
are  on  a  separate  plant.  There  are 
many  stamens  in  the  staminate 
plant  of  Aruncus ;  the  Astilbe 
flowers  always  have  both  stamens 
and  pistils,  and  the  stamens  are 
only  ten  in  number. 

[Both  Astilbe  and  Aruncus  are 
best  propagated  by  divisions.] 


Fig.  240.  —  Astilbe-like  Aruncus. 

Exochdrda.      The   Pearl  Bushes 

are  cultivated  for  their  large  jDure 
white  flowers  in  clusters  in  April 
and  May.  The  peculiar  fruit,  which 
remains  on  the  bush  through  the 
winter,  is  the  most  characteristic  fea- 
ture by  which  to  know  the  plant  at 
H  7  ""'^mr  ^  seasons.      There   are   five    bony 

^  W  smooth  united  divisions  which,  sur- 

rounding a  central  axis,  from  the  top 
view,  look  very  star-like.  The  flowers 
are     large,    2     inches,    in     terminal 

clusters  about  the  time  the  leaves  expand  and  completely  cover  the  bush. 

The  alternate  simple  leaves  vary  from    entire-edged   on   old   plants   to 

strongly  toothed  on  vigorous  young  growths. 
apgar's  shrubs — 11 


Fig.  241.  —  Pearl  Bush. 


1G2 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF   THE    SHRUBS 


There  are  several  species  from  Asia,  tliough  probably  the  first,  below,  is 
the  only  one  in  general  cultivation  as  yet.  This  is  called  Pearl  Bush 
(241)  —  Exochorda  gran diflora  —  and  grows  in  the  North  to  a  height  of  8 


Fig.  242.  — Kerria. 


Fig.  243.  —  Stephanandra. 


feet,  in  the  South  to  15  feet  or  more.     The  leaves  are  simple,  alternate,  and 
whitish  below,  more  or  less  toothed.     A  straggling  bush  very  beautiful 

in  flower  but  needing  pruning  or 
hiding  of  the  lower  portion  by 
other  plants  to  make  it  sightly 
through  the  season.  The  pruning 
may  make  a  tree-like  growth  of  it. 
Exochorda  Alberti  is  a  more 
vigorous  species  with  darker  foliage 
and  larger  and  more  numerous 
flowers  in  the  clusters. 

[Seeds  ;  twig  cuttings  ;  layers.] 


K§rria  jap6nica.  Kkhria  (242) 
or  Japanese  '  Rose,'  or  Globe 
Flower  (incorrectly  called  Cor- 
chorus),  is  an  old-fashioned  shrub 
often  cultivated,  witli  green  erect, 
slender,  whip-like,  pithy  stems  5  to 
8   feet    high,    and    yellow   usually 


Fig.  244.  —  Khodotypus. 


RHODOTYrOS 


1G3 


double  flowers  an   inch   or    more   broad.     In  the  rare  single-flowered 

form  there  are  five  petals  and  many  stamens.     The  leaves  are  alternate, 

thin,  doubly  serrate  and  plaited,  the  veining  is  feathered  and  straight,  the 

tips  are  long  and  slender.     The  flowers  are  abundant  in  June  and  appear 

irregularly   through   the   rest  of  the 

year.     There  is  a  variety  with  white 

variegated  foliage,  growing  only  2  to 

8     feet     high,      arg^nteo-varieg^ta, 

and  another  dwarf  form   with    the 

twigs    striped     yellow    and    green, 

aureo-vittatis. 

[Twig  cuttings ;  layers  ;  divisions.] 

Stephanandra  flexubsa.    Stephan- 

ANDRA  (24.])    is  a   beautiful  smooth 


Fig.  245.  — Shrubby  Potentilla. 

shrub  (5  feet)  with  angular  zigzag 
branches  and  deciduous  triangular 
deeply-notched  and  lobed  leaves  of 
a  peculiar  grayish  green  color  (f-1  J 
inches  long).  The  white  flowers 
are  small  and  inconspicuous  (June) 
in  terminal  clusters.  The  small 
pods  contain  1  or  2  shining  seeds. 
The  plant  is  cultivated  for  its  pe- 
culiar foliage,  which  turns  a  bronze- 
red  in  late  summer.  Hardy  north 
to  Massachusetts  if  somewhat  pro- 
tected. 

[Twig  cuttings;  seeds.] 

Rhodotypos  kerrioides.  White  Kerria  or  Rhodotypos  (244)  is  another 
hardy  Japanese  shrub  with  plaited  leaves  similar  to  the  last  but  arranged 
opposite  on  the  stem.     The  almost  pure  white  single-rose-like  4-petaled 


246.  —  Purple-flowering 
Raspberry. 


164 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


flowers,  near  the  ends  of  the  branches,  bloom  from  May  until  frost.  The 
fruit,  remaining  on  through  the  winter,  seems  like  four  black  beads  sur- 
rounded by  the  large  persistent  calyx.  The  flowers  are  1^  inches  broad, 
abundant  in  May  and  June  and  appearing  irregularly  through  the  rest  of 
the  summer.     It  is  a  much-branchiug  shrub  o  to  C  feet  high,  rendered 

very   ornamental   by    the   foliage   as 
well  as  the  flowers  and  fruit. 

[Seeds;  twig  cuttings.] 


.  _,nqi:efoils  are 

generally    yellow- 


FiG.  247.  —  Strawberry -Raspberry. 


flowered  herbs,  but  one  species  fre- 
quent in  cultivation  is  a  valuable 
shrub  1  to  4  feet  high  with  peculiar 

shreddy  bark  and  compound  3-  to      ^  ^      ,         ,  ,„     ,  , 

„,,,,,  m       ■.^    •,  Fig.  248.  —  Cut-leaved  Blackberry, 

/-bladed  leaves.    The    blades    are 

linear,  pointed,  ^-1  inch  long  with  silky  surface  and  rolled  edges.     The 

flowers  are  bright  yellow,  showy,  an  inch  or  more  broad  with  five  petals 

and  many  stamens,  blooming  through  the  summer.     The  fruit  appears 

like  many  dry  seeds,  achenes,   in  the   hairy   calyx.     Shrubby   Potex- 

TiLLA   or  CiNQUEFoiL  (245) — Potcntilla  frutic6sa.     [Seeds;  divisions.] 

Rubus.  The  Raspberries,  Dewberries,  and  Blackberries  are  a 
large  and  varied  group  (1000  species)  of  useful  fruits  of  the  north  temper- 
ate zone.  Some  trafl  over  the  ground,  others  grow  to  the  height  of  6  to 
8  feet ;  nearly  all  are  prickly  and  so  are  called  Brambles.  Only  the  few 
species  cultivated  for  their  beauty  need  description  here. 


KEY    TO    BLACKBERRIES    AND    RASPBERRIES  105 

Purple-flowering  Raspberry  (246)  —  Rubus  odor^tus —  is  of  bushy 
growth  (3  to  5  feet  high)  with  bristly  stems,  very  large  3-  to  5-lobed 
maple-like  alternate  leaves  and  large,  1  to  2  inches  broad,  rose-purple 
flowers  in  rather  large  clusters.  The  fruit,  as  indicated  by  its  name,  is 
raspberry-like  but  broad  and  flat,  light  red  and  not  very  edible.  It 
blooms  and  fruits  all  summer.  If  it  were  not  for  its  spreading  tendency 
and  rank  growth,  overtopping  other  shrubs,  it  would  be  a  very  valuable 
bush  for  cultivation.  It  grows  well  in  semishade,  so  should  have  a  place 
in  large  grounds.  The  western  species,  Wiiite-flowering  Raspherrv  — 
Rubus  parviflorus,  —  is  similar  but  with  white  flowers,  few  in  a  cluster. 

Strawberry-Raspberry  (217)  —  Rubus  roste-folius  —  is  an  erect  tall- 
growing  shrub  —  2  to  4  feet  high  north,  but  evergreen  and  much  taller 
South,  with  compound  pinnate  leaves  having  5  to  15  strongly  veined 
sharply  serrate  narrow  blades.  The  showy  white  flow^ers  are  large,  1|- 
2  inches  broad,  either  solitary  or  in  few-flowered  clusters.  This  is  a 
beautiful  plant  and  worthy  of  more  general  culture  than  it  receives.  The 
fruit  is  large,  1  to  1|  inches  long,  raspberry -like,  bright  red,  but  not 
very  edible.  The  double  form,  'Bridal  Rose' —  coronarius  (R.  grandi- 
florus) ,  —  is  also  cultivated. 

Wineberry  —  Rubus  phoenicolksius — has  the  stems  densely  covered 
with  brownish  red  glandular  hairs  and  the  leaves  compound  of  3  to  o 
blades,  the  end  one  often  irregularly  lobed.  An  interesting  but  not  very 
beautiful  shrub  which  kills  to  the  ground  in  the  North.  It  propagates  by 
its  rooting  tips. 

Cut-leaved  or  Evergreen  Blackberry  (248)  — Rubus  lacini^tus  — 
is  in  the  South  a  tall  straggling  bush  with  large  canes  as  thick  as  the  wrist 
and  nearly  evergreen  leaves  of  many  much-cut  blades.  In  the  North  it 
does  not  grow  tall,  but  has  a  more  spreading  habit,  and  its  leaves  are  not 
evergreen.  It  blooms  and  ripens  its  black  thimble-shaped  fruit  from  late 
summer  to  October.  The  above  and  a  few  other  species  are  given  in  the 
following  [Divisions.] 


KEY   TO    ORNAMENTAL     BLACKBERRIES    AND 
RASPBERRIES 

*  Leaves  simple,  3-5-lobed  ;  fruit  raspberry-  or  cap-shaped.     (A.) 
A.    Flowers   very   large,  1-2     inches     broad ;      leaves     large,    5-10 
inches  broad  ;     steins  not  prickly  but  bristly  ;     fruit  broad,  1 
inch,  flat,  orange  to  red.     (B.) 
B.    Flowers   rose-purple   in   large    clusters.      Purple-flowering 
Raspberry   (24(5)  —  Rubus  odor^tus. 


ioG  DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 

B.    Flowers  white  in  smaller  clusters.     Salmon  Berry.     White- 
flowering  Raspberry  —  Rubus  parvifl6rus. 
A.    Flowers    small,    ^    inch,  white  ;     leaves     small,    2-4     inches  ; 
stems  reddish,  smooth  with  a  few  straight  prickles.    An  excellent 
plant   for   covering  waste    places.       Hawthorn-leaved   Rasp- 
berry —  Rubus  cratsegifolius. 

*  Leaves    compound  3-  (rarely  5-),  bladed ;  fruit  raspberry-  or  cap- 

shaped.     (C.) 
C.    Fruit  red  (rarely  yellow  or  whitish)  ;  stems  prickly  and  often 

slightly  bristly.     "Wild   Red   Raspberry  —  Rubus    idteus  acu- 

leatfssimus  (R.  strigosus). 
C.    Fruit  red,  small,  nearly  inclosed  in  an  enlarged   calyx ;   stems 

densely  clothed  with  brown  glandular  hairs  ;  leaves  white-hairy 

beneath.     Wineberry  —  Rubus  phoenicol^sius. 
C.    Fruit  black  ;   stems  recurving  and  rooting  at  tips  with  straight 

prickles  but  no  bristles.     Blackcap — Rubus  occidentalis. 
C.    Fruit  black ;  stems  upright  or  ascending,  with  stout  recurved 

prickles  ;     leaves   white-woolly   beneath.      Sand    Blackberry 

—  Rubus  cuneifolius. 

*  Leaves    compound,    3-7-bladed ;    stems    long,  only  half    ascending, 

rising  about  2  feet  from  the  ground,  armed  with  strong  recurved 
prickles;  fruit  solid,  blackberrjMike.  Dewberry  —  Rubus  villosus. 

*  Leaves  pinnate  of  5-15  narrow  notched  blades  ;  flowers  large,  U-2 

inches  broad,  white ;  fruit  thimble-shaped,  large,  1-1 1  inches 
long,  bright  red,  not  very  edible  ;  erect,  tall,  kills  to  the  ground 
North  but  hardy  and  evergreen  South.  Strawberry-Raspberry 
(247)  —  Rubus  rossefolius. 

With  hairy  and  hispid  stems,  var.  sorbif51ius. 

With  double  flowers,  Brier  '  Rose  '  or  Bridal  '  Rose  '  —  Var. 
coron^rius  (R.  grandiflbrus). 

*  Leaves  of  many  sharply  notched  blades  forming  a  twice-compound 

foliage.  •  The  three  primary  divisions  are  divided  into  many  blades 
somewhat  in  a  pinnate  way.  The  canes  and  leaves  have  many 
recurved  sharp  prickles.  In  warm  countries  the  canes  persist  till 
they  become  as  thick  as  the  wrist,  and  form  tall  bushes  with  almost 
evergreen  leaves  ;  in  the  North  they  show  a  tendency  to  spread  over 
the  ground.  The  black  fruit  ripens  from  summer  till  Oct.  Cut- 
leaved  or  Evergreen  Blackberry    (248)  —  Rubus  lacini^tus. 

Rbsa.  The  Rose  is  the  most  universally  admired  and  cultivated  plant 
in  gardens.  It  would  need  a  large  volume  to  do  the  plant  justice  or  to 
describe  in  an  intelligent  way  the  many  tliousand  named  species  and 
varieties.     All  that  will  be  attempted  here  is  a  description  of  the  most 


ROSA 


167 


Fig.  249.  — Japanese  Rough-leaved  Rose.  Fig.  250. —Dog  Rose. 

beautiful  and  the  most  popular  of  the  single-flowering  species,  followed 
by  a  key  to  a  few  single-flowered  forms  extensively  cultivated. 

Japanese  Rough-leaved  Rose 
(249)  —  Rosa  rugosa  —  is  a  beautiful 
upright  shrub  (6  feet)  with  stout  stems 
thickly  covered  with  both  prickles  and 
bristles.  The  leaves  have  5  to  9  rough 
thick  shining  dark  green  blades  with 
the  lower  sides  lighter  and  more  or 
less  pubescent.  The  flowers  are  usu- 
ally single,  purple  or  white,  2i  to  3| 
inches  broad,  blooming  from  May  to 
September.  The  fruit,  which  soon 
forms,  is  large,  1  inch,  brick-red 
and  remains  on  till  winter.  This  is  the 
most  ornamental  of  all  roses  for  the 
shrubbery  and  is  especially  fine  in  its 
foliage.  There  are  many  named  va- 
rieties, hicluding  a  few  with'  somewhat 
double  flowers.     From  eastern  Asia. 

[Twig  cuttings  ;  seeds  ;  root  cut- 
tings ;  layers.;]  Fig.  251.  — Sweetbrier. 


168 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


Fig.  252.  —  Swamp  Rose. 


Fig.  253.  —  Glossy  Rose. 


Fig.  254.  —  Pasture  Rose. 


Fig.  25.J.  Prairie  Rose, 


ROSA 


169 


Fig.  256.  — Early  Wild  Rose. 


Fig.  257.  — Memorial  Rose. 


f 

Fig.  258.  —  Macartuey  Rose 


FiQ.  25y.  —  Cherokee  Rose, 


170  DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHUUBS 


KEY  TO    SOME   POPULAE   SINGLE  ROSES 

*  Stems  more  or  less  densely  covered  with  both  prickles  and  bristles  ; 

sepals  remaining  on  the  large  globular  fruit.      Erect  shrubs  with  no 

tendency  to  climbing  habit.  (A.) 
A.  Tall,  to  6  feet ;  leaves  with  5-9  rough  thick  shining  oval  blades ; 
flowers  about  3  inches  broad,  either  white,  pink,  or  purple  ;  fruit 
(1  inch)  brick-red  with  long  more  or  less  spreading  sepals.  Jap- 
anese Rough-leaved  Rose  (249)  —  Rosa  rugosa. 
A.  Low,  bushy,  1-4  feet ;  leaves  with  3-9  often  resinous  blades  ; 
flowers  solitary,  about  2  inches  broad,  deep  rose  color;  fruit 
(1-1  inch)  with  long  erect  sepals.  Prickly  Rose  —  Rosa  acicu- 
laris. 

A.  Low,  1-4  feet ;  leaves  with  7-11  small,  1  inch  or  less,  smooth 
not  resinous  blades;  flowers  clustered;  fruit  smooth  (I  inch), 
with  long  spreading  sepals.   Arkansas  Rose  —  Rosa  arkans<^na. 

*  Stems  armed  with  stout  recurved  spines  or  prickles  and  without  soft 

hairs  (except  possibly  at  base)  ;  sepals  of  the  calyx  spreading  and 
dropping  off  from  the  fruit.  Straggling  bushes  with  a  slight  ten- 
dency to  climbing  habits.     All  are  deciduous.     (B.) 

B.  Fruit  oblong  and  nearly  smooth  (i-|  inch  long);  leaf -blades  5-7, 
coarsely  serrate.     (C.) 

C.    Leaf-blades  regularly  once-serrate.     Dog  Rose  (250)  —  Rosa 
canina. 

C.  Leaf -blades  twice-serrate.    Sweetbrier  or  Eglantine    (251) 
—  Rosa  rubiginosa. 

B.    Fruit  globular  and  bristly,  about  i  inch  long.     (D.) 

D.  Leaf-blades  5-9  (commonly  7),  finely  serrate.     (E.) 

E.    Leaf-blades  elongated,  thin.     Swamp  Rose     (252)  —  Rosa 

Carolina, 

E.    Leaf -blades  thick,   dark  green   and   shining  above;    stems 

brownish  red.     Glossy  Rose   (253)— Rosa  virginiana  (R. 

lucida). 

D.    Leaf-blades  commonly  5   (rarely  7),  coarsely  serrate ;    fruit 

with  spreading  and  early  deciduous  sepals.     Pasture    Rose 

(254)  —  Rosa  hiimilis. 

D.    Leaf -blades  3  (rarely  5),  hairy  beneath  ;  flowers  deep  red  fad- 
ing to  whitish  ;  plant  often  decidedly  climbing.     Prairie  Rose 

(255)  —  Rosa  setigera. 

B.  Fruit  globular;  with  erect  persistent  sepals,  nearly  |  inch  in 
diameter,  smooth  or  nearly  so  ;  stems  nearly  free  from  prickles. 
Early  Wild  Rose  (256)  —  Rosa  blanda. 


NEVIUSIA 


171 


*  Prostrate  creeping  rose  much  used  to  cover  banks  ;  leaf-blades  com- 

monly 9,  very  glossy  and  almost  evergreen.     Often  used  for  arbors. 
Memorial   Rose    (257)  —  Rosa  Wicliurai^na. 

*  Southern  nearly  or  quite  evergreen  roses  fully  hardy  only  in  the  Gulf 

states,  though  found  in  protected  places  north  to  Virginia.  Flow- 
ers large,  2-3^  inches,  white  (rarely  pinkish)  with  thick  waxy 
petals.  Handsome  roses  with  dark  shining  foliage  having  stems 
10-20  feet  long  with  spreading  or  somewhat  climbing  habit.  (F.) 
F.    Leaves  with  5-9  blades  ;  calyx  with  notched  bracts  at  the  base 

and  densely  silky  with   hairs ;   fruit  retaining  the  calyx  lobes. 

Macartney  Rose   (258)  —  Rosa  bracte^ta. 
F.    Leaves  with  3  (rarely  5)  blades  ;  fruit  obovoid  and  without  calyx 

lobes  when   ripe.     Cherokee   Rose    (259)  —  Rosa  cherok^nsis 

(R.  laevigata). 

Neviusia  alabamensis.     Snow  Wreath  (260)  grows  3  to  8  feet  high 
with  alternate  straight-veined  doubly  serrate  simple  leaves  1|  to  3^  inches 


/^\K':mr/f 


Fig.  260.  —  Snow  Wreath. 


Fig.  261. —  English  Hawthorn. 


long.  The  flowers  extend  along  the  wand-like  arching  stems  for  several 
feet,  forming  ropes  of  fringe-like  flowers,  in  summer.  To  the  eye  these 
flowers  consist  only  of  a  mass  of  stamens.     The  fruit  are  silky-coated  aiid 


172 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


Fig.  262.  — Hawthorn. 


Fig.  263.  —  Parsley-leaved 
Haw. 


Fig.  264.  —  Red  Haw. 


CRAT^GUS 


173 


seed-like.     This  exceedingly  ornamental  and  peculiar  plant  is  hardy,  with 
protection,  north  to  Massachusetts  and  blooms  every  year.  [Seeds.] 

Crataegus.  The  Haws,  Thorns,  and  Hawthorns  are,  in  the  main, 
thorny  shrubs  but  about  half  of  the  species  grow  occasionally  to  a  height 
which  would  entitle  them  to  the  name  of  trees  and  a  few  are  always  tree- 
like. Of  the  hundreds  of  species,  given  in  modern  botanic  works,  which 
are  to  be  found  wild  in  America  and  Europe,  only  a  few  are  in  general 
cultivation.  The  simple  alternate  more  or  less  notched  or  lobed  leaves, 
thorny  branches,  five-petaled  flowers  ^  to  1  inch  broad,  in  clusters,  and 


mm 
■  ■  j^ 


Fig.  266.  —  Large-fruited  Thorn. 


green  Thurn. 


the  pome  or  apple-like  fruit  characterize  the  genus.  The  flowers  are 
usually  white,  sometimes  pink  or  red,  and  are  in  a  few  cases  double. 
The  fruit,  which  except  in  the  double  forms  is  abundant,  is  rounded, 
small,  and  tipped  with  the  conspicuous  remains  of  the  calyx. 

The  commonest  Hawthorns  in  cultivation  are  two  species  from  Europe 
which  are  sold  under  a  score  or  more  of  varietal  names.  These  two  are 
much  alike  and  are  mainly  sold  under  the  one  name  of  English  Haw^- 
THORN  or  May  (201)  —  Crataegus  Oxyacantha  —  though  more  often  they 
belong  to  another  species,  Crattiegiis  nion6gyna.  This  latter  has  usually 
one  stone  in   the  hairy-stemmed  fruit ;   while  the  true  Crataegus  Oxy- 


174  DESCRIPTIOXS    OP^    THE    SHRUBS 

acantha  has  two  grooved  stones  in  smooth-stemmed  fruit.  Not  only  is 
Crataegus  monogyna  much  the  commoner  in  cultivation  in  America  but 
it  has  many  more  named  varieties.  A  good  idea  of  the  variation  in  this 
species  can  be  gained  from  the  names  given  them  :  lacini^ta,  cut-leaved  ; 
quercifolia,  oak-leaved  ;  h6rrida,  very  thorny  ;  pdndula,  creeping  ;  strfcta, 
very  upright ;  variegata,  variegated-leaved  ;  alba  pl^na,  white-double- 
flowered  ;  rubra  pl^na,  red-double-flowered  ;  bi'color,  two-colored  (white 
flowers  with  pink  edges)  ;  Pauli,  Paul's  double  scarlet.  Of  the  true  Cra- 
taegus Oxyacantha  there  is  a  very  distinct  and  showy  variety,  xantho- 
carpa,  with  bright  yellow  fruit. 

[Seeds  (1-2  years  to  grow)  ;  twig  cuttings.] 


KEY  TO  A  FEW  OF  THE  MORE  ORNAMENTAL  SPE- 
CIES   OF   CRAT^GUS,   INCLUDING   PYRACANTHA 

*  Leaves  decidedly  lobed.     (A.) 

A.    Fruit  ^  inch  or  more  wide  and  retaining  the  calyx.     (B.) 

B.  Fruit  oval  with  one  stone  ;  stems  of  flowers  and  fruit  u.sually 
distinctly  hairy.     Hawthorn  (262)  —  Crataegus  mon6gyna. 

B.  Fruit  nearly  globular  with  two  stones,  each  with  two  grooves 
on  the  inner  side.  English  Hawthorn  or  May  (261)  —  Cra- 
taegus Oxyacantha. 

A.   Fruit   small,    only    about    I    inch    wide,    and  with    deciduous 
calyx.     (C.) 

C.  Leaves  deeply  cleft,  sometimes  divided  nearly  to  the  midrib, 
|-1^  inches  long;  fruit  dropping  in  the  early  winter ;  spines 
stout,  1-1 1  inches  long.  Parsley-leaved  Haw  (263)  —  Cra- 
taegus Marshallii  (C.  apiifolia). 

C.  Leaves  less  deeply  cleft  and  larger,  l|-2  inches  long;  fruit 
remaining  on  through  the  winter ;  spines  slender,  n-2  inches 
long.  Washington  Thorn  — ;  Crataegus  Phaenopyrum  (C. 
cord^ta). 

*  Leaves  doubly  serrate  rather  than  lobed,  broad  at  base.     (D.) 

D.    Leaves   thick ;    flowers   large,   |-1    inch  wide,  with  yellow  an- 
thers ;  fruit  with  3-5  stones.     (E.) 
E.   Leaves  widest   at  or  beyond   the    middle  ;  stamens    10  ;  fruit 
nearly  globular,  ^  inch,  dark   crimson,  ripening  late   in  Oct. 
and  soon  dropping.     Scarlet  ILvw  —  Crataegus  cocci'nea. 
E.    Leaves  widest  near  the  base ;    stamens  20  ;    fruit  ripening  in 
Aug.,  large,  |-1   inch,  pubescent,  scai'let  with  darker  dots,  on 
drooping    stems,    flesh   yellow,    dry   and  mealy.      Red  Haw 
(264)  —  Crataegus  m611is. 


KEY    TO   THE    CRATiEGUS  175 

E,    Leaves  widest  near  the  middle  ;  stamens  8-12  ;  fruit  globular 
(1  inch),  crimson,  ripening  near  end  of  Sept.  and  remaining  on 
for  several  weeks  on  erect  slender  stems  ;  thorns  slender,  long, 
2-4   inches.      LoNO-TnoKNED  Haw  (205)  —  Crataegus   macra- 
c^ntha. 
D.    Leaves   thin,   only  half   as  wide  as  long,   and  widest  near  the 
center ;  flowers  |  inch  wide  ;    stamens  20  with  rose-colored  an- 
thers ;  fruit  oval  or  pear-shaped,  |  inch  long,  dull  red,  with  2-3- 
stones ;    spines  slender,   straight   (1-2   inches).     Pear   Haw  — 
Crataegus  Chapmani  Pluken^tii.     (C.  tomentosa  of  the  Linnean 
herbarium.) 

*  Leaves  deciduous,  narrow  and  unnotched  at  base,  somewhat  wedge- 

shaped,  notched  at  end,  and  sometimes  somewhat  3-lobed  at  tip. 
(F.) 
F.    Tall  shrubs  or  small  trees  occasionally  30  feet  high  with  many- 
flowered  clusters.     (G.) 
G.    Leaves  wedge-shaped,  usually  thick,  dark  green  and  shining 
above   (1-4   inches  long);    fruit  globose   (i    inch  long)  with 
greenish  dry  and  mealy  flesh  and  usually  2  stones,  ripening  in 
Oct.  and  lasting  through  the  winter;   stamens  10  with  rose- 
colored  anthers.     Cockspur  Thorn  —  Crataegus  Crus-galli. 
G.   Leaves  obovate,   sometimes  slightly  lobed  beyond  the  middle, 
2-3  inches  long  ;  fruit  red  or  yellow  with  white  dots,  oblong 
(I  inch),  on  stout,  drooping  stems,  ripening  and  falling  in  Oct.; 
stamens  20  with   rose-colored,  or   yellow,    anthers.       Large- 
fruited  Thorn  (266)  —  Cratsegus  punctMa. 
G.    Leaves  spatulate  or  oblanceolate,  often  3-lobed   at  the   end, 
1-2  inches  long;  fruit  globose,  small,  i  inch,  ripening  in  Oct.; 
stamens  20  with  rose-colored  anthers.     Small-fruited  Thorn 
—  Cratsegus  spathul^ta. 
F.    Small  shrub  3-10  feet  high  ;  flowers  usually  solitary,  i  inch  broad  ; 
leaves  f-lf  inches  long  ;  thorns  numerous,  J-2  inches  long  ;  fruit 
globose,  yellow,  i  inch.     One-flowered  Thorn  —  Cratsegus  uni- 
flora  (C.  tomentosa  of  the  Linnean  description), 

*  Leaves  evergreen,  small,  |-1|  inches  long,  narrow   with   crenulated 

edges  ;  flowers  white,  small,  in  clusters,  stamens  about  20  with  yel- 
low anthers ;  fruit  small,  \  inch,  bright  red  (rarely  yellow  or 
white),  remaining  on  through  the  winter;  twigs  ending  in  many 
sharp  thorns.  Usually  small  shrubs  rarely  10  feet  high  ;  hardy  to 
Massachusetts  if  snmewliat  protected,  genus  Pyracantha,  often 
called  Crataegus.  (H.) 
H.  Young  twigs  grayiSh-pubescent ;  leaves  lanceolate,  |-1  f  inches 
long  ;   fruit  bright  red,  orange,  or  white.      Evergreen    Thorn 


170 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


(267)  or  Fire    Thorn  —  Cotoneaster  Pyracantha   (Pyracantha 
coccfnea). 
H.    Young  twigs  rusty -pubescent ;  leaves  somewhat  longer,  narrower 
and    more    glossy;     fruit    orange-red.       Pyracantha    crenulata 
(Crataegus  crenulata). 


Fig.  2G8.  — Small-leaved  Cotoueaster.      Fig.  2G9.  — Evergreen  Cotoneaster, 


Fig.  270. —Round-leaved  Cotoneaster.     Fig.  271.  — Common  Cotoneaster. 


Cotoneaster.  The  Cotoxeasters  are  low  shrubs  with  alternate  small 
entire-edged  thick  leaves  usually  white-hairy  below.  The  flowers,  usually 
clustered,  are  small,  five-petalled,  white  or  flesh-colored,  in  spring,  sta- 


COTONEASTER 


177 


mens  about  20.      The  fruit  is  a  red  or  reddish  drupe-like  berry  with 

2  to  5  stones,  remaining  on   through  the  winter.     These  are  excellent 

plants  for  dry  sunny  places.     Most 

of  the  species  are  hardy  as  far  north 

as  New  York  and  all  have  decorative 

value   in   their   fruit   if   not    their 

flowers. 

[Seeds  ;   twig  cuttings  for  ever- 
green species.] 


Fig.  272.  —  Woolly  Cotoneaster. 


Fig.  273.  —  Chinese  Cotoueaster 


Fig.  274.  — Cotoneaster. 


apgar's  shrubs — 12 


178  DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


KEY   TO   THE   SPECIES   OF   COTONEASTER 

*  Low  prostrate  plants  with  small  leaves,  ^-|  inch  long,  evergreen  oi 

nearly  so ;    pink  or  white  flowers  in  clusters  of  1-3  and  bright  red 
berries.     Excellent  for  rockeries.     (A. ) 
A.    Leaves  round-oval,   pointed,  i-|  inch  long  ;    flowers  pink  with 

erect  petals,  in   June ;   fruit    oblong,  bright    red.      ruosTitATK 

CoToxEASTER  —  Cotoueaster  horizont^is. 
A.    Leaves  wedge-shaped,  shining  above    and  densely  hairy  below; 

flowers  (i-^  inch  long)  white  with  spreading  petals,  May,  June. 

Small-leaved  Cotoneaster  (208)  — Cotoneaster  microphylla. 
A.    Similar  to  the  last  but  with  rather  dull  oval  leaves  i-|  inch  long. 

Box-LEAVED  Cotoneaster  —  Cotoneaster  buxifolia. 
A.    Similar  to  the  last  but  of  more  upright  growth ;   leaves  more 

rounded,  hairy  below  ;  the  bright  red  fruit  remaining  on  through 

the    winter.       Evergreen    Cotoneaster    (269)  —  Cotoneaster 

rotundif51ia. 

A.  Leaves  roundish  to  obovate,  |-f  inch  long,  grayish  or  whitish 
beneath,  smooth  above  ;  flowers  white  in  3-6-flowered  clusters 
with  spreading  petals.  May,  June.  Round-leaved  Cotoneaster 
(270)  —  Cotoneaster  nummulkria  orbicularis. 

*  More  or  less  erect  shrubs  reaching  the  height  of  4  or  6  feet.      (B. ) 

B.  Leaves  white-hairy  beneath  ;  flowers  with  erect  petals ;  fruit 
red.     (C.) 

C.  Flowers  pale-pinkish  in  small  nodding  clusters,  May,  June ; 
leaves  smooth,  dark  green  above,  thick,  oval  (|-2  inches  long)  ; 
fruit  globular,  bright  red.  Common  Cotoneaster  (271)  — 
Cotoneaster  vulgciris. 

C.  Flowers  3-12  in  cluster,  white,  June ;  leaves  dull  green  above 
(1-2|  inches  long),  oval,  blunt ;  fruit  bright  brick-red.  Woolly 
Cotoneaster  (272)  —  Cotoneaster  tomentosa. 

B.  Leaves  green  both  sides  ;  flowers  with  spreading  white  or  pinkish 
petals  in  2-5-flowered  clusters;     (D.) 

D.  Leaves  small  —  ^-I  inch,  roundish,  pointed,  nearly  evergreen; 
fruit  bright  red.  Simond's  Cotoneaster  —  Cotoneaster 
Simonsi. 

D.   Leaves  larger  — 1|-3  inches  long;  flowers  nodding;  fruit  deep 

red,  oblong.      Pointed-leaved    Cotoneaster  —  Cotoneaster 

acuminata, 

B.    Leaves  whitish  beneath  (^-H   inches  long),  deciduous;  flowers 

with  spreading  petals  in   erect  many-flowered  (3-20)   clusters; 

fruit  red.     (E.) 


PHOTINIA 


179 


E.    3-12-flowered  clusters  with  short  hairy  steins  ;  branches  erect 
or  spreading,  sometimes  prostrate.     Round-leaved  Cotoneas- 
TER  —  Cotoneaster  nummularia. 
E.   Flowers   in  large  6-20-flowered  clusters  with  smooth  stems, 
May.     Fine  in  flower  but  not  free-fruiting.     Chinese  Coto- 
neaster (273)  —  Cotoneaster  multifl6ra. 
*  Large  shrub  to  20  feet,  not  hardy  North.    The  largest  and  possibly  the 
most  beautiful  species  for  both  flowers  and  fruit.     Flower-clusters 
very  large,  April,  May ;  fruit  scarlet ;  leaves  oblong,  acute  at  both 
ends,   nearly  evergreen  (2-5  inches  long),   smooth   above,   hairy 
beneath  when  young.     Cotoneaster  (274)  —  Cotoneaster  frigida. 


Fig.  275.  — Panicled  Photinia. 


Fig.  276.  — Toyon. 


Photinia.  The  Photinias  are  tall  shrubs  or  small  trees  from  China 
and  Japan  with  simple  alternate  usually  notched  leaves  and  small  white 
flowers  in  large  white  clusters,  in  summer.  The  small  but  very  decorative 
red  fruit  remain  on  the  plants  through  much  of  the  winter.  The  flowers 
and  fruit  are  in  rounded  clusters,  corymbs  or  panicles,  1^  to  6  inches 
broad.  The  flowers  have  5  rounded  petals  and  10  to  20  stamens.  The 
pome-like  fruit  is  small,  \  inch,  one-  or  two-seeded  with  a  hollowed  or 
dented  end.     The  evergreen  species  are  hardy  only  South,  but  the  decidu- 


180  Dp:sc'inrTi()\s  of  thp:  shrubs 

OIKS  one  can  be  groNvn  north  to  Massachusetts.     The  fruits  retain  their 
color  until  midwinter  and  are  not  eaten  by  the  birds. 

[Seeds;  twig  cuttings  ;  layers.] 

KEY  TO   THE    SPECIES   OF   PHOTINIA 

*  Leaves  deciduous  ;  flowers  in  corymbs  l|-3  inches  broad;  hardy  to 

Ma.ssachusetts.  Upright  shrub  to  15  feet  with  slender  branches  ; 
leaves  short-stemmed,  broadening  towards  the  tip,  acute-pointed, 
sharply  serrate,  dark  green  and  smooth  above  (1^-3  inches  long)  ; 
flowers  white  in  clusters  terminating  short  side-branches,  June  ; 
pomes  ^  inch  long,  bright  scarlet  on  warty  stems.  Corymbed 
PuoTiNiA  — Photinia  villosa. 

*  Leaves   evergreen,   smooth;    flowers   in   large   panicles,    May-July; 

fruit  bright  red  ;  hardy  south.     (A.) 

A.  Shrub  to  20  feet;  leaves  dark  shining  above,  yellowish  green 
below,  5-7  inches  long,  finely  serrate  ;  flower-  and  fruit-clusters 
0  inches  broad,  fruit  I  inch,  red,  stamens  20  ;  hardy  with  protec- 
tion to  Washington.  Paxicled  Photixia  (275) — Photinia 
serrulata, 

A.  Shrub  to  8  feet ;  leaves  tapering  at  base,  broadening  near  tip, 
finely  serrate,  .2-4  inches  long  ;  flower-  and  frtiit-clusters  2-4 
inches  broad,  stamens  20.     Smooth  Photinia  —  Photinia  glabra. 

A.  Shrub  or  small  tree  to  20  feet ;  leaves  broadening  towards  base, 
acute  at  both  ends,  sharply  serrate,  shining  above  (2-4  inches 
long)  ;  flower- and  fruit-clusters  broad,  2-5  inches;  stamens  10; 
pomes  bright  red,  i  inch.  Christmas  Beurv  or  Toyon  (270)  — 
Photinia  (Heterom^les)  arbutifolia. 

Amelanchier.  The  Juxeberries,  Shad  Bushes,  or  Service-berries 
are  shrubs  or  small  trees  with  early  flowers  having  5  usually  long  and  nar- 
row petals  and  many  stamens.  The  small  purple  edible  pomes  are  ripe  in 
June  and  July.  There  are  several  varieties  or  species  which  are  desirable 
shrubs,  though  infrequent  in  cultivation.  The  dwarf  species  furnish  very 
good  small  sweet  summer  fruits  with  about  10  seeds.  Until  recent  years 
about  all  the  forms  have  been  considered  as  varieties  of  one  species,  but 
now  that  the  modern  worker  has  taken  hold  of  the  matter  no  one  can 
predict  what  the  result  will  be.  The  early  bloom,  when  the  leaves  are 
just  appearing,  with  the  elongated  petals  and  the  early  ripening  of  the 
several-seeded  sweet  berry,  will  enable  one  to  recognise  the  genus.  The 
leaves  are  simple,  alternate,  feather-veined  and  with  usually  notched 
edges.  The  most  easily  recognized  differences  between  the  named  species 
will  be  found  in  the  foliage.  [Seeds  ;  suckers.] 


AMELA\X'HIER 


ISI 


Fig.  277.  — Sliad  Bush. 


Fig.  278.  —  Alder-leaved 
Service-berry. 


Fig.   17l».  — Low  Juneberry. 


Fig.  280.  — Oblonjr-fruited 
Juueberry. 


182  DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


KEY   TO   THE   SPECIES   OE   AMELANCHIER 

*  Tall-growing  more  or  less  tree-like  forms.     (A. ) 

A.  Upright  round-headed  tree  25-40  feet ;  leaves  ovate  with  rounded 
or  notched  base  (3-4  inches  long),  serrated  edge,  dark  and  dull 
green  above  ;  fruit  ^-^  inch,  red  to  purple  with  a  bloom.  Shad 
Bush  or  Skrvice-berry  (277)  — Amelanchier  canadensis. 

A.  Shrub  or  small  tree,  though  sometimes  reaching  the  height  of 
30  feet ;  leaves  oval-oblong  pointed  at  tip,  rounded  and  sometimes 
notclied  at  base,  densely  white-woolly  beneath  when  young  and 
somewhat  so  even  in  age ;  flower-clusters  short  and  many- 
flowered,  petals  ^  inch  long;  fruit  globular  (|^  inch).  Shad 
Bush  or  Common  Dwarf  or  Northwestern  Juneberry  — 
Amelanchier  canadensis  Botry^pium  (A.  Botryapium). 

A.  Shrub  or  tree  12  feet  with  broad  blunt  coarsely  notched  thick 
leaves  (1-1  ^  inches  broad  and  long)  ;  fruit  large — sometimes 
nearly  1  inch,  dark  blue  to  black.  Alder-leaved  Service- 
berry  (278) — Amelanchier  alnifolia. 

*  More  shrubby  growths  (oligocarpa,  the  tallest,  less  than  10  feet).    (B.) 

B.  Low  straggling  bush  with  rounded  coarsely  notched  leaves  (1-3 
inches  long);    petals  |  inch  long.     Round-leaved  Juneberkv 

—  Amelanchier  spicata  (A.  rotundifolia). 

B.  Low,  3-3  feet  high  ;  leaves  |-1|  inches  long  usually  rounded  at 
both  ends,  serrate  ;  petals  short  and  only  about  ^  inch  long. 
Low  Juneberry  (279)  — Amelanchier  spicata. 

B.  Shrub  2-9  feet  high  with  nearly  solitary  flowers  (1  to  4)  ;  leaves 
narrow  —  about  3  times  as  long  as  broad,  sharply  serrate  ;  fruit 
pear-shaped  (i  inch  long).     Oblong-fruited  Juneberry  (280) 

—  Amelanchier  oligocarpa. 

Pyrus.  The  Pears  —  Pyrus,  Apples  —  Malus,  Quinces  —  Cyd6nia, 
Mountain  Ashes  —  S6rbus,  Chokeberries — Ar5nia,  and  Medi.aks 
—  M^spilus  —  are  often  united  into  the  one  generic  group  Pj'rus  and  for 
our  purpose  are  placed  in  one  key.  Most  of  the  species  are  cultivated  for 
their  useful  fruits  and  are  trees  in  form  and  size  and  so  not  properly  in- 
cluded here.     A  few  are  always  shrubby  and  some  are  very  o  -namental. 

The  most  extensively  cultivated  species  is  Japan  or  Flowering  Quince 
(281)  —  Pyrus  jap6nica,  —  a  thorny  shrub  with  large  red,  scarlet,  or 
white  flowers  in  early  spring,  about  the  time  the  leaves  expand.  The  large 
not^t^ery  edible  quince-like  fruit  is  ripe  in  the  fall.  The  leaves  are  alter- 
nate, simple,  notched,  and  have  at  their  bases  conspicuous  stipules.  The 
flowers,   if  single,  have  5  nearly  orbicular  petals  and  usually  grow  in 


PYRUS 


183 


Fig.  281. — Japan  Quince. 


Fig.  282.  —  Red  Chokeberi.) . 


Fig.  283. —  Chinese  Quiiu 


Fig.  284.  —  Medlar. 


184 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    Til  10    SliUUBS 


clusters  of  2  to  3.  There  are  a  dozen  or  more  varieties  in  cultivation  dif- 
fering in  color  or  doubling  of  the  flowers  and  in  the  spreading  or  upright 
character  of  the  shrub.  The  plant  is  a  fine  one  for  hedges  or  the  shrub- 
bery ;  height  about  5  feet.  The  usual  name  in  catalogues  is  Cydonia 
japonica. 


Fig.  285.  — Dwarf  Flovs^ering 
Quince. 


Fig.  280. 


Narrowrleaved  Crab 
Apple. 


Common  or  Red  Ciiokeberry  (282)  —  Pyrus  arbutifolia — is  an  up- 
right or  spreading  shrub  (2-12  feet)  with  alternate  simple  serrate  leaves 
(l|-3  inches  long)  ;  the  white  or  pinkish-tinted  flowers  are  |  inch  wide 
in  broad  clusters,  1  to  2  inches  wide,  March  to  May.  These  clusters  of 
flowers,  as  well  as  the  under  sides  of  the  leaves,  are  very  grayish-hairy. 
The  nearly  globular  pomes  are  red,  about  |  inch  across,  ripe  in  August 
and  remain  on  till  late  fall  or  early  winter.  There  is  a  closely  related 
species  with  smoother  leaves  and  black  fruit  which  soon  falls.  Black 
Chokeberry  — Pyrus  nigra,  —  also  one  with  purple  fruit,  Pcrple  Choke- 
HERRY  —  Pyrus  atropurpurea.  [Seeds.] 

KEY  TO  THE  SHKUBBY  AND  MOKE  ORNAMENTAL 
SPECIES  OF  PYRUS 

Species  with  simple  leaves,  including  Mains,  Cydonia,  Aronia,  and  Mes- 
pilus.     For  the  pinnate-leaved  Mountain  Ashes  —  Sorbus,  see  p.  186. 


KEY    TO    THE    PYRUS  185 

*  Fruit  large,  1-6  inches,  yellow  or  greenish  yellow;   very  aromatic, 

with  5  many-seeded  cells.     Quinces — Cydonia.     (A.) 
A.   Stipules  small ;  shrubs  or  small  trees  to  15  feet ;  cultivated  for 
fruit.     (B.) 
B.    Leaves  entire-edged  ;  flowers  white   or   light   pink  (2   inches 

broad)  ;    fruit    light    yellow    (2-4    inches    broad).     Common 

QuiNCK  —  Pyrus  vulgaris. 
B,    Leaves  finely  serrate ;  flowers  light  pink  ;  fruit  dark  yellow, 

oblong    (4-6  inches  long).     Hardy  to  Philadelphia  and  highly 

ornamental.       Chinese    Quince     (283)  —  Pyrus    (Cydonia) 

sinensis. 

B.  Leaves  finely  serrate ;  flowers  about  single,  large,  white  ; 
fruit  when  ripe  (after  frost)  brown,  round  (1|  inches 
broad),  and  with  the  top -of  the  ovaries  exposed.  Hardy  to 
central  New  York.  Medlar  (284)  —  Pyrus  (Mespilus)  ger- 
manica. 

A.  Stipules  large;  spiny  shrubs  under  6  feet  high,  cultivated  for 
ornament ;  flowers  in  leafless  clusters,  March,  April.  Hardy 
north.     (C.) 

C.  Slirub  3-6  feet;  flowers  white,  pink,  scarlet,  orange,  etc., 
sometimes  double.  Japan  or  Flowering  Quince  (281)  — 
Pyrus  (Cydonia)  japonica. 

C.  Shrub  1-3  feet ;  flowers  orange-scarlet;  foliage  sometimes 
variegated  with  pink  and  white.  Dwarf  Flowering  Quince 
(285)  —  Pyrus  (Cydonia)  Maulei. 

*  Fruit  ^,-1  inch,  usually  very  sour,  red  or  red-cheeked,  the  cells  of  the 

fruit  few-seeded.     Crab  Apples— -Malus.     (D.) 
D.    Leaves  serrate  but  not  lobed  at  end.    Japan  species.     (E.) 

E.  Flowers  rose-colored  in  few-flowered  clusters  ;  spreading  bush 
or  small  tree.     Ringo  Crab  —  Pyrus  Ringo. 

E.  Flowers  red  in  many-flowered  clusters  on  red  stems  ;  fruit 
remaining  through  the  winter.     Kaido  Crab  —  Pyrus  K^ido. 

D.  Leaves  coarsely  serrate  and  often  lobed  at  end.  American 
species  ;  usually  trees,     (F.) 

F.  Flowers  white  (1  inch  wide)  blooming  when  leaves  are  grown. 
Oregon  Crab  Apple  —  Pyrus  fiisca. 

F.    Flowers  rosy-red,  fragrant,  blooming  with  the  leaves.     (G.) 
G.   Leaves  broad,    often    lobed.      AVild    or    American    Crab 

Apple  — Pyrus  coron^ria. 
G.    Leaves    narrow,    thick    and   not    lobed.     Narrow-leaved 

Crab  Apple  (286)  — Pyrus  angustifolia. 

*  Fruit  small,  size  of  peas,  on  long  stems  in  umbels.     Cherry  Crab 

Apples  from  Asia  —  Malus.     (H.) 


186  DESCRIPTIONS    OF   THE    SHRUBS 

H.    Flowers  small,  -white   or  pinkish ;  leaves  very   variable,   often 

lobed  ;  low  bush  to  30  feet.     Dwarf  Ckab  —  Pyriis  Ton'ngo. 
H.    Flowers   rosy-red    appearing    with    the   leaves   in   large   showy 
clusters  ;  fruit  red,  not  persisting  till  winter,  seeds  not  especially 
large;    plant   often   thorny.     Flowkuing   Ckab  —  Pyrus  flori- 
hunda. 
H.    Similar  to  the  last  but  with  large  seeds  ;  flowers  often  double. 
1'arkman's  Crab  —  Pyrus  Halliana. 
*  Flowers   and   small  fruit   in    terminal    compound    clusters,  cymes ; 
shrubs  to  12  feet.     Chokeberries  —  Aronia.     (I.) 
I.   Lower    side    of    leaves    and  flower-clusters   woolly  ;    fruit  red, 
remaining    through    the    winter.       Red    Chokebkrrv   (282)  — 
Pyr-us  arbutifolia. 
I.   Leaves  and  flower-clusters  nearly   smooth ;   fruit  black,  ripe  in 
Sept.  and  soon  falling.    Black  Chokeberry  —  Pyrus  melanocarpa 
(P.  nigra). 
I.    Like   the   last,    but  with  purple  fruit.     Purple  Chokeberry  — 
Pyrus  atropurpurea. 

S6rbus.  Shrubs  with  compound  leaves  (the  first  species  has  fully 
separated  blades  only  at  base)  and  terminal  clusters  of  small  red  fruit. 
The  Mountain  Ashes  are  generally  tree-like  in  form  and  size,  some 
reaching  the  height  of  40  or  50  ft.  [Seeds.] 


KEY  TO  THE  MORE  SHRUBBY  MOUNTAIN  ASHES 

*  Leaves  compound  only  at  base  with  tips  deeply  notched  ;  shrub  or 
small  tree  to   15  feet.     A  hybrid  form   sold  under  many  names. 
Pyrus  (Sorbus)  spuria. 
*•  Leaves  fully  pinnate.     (A.) 
A.   Leaves  with  7-15  sharply  serrate  but  rather  blunt  blades  dark 
green  above,  pale  beneath,  1^-3  inches  long;  winter  buds  gluti- 
nous and  almost  free  from  hairs.     Western  Mountain  Ash  — 
Pyrus  sitch^nsis  (P.  (Sorbus)  sambucifolia) . 
A.   Leaves  with   11-15   long-pointed   blades   about  2   inches  long; 
winter  buds  with  long  white  hairs  ;  branchlets  red,  glossy  and 
smooth.    Pyrus  (Sorbus)  thianschanica. 

Calycdnthus  (or  Butn^ria).  The  Sweet-scented  Shrubs  or  Caro- 
lina Allspices  are  popular  shrubs  much  cultivated  for  their  sweet- 
scented  purple  or  reddish  brown  flowers  in  spring  or  early  summer.  The 
leaves  are  large,  entire-margined,  and  opposite.     The  flowers  have  many 


CALYCANTHUS 


187 


Fig.  287.  — Strawberry  Shrub. 


Fig.  288.  —  Glaucous  Sweet-sceuted 
Shrub. 


Fig.  289.  — Westeru  Sweet-scented  Fig.  290.  — Oriental  Sweet-sceuted 

Shrub.  Shrub. 


188  DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 

thick  petal-like  parts  which,  when  bruised,  give  off  a  strong  strawberry- 
like odor.  The  fruit,  not  often  produced,  is  a  large  (1^  to  2h  inches 
long)  nodding  pear-shaped  affair  much  like  a  rose  hip  and  tilled  with 
many  large  shining  brown  seeds.     The  species  differ  but  little. 

Three  species  are  native  to  the  eastern  United  States,  one  to  Califor- 
nia, and  the  others  are  from  eastern  Asia.  The  one  most  frequent  in 
cultivation  is  Carolina  Allspice  or  Strawberry  Shrub  (287)  — Caly- 
canthus  fl6ridus.  This  has  its  leaves  most  densely-hairy  beneath  and 
has  the  most  pleasantly  scented  flowers.  The  tallest  species,  to  12  feet, 
and  the  one  with  the  largest  leaves  is  Western  Sweet  Shrub  —  Caly- 
canthus  occidentalis  —  from  California. 

[Seeds;  layers;  suckers;  divisions.] 


KEY   TO   THE   SPECIES   OF  CALYCANTHUS 

*  Winter  buds  small  and  without  scales  ;  flowers  blooming  after  the 

leaves  expand.     (A.) 
A.    Bushes  3-6  feet  high  ;  flowers  1^-2  inches  broad.     (B.) 
B.    Leaves     densely    pubescent    beneath.       Strawberry    Shrub 

(287)  —  Calycanthus  floridus. 
B.    Leaves  smooth  and  green  beneath.      Carolina  Allspice  — 

Calycanthus  f^rtilis. 
B.    Leaves  whitish  (glaucous)  beneath.    Glaucous  Sweet-scented 
Shrub  (288)  —  Calycanthus  glaucus. 
A.    Bushes  tall,  to  12  feet;  flowers   light  brown,  3  inches  broad; 
leaves    green    beneath,    4-6    inches   long.       Western   Sweet- 
scented  Shrub  (289)  —  Calycanthus  occidentalis. 

*  Winter  buds  larger  and  scaly  ;   flowers  blooming  before  the  leaves 

expand.     (Chimonanthus.)     (C.) 
C.    Outer  flower  parts   yellow,    inner   ones   striped,    flowers  small; 

leaves  thin,  whitish  beneath.     Oriental  Sweet-scented  Shrub 

(290)  — Calycanthus  precox. 
C.    Leaves     thick,    long-pointed,     shining     above.      Thick-leaved 

Sweet  Shrub  —  Calycanthus  nitens. 

Escallbnia.  The  Escallonias  are  evergreen  shrubs  or  trees  with 
scattered  simple  serrated  leaves,  viscid  twigs,  and  strong-scented  regular 
r,-petaled  5-stamened  flowers  in  terminal  clusters,  in  spring  and  summer. 
Fruit  2-3-celled  dry  capsule.  They  are  hardy  only  in  the  Gulf  states, 
though  with  protection  may  be  cultivated  north  to  Washington. 

[Twig  cuttings  ;  layers;  suckers.] 


ESCALLONIA 


189 


Fia.  291.  —  Montevideo  Escallonia. 


Fig.  292.  — Organ  Mountain 
Escallonia. 


<?a^' 


K\  If 


"^"^f 


Fig.  293.  —Red 
Escallonia. 


190 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  OF  ESCALLONIA 

*  Flowers  ^vhite.     (A.) 

A,    Branches    round  ;    leaves    2-4    inches    long,    linear,    minutely 

notched,  short-stemmed  ;  flowers  ^  inch  broad  in  large  clusters. 

MoNTEviDKO  EscALLOxiA  (201)  —  Escallouia  montevidensis. 
A.    Branches  triangular  ;. leaves  broader  than  the  last  and  distinctly 

notched  ;  shrub  hairy  all  over.     Hairy  Escallonia  —  Escallonia 

pulverul^nta. 

A.  Branches  rod-like,  light  brown  ;  leaves  narrow  but  broadest 
towards  tip  and  practically  sessile  ;  flowers  small  in  dense  ter- 
minal clusters.  The  most  hardy  species.  AVaxd-stemmed  Es- 
callonia —  Escallonia  virgata. 

*  Flowers  red  or  pink.      (B.) 

B.  Branches  red  and  angled  ;  leaves  glossy  ;  flowers  pink  in  close 
terminal  clusters ;  shrub  2-5  feet.  Okgax  Mountain  Escal- 
lonia (292)  —  Escallonia  organ^nsis. 

B.  Branches  twiggy  and  grandular-hairy  ;  leaves  small,  broader 
towards  tip  and  sharp-toothed  ;  flowers  long  and  tubular,  bright 
red  in  short  clusters.  Red  Escallonia  (293)  —  Escallonia 
rubra. 


Fig.  204.  —  Slender  Deutziu. 


Fig.  Ii05. — Rough-leaved  Deutzia. 


DEUTZIA 


191 


Deutzia.  The  Beutzias  are  beautiful,  nearly  hardy  Asiatic  shrubs 
in  extensive  cultivation  with  clustered  white  or  pink  flowers  in  spring  and 
summer.  The  opposite  simple  leaves  are  covered  (as  seen  with  a  lens) 
with  star-shaped  hairs.  The  flowers,  when  single,  have  5  thick  petals 
and  10  stamens  with  broad  flat  stalks  ;  they  are  in  clusters  (racemes, 
corymbs,  and  panicles)  at  the  ends  of  the  branches.  The  fruit  is  hemi- 
spheric with  the  calyx  lobes,  if  mot  deciduous,  on  the  broad  end  ;  the 
seeds  are  numerous  in  the  3  to  5  cells.  The  flowers  are  I  to  I  inch 
broad  and  the  seed  pod  |^  to  ^  inch. 


Fig.  296. 


-  Rose-tinted  Double 
Deutzia. 


Fig.  297.  — Lemoiue's  Deutzia. 


The  smallest  species,  Siebold's  Deutzia — Deutzia  Sieboldiana, — 
grows  only  2  feet  high,  with  white  flowers  in  June,  and  is  rare  in  cultiva- 
tion. The  next  in  size,  Slender  Deutzia  (204)  —Deutzia  gracilis, — 
is  about  3  feet  high  with  slender  and  often  arching  branches,  larger  and 
more  abundant  white  flowers  in  May  and  June,  and  is  common  ;  in  this 
the  stamens  are  much  shorter  than  the  erect  petals. 

There  are  several  tall  species,  to  7  feet,  with  rough  leaves  and  sin- 
gle or  double,  white  or  reddish  flowers.  The  most  common  of  these, 
Kougii-leaved  Deutzia  (205)  —  Deutzia  scabra,  —  and  its  many  varieties 
(crenata,  Pride  of  Rochester,  Rose-tinted  Double  Deutzia  (206),  Wa- 
tereri,  etc.)  have  erect  petals,  blooming  June  and  July.  The  other 
species  have  spreading  and,  in  the  bud,  more  or  less  lapping  petals,  the 
flowers  in  broad  flat  clusters,  corymbs:  Several  species  have  yellow  or 
variegated  foliage.  [Twig  cuttings  ;  seeds.] 


192 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


KEY   TO   THE    SPECIES   OF   DEUTZIA 


*  Flowers  in  elongated  clusters  with  the  petals  edge  to  edge,  not  lap- 
ping.    (A.) 

A.    Low  plant,  2  feet,  with  small  light  green  rough  leaves ;  flowers 

in  compound  clusters,  panicles.*    Siebold's  Deutzia  —  Deutzia 

Siebolditina. 
A.    Low  plant,    3   feet,    with   small,    bright    green    rather    smooth 

leaves     and     flowers     in     nearly     simple     clusters,      racemes. 

Slender  Deutzia  or  Bridal  Wreath  (294) — Deutzia  gracilis. 

A.  Tall  plant,  C  feet,  with  dull  green  rough  leaves  (1-3  inches 
long)  ;  flowers  in  compound  clusters,  panicles.  Kodgh-leaved 
Deutzia  (295)  —  Deutzia  sc^bra. 

*  Flowers  in  broad  clusters,  corymbs.     (B.) 

B.  Tall,  7  feet ;  flowers  white  with  the  petals  edge  to  edge  in  the 
bud ;  leaves  dark  green  above,  much  paler  beneath.  Deutzia 
discolor. 

B.  3-4  feet ;  petals  edge  to  edge,  pinkish  outside;  calyx  red.  Pa- 
TUNG  Snow-flower  —  Deutzia  discolor  purpurascens. 


B.    Spreading  shrub  to  3  feet 


Fig.  298.  —  I.arge-flowered 
Hydiaugea. 


flowers  white  with  petals  partially 
lapping  in  the  bud.  Lemoine's 
Deutzia  (297)  —  Deutzia  Le- 
moinei. 
B.  Erect  shrub  to  G  feet ;  flowers  with 
their  petals  decidedly  lapping  at 
their  edges  in  the  bud.  Small- 
flowered  Deutzia  —  Deutzia 
parviflora. 

Hydrangea.  The  most  popular 
shrub  in  cultivation  North  at  the 
opening  of  the  twentieth  century 
was,  probably,  a  variety  of  one  of  the 
25  species  of  Hydrangeas,  Large- 
flowered  Hydrangea  (298)  -^  Hy- 
drangea paniculkta  grandiflora.  The 
Hydrangeas  have  opposite  simple 
serrated  (rarely  lobed)  leaves.  The 
flowers  are  usually  of  two  kinds  in 
large  more  or  less  rounded  clusters, 
small  ones  with  4  or  5  petals  and 
8  or  10  stamens,  producing  small  cap- 


HYDRANCEA 


193 


sules  with  many  seeds,  and  large  ones  with  spreading  petal-like   parts 
having  no  stamens  or  pistils  and  so  producing  no  seeds. 
There  is  another  genus  of  plants 


with  such  snowball-like  clusters  of 
sterile  flowers,  belonging  to  another 
family  of  plants.  This  is  the  genus 
of  Viburnums,  which  also  have  op- 
posite simple  (sometimes  lobed) 
leaves  (seep.  219).  The  Viburnums 
are  the  earlier  bloomers,  all  in 
bloom  by  the  end  of  May,  while 
of  the  Hydrangeas  none  are  in 
bloom  till  late  in  June  and  a  num- 
ber bloom  in  July  and  August. 
The  Viburnums  practically  all  have 
white  flowers  and  produce  drupes 
with  a  large  flat  seed  for  fruit. 
The  Hydrangeas  have  white,  pink,  -^^ 
blue,  and  red  flowers  and  produce  I 
small  pods  with  many  seeds. 

The  last  species  given  in  the  key 
is  Hydrangea  hortdnsis,  from  China 
and  Japan.     This  is  so  frequently 


Fig.  300.  —  Hortensia  Hydrangea. 
apgar's  .shrubs — m 


Fig.  301.— Oak-leaved 
Hydrangea. 


194 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


Fig.  302.  —  Wild  Hydrangea. 


Fig.  303.  —  Heart-leaved  Wild 
Hydrangea. 


Fig.  304.  — Gray  Hydiaugea. 


Fig.  305.  —  Nepal  Hydrangea. 


KEY    TO    THE    HYDRANGEAS  195 

cultivated  as  a  tub  plant  North  and  as  a  hardy  plant  South  that  it  de- 
serves a  paragraph  of  description.  It  has  been  in  cultivation  for  so  many 
centuries  by  those  most  successful  horticulturists  of  eastern  Asia  that 
there  are  hundreds  of  named  varieties.  These  can  be  separated  into 
three  well-marked  groups  and  for  such  a  handbook  as  this  no  more,  of 
practical  value,  can  be  included  :  — 

1.  The  Jap6nica  group  with  broad  flat  clusters  of  mixed  sterile  and 
fertile  flowers  (299). 

2.  The  Hort^nsia  group  with  nearly  globular  clusters  of  almost  all 
sterile  flowers  (300). 

3.  The   Stell^ta  group  with  flowers  having   many  narrow  divisions 
(sepals) .  [Twig  cuttings  ;  layers  ;  suckers  ;  divisions.  ] 


KEY   TO   THE   HYDRANGEAS 

*  Flowers  abundant  in  large  pyramidal  clusters.     (A.) 

A.    Leaves  not  lobed,  large,  2-5  inches  long,  serrate  ;  flower-clusters 

6-12  inches  long,  flowers  whitish,  the  large,  sterile  ones  changing 

to  purplish  (Aug.,  Sept.)  ;  capsule  with  the  calyx  at  about  the 

middle.     (B.) 

B.    About  half  of  the  flowers  sterile,  July-Sept.  ;  shrub  or  tree  to 

30  feet.     Panicled  Hydrangea  —  Hydrangea  paniculata. 
B.    Three  fourths  of  the  flowers  sterile  and  larger.     Abundant- 
flowered  Hydrangea  —  Hydrangea  paniculata  floribunda. 
B.    Nearly  all  the  flowers  sterile  in  extra  large  clusters.     Large- 
flowered  Hydrangea  (298)  —  Hydrangea  paniculata  grandi- 
flora. 
A.    Leaves  3-7-lobed,  large,  4-8  inches  long ;  flowers  pinkish,  June, 
July ;  shrub   with  spreading  branches  to  6  feet.     Oak-leaved 
Hydrangea  (301)  —  Hydrangea  quercifolia. 

*  Flowers  in  broad  flat  or  globular  clusters.     (C.) 

C.    Styles  of  the  pistil  usually  2  ;  capsule  with  the  calyx  at  the  tip.   (D. ) 

D.    Flower-clusters   wrapped,    before   expanding,   with  6-8   large 

deciduous  bracts  ;  low  shrub  to  5  feet.     Hydrangea  involucrata. 

D.   No  such  bracts  ;  erect  shrubs  4-10  feet ;  leaves  3-6  inches  long 

on  long  stalks.     (E.) 

E.   Leaves  nearly  smooth  on  both  sides,  ovate  to  cordate.     (F.) 

F.    Very  few  enlarged   sterile   flowers.       Wild    Hydrangea 

(302)  —  Hydrangea  arbor^scens. 
F.    About    all    the   flowers  sterile.      Hills   of   Snow  —  Hy- 
drangea arbor^scens  st^rilis. 
F.    Leaves  especially  broad  and  heart-shaped.     Heart-leaved 


196 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THH    SHRUBS 


"Wild    Hydrangea   (303)  —  Hydrangea   arbor^scens    cor- 
dkta. 
E.    Leaves  densely  whitish-hairy  beneath  ;  sterile  flowers  abun- 
dant   at   edge    of  cluster.      Gray   Hydrangea  (304) — Hy- 
drangea radiata. 
Styles  of  the  pistil  usually  3  ;  capsule  with  the  calyx  near  the 
middle ;    leaves  coarsely  serrate ;    flowers  more   or  less  sterile 
(June,  July). 

r.  Leaves  densely  pubescent  beneath,  4-8  inches  long ;  leaf 
stem  deeply  grooved  and  margined.  Nepal  Hydrangea 
(305)  —  Hydrangea  vestita. 
r.  Leaves  less  pubescent  and  smaller,  3-5  inches  long  ;  leaf  stem 
not  margined  ;  flower-cluster  smaller  but  denser  ;  hardy  North. 
Bretsciixeider's  Hydrangea  —  Hydrangea  Br^tschneideri. 
r.  Leaves  large,  5-8  inches,  almost  smooth  ;  flower-clusters 
large ;  flowers  white,  pink  or  bluish,  few  or  all  sterile  ;  not  fully 
hardy  north  of  Washington  ;  cultivated  in  hundreds  of  varieties 
South  and  as  tub  plants  North.  Comjion  Hydrangea  (299) 
(300)  —  Hydrangea  hortensis. 


Philad6Iphus.  The  Syringas  or  Mock  Oranges  are  among  the  most 
popular  of  ornamental  shrubs.  They  can  be  known  by  the  opposite  sim- 
ple   deciduous .  leaves    and   the  large,  1  to  2  inches,  white   or   creamy 


Fig.  30(3. —  Golden  Syringa. 


Fig.  307.  —  Falconer's  Syringa. 


PHILADELPHUS 


197 


broadly  spreading,  4-petaled  flowers, 
in  clusters.  These  flowers  are,  gen- 
erally, very  sweet-scented,  June 
and  July,  and  have  many  stamens. 
The  leaves  are  usually  3-ribbed  from 
the  base  w^ith  margins  generally 
notched  and  sometimes  somewhat 


Fig.  308.— Large-flowered  Syringa. 


Fig.  309.  —Hairy  Syringa. 


Fig.  310.  — Broad-leaved  Syriuga. 


Fig.  311.  —  Gordon's  Syringa. 


198  DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 

lobed.  The  fruit  is  a  dry  liemispheric  capsule  above  a  4-lobed  broadly 
spreading  calyx  ;  this,  when  ripe,  splits  into  4  valves  and  has  many  seeds. 
The  number  of  species  (80)  and  especially  the  increasing  number  of  hy- 
brids render  the  forms  difficult  to  distinguish.  About  all  of  the  species 
are  fully  hardy  North.  It  is  unfortunate  that  the  name  Syringa  was  given 
by  Linnaeus  to  the  lilacs.  This  has  led  to  confusion  between  botanists 
and  the  people  for  150  years.  The  public  still  use  the  name  Syringa  for 
these  white-flowered  shrubs. 

The  smallest  species,  3  feet,  Small-leaved  Syringa,  Philadelphus 
microphyllus,  has  entire-edged  leaves  (|-1  inch  long)  and  deliciously 
fragrant  flowers  (1  inch)  in  clusters  of  1  to  3.  The  commonest  species. 
Mock  Orange  or  Svringa  —  Philadelphus  coron^rius  —  grows  to  the 
height  of  10  feet  with  upright  branches  having  clusters  of  5  to  9  creamy- 
white  very  fragrant  flowers.  The  most  showy  of  all,  Lemoine's  Syrin- 
ga —  Philadelphus  Lem6inei,  —  is  a  hybrid  with  abundant  sweet-scented 
pure  white  flowers  ;  the  tips  of  the  branches  are  arching. 

[Twig  cuttings  ;  layers  ;  seeds.] 


KEY   TO   THE   SPECIES  OF   MOCK   OEANGES 

*  Bark  of  old  branches  peeling  off  in  thin  brown  flakes.     (A.) 

A.  Flowers  creamy-white,  very  sweet-scented,  in  large  5-9-flowered 
dense  clusters ;  leaves  denticulate,  usually  pointed  at  both  ends, 
slightly  hairy  below  (2-4  inches  long).  Mock  Orange  or 
Syringa  —  Philadelphus  coron^rius.  This  includes  varieties  with 
yellow  foliage,  Golden  Syringa  (306)  —  aureus ;  white-edged 
foliage — arg^nteo-marginMa  ;  narrow  leaves  —  salicif61ia  ;  dwarf 
form  —  n^nus  ;  and  several  double-flowered  forms. 

A.  Flowers  pure  white,  slightly  fragrant,  1 1  inches  broad,  usually  5  in 
cluster,  style  longer  than  stamens ;  spreading,  with  branches 
arching;  a  hybrid.     Zeyher's  Syringa  —  Philadelphus  Z^yheri. 

A.  Flowers  as  in  the  last,  but  with  the  petals  oblong,  acute  ;  leaves 
longer  and  more  pointed.  Falconer's  Syringa  (307) — Phila- 
delphus Falconeri. 

A.  Flowers  small,  yellowish-white,  very  fragrant,  3-7  in  cluster 
completely  covering  the  plant ;  leaves  ^-2|  inches  long ;  a  hy- 
brid with  several  varieties.  Lemoine's  Syringa  —  Philadelphus 
Lem6inei. 

A.  Flowers  large  on  leafy  branchlets  with  few,  1-3,  rarely  5 
together,  slight  but  delightful  fragrance,  calyx  lobes  twice  as  long 
as  tube.  Large  shrub  with  recurved  branches.  Large-flovvkred 
Syringa  (308)  —  Philadelphus  grandiflorus. 


KEY    TO    THE    SPECIES    OF    MOCK    ORANGES 


190 


A.    Flowers  as  in  the  last  but  a  little  smaller,  scentless  ;  calyx  lobes 

only  as  long  as   tube.     A   vigorous   shrub   of   drooping  habit. 

Odorless  Syringa  —  Philadelphus  inodorus. 
A.    Flowers   on   short  branchlets   with    1-3  creamy-white   flowers  ; 

leaves  hairy  beneath,  l-2i  inches  long.     Hairv  Syringa  (309)  — 

Philadelphus  hirsutus. 

A.  Flowers  nearly  solitary,  1  inch  broad,  very  fragrant ;  leaves  entire 
(|-1  inch  long).  Small-leaved  Syringa  —  Philadelphus  mi- 
crophyllus. 

*  Bark  of  old  branches  not  peeling  off ;  flowers  in  simple  racemes.     (B.) 

B.  Calyx  hairy  outside  ;  bark  gray  ;  tall,  to  20  feet ;  racemes  5-11- 
flowered,  flowers  1^-2  inches  broad,  creamy-white,  about  scent- 
less.    Broad-leaved  Sy'ringa  (310)  —  Philadelphus  pubescens. 

B.    Calyx  smooth  outside  ;   bark  brown  or  grayish  brown ;   flowers 
5-t)  in  clusters.     (C.) 
C.    Flowers  pure  white,  scentless  (l^- If  inches  broad) .     Gordon's 

Syringa  (311)  — Philadelphus  Gordonianus. 
C.   Flowers  smaller,  about  1  inch,  scentless ;  bark  with  numerous 

horizontal  cracks.     Lewis'  Syringa  —  Philadelphus  Lewisi. 
C.    Flowers  1  inch,  slightly  fragrant ;  bark  with  whitish  longitudhial 
cracks.     Satsuma  Syringa  —  Philadelphus  satsunii. 


Fig.  312.  —  Itea. 


Fig.  313.  — Golden  Currant. 


200 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


Fig.  314.  — AVild  Blackcurrant.  Fig.  315.  — Red-flowered  Currant. 


Fig.  .".IG.  — Garden  Gooseberry.        Fig.  317.  Eastern  Wild  Gooseberry. 


KEY  TO  THE  GOOSEBERRIES  AND  CURRANTS 


201 


Itea  virginica.  Itea  (312)  or  Virgixian  'Willow'  is  a  shrub  (2-4 
feet  high)  of  upright  slender,  growth  with  willow-like  minutely  serrate 
alternate  leaves  and  slender  terminal  clusters  of  small,  white,  fragrant 
flowers,  in  June  and  July.  The  fruit  is  a  slender  two-grooved  capsule, 
witli  many  seeds.  Its  flowers  in  summer  and  its  brilliant  red  foliage  in 
autumn    render   this 

rather     coarse     wikl  ^-rvP  \  i- 

plant  worthy  of  cul- 
tivation. 

[Seeds  ;  twig  cut- 
tings ;    divisions.] 

Ribes.  The  Goose- 
BEKRiEs  and  Cur- 
rants are  popular 
shrubs  generally  cul- 
tivated for  their  use- 
ful small  fruits,  but 
the  beautiful  lobed 
leaves,  bright  flowers,  and  colored  berries  of  some  of  the  species  render 
them  worthy  of  cultivation  in  the  shrubbery. 

The  alternate  (often  clustered)  lobed  simple  leaves  and  the  globular 
(prickly,  hairy,  or  smooth)  fleshy  berries  tipped  with  the  remains  of  the 
calyx  characterize  the  group.  The  genus  is  easily  separated  into  the 
prickly-stemmed  gooseberries  and  the  smooth-stemmed  currants. 

[Twig  cuttings  ;  layers  ;  seeds.  J 


Lobb's  Gooseberry. 


KEY   TO   THE   ORNAMENTAL   GOOSEBERRIES   AKD 
CURRANTS 


*  Stems  thorny  or  prickly,   often   with   both  thorns  and   prickles  — 
gooseberries.     (A. ) 
A.    Thorns  usually  in  3's.     (B.) 

B.    Flowers  showy,  drooping,  with  the  stamens  long,  exserted.    (C. ) 

C.    Flowers   bright  red,    4-parted  ;    calyx   not  reflexed ;    berry 

small,  prickly,  dry,  few-seeded  ;  leaves  thick,  shining,  nearly 

evergreen.     The  most  beautiful  of  the  genus,  but  not  hardy 

North.    FucnsiA-FLOWERED  Gooseberry  —  Ribes  speciosum. 

C.    Flowers  purple  and  white,  5-parted  ;  calyx  reflexed  ;  berry 

(I  inch)  very  glandular-hairy  ;  leaves  small,  rarely  1  inch 

wide.     Lohh's  Gooseberry  (318)  —  Ribes  Lobbii. 

B.    Flowers  not  showy,  short,  with  calyx  reflexed  and  stamens  but 


202  DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 

slightly  exserted  ;   fruil  laruc,  to  1  inch,  green,  yellowish,  or 
red ;    cultivated   for  the  edible   fruit.     Garden  or  Eukopean 
GoosEisERHY  (310)  —  Kibes  Grossuiriria. 
A.    Thorns  usually  single  and  short  ;  flowers  1-3  in  cluster,  greenish 
or  purplish  ;  berry  small,  ^  inch,  smooth,  reddish  purple,  edible  ; 
leaves  usually  tapering  at  base.      Eastern  Wild  Gooseberry 
or  Round-leaved  Gooseberry  (317)  —  Ribes  rotundif61ium. 
*  Stems  without  prickles  ;  flowers  and  fruit  usually  in  hanging  clusters. 
Currants.     (D.) 
D.    Leaves  with  waxy  beads  or  drops  on  the  lower  surface,  at  least 
when  young  ;  fruit  usually  dark  brown  to  black  (rarely  red).   (E.) 
E.    Flowers  golden-yellow  and  spicy-scented,  in  short,  few-flowered 
clusters,     with    large    leaf-like    bracts ;     fruit    dark    brown. 
Golden  or  Buffalo  Currant  (313)  —  Ribes  aureum. 
E.   Flowers  greenish  white,  in    5-10-flowered   drooping  racemes, 
ovary  pubescent;  fruit  black,  mawkish  ;  stems  upright.     Gar- 
den or  European  Black  Currant  — Ribes  nigrum. 

E.  Similar  to  the  last,  but  more  spreading  and  the  stems  some- 
what angular;  ovary  smooth.  Wild  Black  Currant  (314)  — 
Ribes  fl6ridum  (R.  americanum). 

D.    Leaves  without  waxy  dots  on  the  under  side.     (F.) 

F.  Flowers  rose-red,  in  large,  hanging  clusters  without  bracts  ; 
branches  red  and  smooth  ;  fruit  rough,  bluish  black,  dry  and 
bitterish.  Red-flowered  Currant  (315) — Ribes  sanguin- 
eum. 

F.  FloW'Crs  pink,  in  large  clusters  ;  almost  no  fruit.  Pink-flow- 
ered Currant  —  Ribes  Gordonianum. 

F.  Flowers  greenish  white  or  greenish  purple  in  erect  racemes ; 
fruit  red,  covered  with  rough  glandular  hairs,  fetid ;  stems 
trailing  and  rooting.  Skunk  or  Fetid  Currant — Ribes  pros- 
tratum. 

Hamamelis.  Witch  Hazel  (319)  —  Hamamelis  virginiana —  is  an 
interesting  shrub  or  small  tree,  to  25  feet,  with  thick,  oblique  wavy- 
edged,  alternate  leaves,  4  to  6  inches  long.  It  has  long-petaled  yellow 
flowers  at  any  time  from  August  to  December.  The  two-celled,  two- 
seeded,  woody  capsules  are  on  the  shrub  through  the  year,  and  are 
especially  peculiar  in  the  method  and  vigor  of  seed-shooting,  which  occurs 
about  the  time  of  new  bloom. 

There  is  a  Japan  Witch  Hazel  (320) — Hamamelis  jap6nica  —  with 
smaller  leaves,  2  to  5  inches  long,  more  prominently  veined  beneath. 
In  this  species  the  flowers  bloom  in  the  spring.  February  to  April,  and 
the  fruit  has  less  covering  of  calyx.     The  American  species  has  the  calyx 


FOTHERGILLA 


203 


one  lialf  the  length  of  the  fruit, 
while  the  Japan  species  has  the 
calyx  only  at  the  base. 

[Seeds  (two  years  to  grow)  ; 
layers  (slow  to  root).] 

Fothergilla.  Fothergilla  (321) 
or  Dwarf  'Alder'  —  Fothergilla 
Gard^ni  (F.  Carolina)  — is  a  shrub, 
2  to  5  feet  high,  with  the  twigs 
densely  covered  with  star-shaped 
hairs.  The  thick  alternate  simple 
leaves  are  usually  oblique  at  base, 
with  coarse  irregular  notches  at  tip. 
The  flowers  are  sweet-scented  in 
close  clusters,  in  April,  and  appear 


Fig.  319.  — Witch  Hazel 


Fig.  321.  — Fothergilla. 


Fig.  322.  —  Few-flowered  Corylopsi.s. 


204 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


like  a  mass  of  white  or  pinkish  stamens,  a  quarter  inch  long.     The  fruit 
is  a  hard,  two-seeded  seed  vessel,  or  capsule,  half  an  inch  long. 

[Seeds  (2  years  to  grow)  ;  layers  (2  years  to  root).] 

Coryl6psis.  Low  shrubs  with  alternate  oblique  deciduous  notched 
leaves  of  a  peculiar  bluish  green  color.  Flowers  yellow,  fragrant,  in 
nodding  clusters  before  the  leaves  expand,  in  early  spring.  Hardy  from 
New   York  south   and   very  attractive  when  in  bloom.     There  are  two 


Fig.  323.  — Spiked  Corylopsis. 

species   in  cultivation  from  Japan,  neither  growing  over  4   feet  high. 
Fruit  a  two-celled  capsule  with  two  shining  black  seeds. 

[Seeds,  in  spring  ;  twig  cuttings,] 

*  Clusters  numerous,  less  than  1  inch  long  of  2-3  flowers  ;  leaves  ob- 

liquely heart-shaped  (1-2  inches  long).     Few-flowered  Corylop- 
sis (322)  —  Corylopsis  pauciflora. 

*  Clusters  1-2  inches  long  of  7-10  bright  yellow  flowers  ;  leaves  2-3J- 

inches  long.     Spiked  Corylopsis  (323)  —  Corylopsis  spicMa. 


Myrtus  communis.  The  Classic  Myrtle  (324)  is  a  handsome  evergreen 
outdoor  shrub  in  the  South,  3  to  10  feet  high,  with  opposite  simple  feather- 
veined  entire-edged  aromatic  shining  leaves.  The  flowers  are  5-petaled, 
solitary,  axillary,  white  or  pinkish  (sometimes  double),  in  July.  The 
stamens  are  numerous,  in  several  rows  ;  the  fruit  are  black  berries  with 


MYRTUS    AND    EUGENIA 


205 


Fig.  324.  — Classic  Myrtle. 


Fig.  325.  —  Grumichama. 


Fig.  327.  —  Jaiubos. 


20G  DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THH    SHRUBS 

several  kidney-shaped  seeds.  A  number  of  varieties  are  in  cultivation 
differing  in  the  size,  shape,  and  coloring  of  the  leaves.  In  southern 
California  this  is  ever  blooming.  Besides  this  European  species  there 
are  two  others  in  cultivation  in  southern  California,  from  Chili. 

[Twig  cuttings.] 

Eugenia.  The  Eugenias  are  myrtle-like  Southern  shrubs  or  trees  with 
opposite  evergreen  finely  feather-veined  aromatic  leaves,  white  or  creamy 
flowers,  and  usually  one-seeded  cherry-like  edible  berries.  They  are  culti- 
vated, mainly,  for  their  showy  fruits,  some  of  them  excellent  for  jellies. 

[Twig  cuttings.] 


KEY   TO   THE   SPECIES   OF   EUGENIA 

*  Flowers  and  fruit  solitary,  axillary.     (A.) 

A.  Tall  to  20  feet ;  berry  cherry-like,  ribbed  (1  inch  broad),  red  with 
an  acid  spicy  flavor,  ripe  May  and  June.  Southern  Florida  and 
California.     Cayenne  '  Cherry  '  —  Eugenia  Michelii. 

A.  Shrub  to  6  feet  with  scale-like  leaves  3  inches  long  covering  the 
branches;  fruit  scarlet,  cherry-like,  in  April.  GrumichAma 
(325)  —  Eugenia  brasili^nsis. 

*  Flowers  and  fruit  in  3-9-flowered  clusters.     (B.) 

B.  Smooth  shrub  to  12  feet  with  dark  and  glossy  leaves  (2-3  inches 
long) ;  red  to  violet  fruit  (f  inch)  ending  in  a  persistent  cal3^x. 
The  fine  veins  of  the  leaves  are  nearly  at  right  angles  to  the  mid- 
rib.    Brush  '  Cherry  '  (326)  —  Eugenia  myrtifolia. 

B.  A  tree  to  30  feet  with  thick  slender  leaves,  like  the  oleander, 
and  fruit  (1^-2  inches  broad)  light-colored  with  a  pink  cheek, 
apricot-flavored.  Rose  'Apple.'  Jambos  (327)  —  Eugenia 
Jambos. 

B.  A  tall  shrub  or  small  tree  with  broad  blunt  leaves  (4-G  inches 
long  and  2-3  inches  broad)  ;  berry  the  size  of  a  cherry  or  some- 
times larger ;  the  flowers  in  this  species  have  the  petals  united  at 
base.     Jambolan  '  Plum  '  —  Eugenia  Jambol^na. 

Psidium.  The  Guavas  are  evergreen  shrubs  or  small  trees  of  the  ex- 
treme South.  The  leaves  are  simple,  opposite,  thick,  usually  entire-edged 
and  feather-veined.  The  flowers  are  large,  1  to  2  inches,  5-petaled  with 
many  .stamens,  solitary  or  few  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves.  The  fruit  is  a 
large  .somewhat  rough  yellow  or  yellowish  many-seeded  berry  used  in  the 
tropics  for  jelly  or  in  tarts  and  also  eaten  raw. 

[Suckers;  twig  cuttings  ;  seeds.] 


CALLISTEMON 


207 


Fig.  328.  —  Lemon  Guava. 


Fig.  329.  —  Strawberry  Guava. 


KEY   TO   THE   SPECIES   OF   PSIDIUM 

*Branchlets  more  or  less  square.     Shrub  or  tree  6-15  feet  with  the  1- 
mauy  (usually  3)  short-stemmed  flowers  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves, 
June  ;  fruit  2-3  inches  broad,  globular,  yellow,  aromatic  and  astrin- 
gent, July-Nov.     Lemon  Guava  (3i:8)  —  Psidium  Guaj^va. 
*Branchlets  round.     (A.) 
A.    Shrub  4-6  feet  with  hairy  twigs,  velvety  leaves,  and  ovoid  green- 
ish  yellow  fruit  with  white  flesh.       Brazil  Guava — Psidium 
Arcica. 
A.    Shrub  8-10  feet  with  hairy  twigs  but  the  leaves  smooth  above; 
fruit  nearly  round,  deep  yellow  outside,  with  red  flesh  of  delicious 
flavor.     Guiana  Guava  —  Psidium  guine^nse. 
A.    Shrub  10-20  feet  with  smooth  twigs  and  thick  smooth  dark  green 
leaves  ;  fruit  round  (about  1  inch),  deep  claret  color  and  rough 
fig-like  surface,  a  strawberry -like  fragrance  and  flavor.     Straav- 
BERRY  Guava  (320)  —  Psidium  Cattleic^num. 

Callistemon.  The  Bottle-brushes  form  a  group  of  ornamental  Aus- 
tralian shrubs  with  simple  alternate  entire-edged  evergreen  leaves.  These, 
like  a  number  of  other  Australian  plants,  have  the  blades  of  the  leaves 


\ 


208 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


broadened  up  and  down,  parallel  with  the  stems,  instead  of  cross- 
wise as  in  most  plants.  Such  leaves  cast  but  little  or  no  shade.  Many 
of  the  Acc\cias,  p.  132,  illustrate  this  kind  of  foliage.  Hardy  oidy  in 
southern  California  and  Florida  but  cultivated  in  greenhouses  North. 
The  flowers  are  in  spikes,  at  the  start,  at  the  end  of  the  branches  with 
long  conspicuous  stamens  ;  after  flowering,  the  tips  of  the  clusters  grow 
into  shoots  and  the  fruit,  many-seeded  small  cai)sules,  remaining  on  for 
years,  mark  the  annual  growth  of  the  stems.  [Twig  cuttings  ;  seeds.] 


wm 


Fig.  330.  —  Showy  Bottle-brush. 

KEY  TO   THE   SPECIES   OF   CALLISTEMON 


*  Leaves  flat  and  feather-veined.     (A.) 

A.  To  10  feet;  with  scarlet  flowers  having  calyx  and  corolla  hairy, 
forming  large  dense  spikes;  leaves  lance-shaped,  hairy  wdien 
young.     Showy  Bottle-brusii  (330)  — Callistemon  speciosus. 

A.-  To  6  feet;  with  loose  clusters  of  reddish  flowers;  leaves  more 
crowded,  reddish  when  young.  Lance-leaved  Bottle-ijri:sh 
—  Callistemon  lanceol^tus. 

A.  To  4  feet ;  with  rigid  linear  leaves  almost  spine-tipped  and  dense 
spikes  of  red  flowers  with  especially  dark  anthers.  Rigid-leaved 
BoTTLE-BRDSii  —  CalUstemon  rlgidus. 

*  Leaves  linear  and  almost  without  veins  except  the  midrib.     4-G  feet 

witli   scarlet  flowers  and  more   globular  fruit.     Slender-leaved 
Bottle-brush  — Callistemon  linearis. 


OPUNTIA 


209 


Punica.  Pomegranate  (331)  —  Puuica  Gran^tum  —  is  a  large  hand- 
some deciduous  slirub  or  sujall  tree,  to  15  feet,  witli  sliowy  scarlet 
flowers,  hardy  as  far  north  as  Washington.  The  leaves  are  mostly  oppo- 
site, oblong,  entire-edged,  smooth  and  shin- 
ing. The  flowers  (1  inch  broad)  are  nearly 
solitary,  axillary,  in  summer.  The  fruit  is 
a  large,  2  to  4  inches  broad,  many-seeded 
edible  berry,  ripe  in  September  and  can  be 
kept  ior  several  weeks  ;  there  are  both  sour 
and  sweet  varieties.  Dwarf  Pomegranate 
— Punica  Granktum  nana  —  is  the  best  vari- 
ety for  ornamental  cultivation,  as  it  grows 
to  the  height  of  only  G  feet  and  has  both 
single-  and  double-flowered  forms.  As  a 
conservatory  plant  it  blooms  throughout  the 
year.  [Twig  cuttings  under  glass.  ] 


Lagerstrcemia  indica.  Crape  'Myrtle' 
(332)  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  and  pop- 
ular of  large  shrubs  or  small  trees,  10  to 
25  feet,  in  cultivation.  It  is  hardy  with 
slight  protection  north  to  Philadelphia.  In 
the  South  it  is  to  be 
found  in  nearly  all  ^f^^^ 


Fig  .  331 .  —  Pomegranate . 


private  grounds.     The  beauty  of  the  plant  is  due  to 
the    large    clusters    of    flowers    with   their   wavy 
(crinkled  or  fringed)  stalked  petals,  in  summer  ;  v;     -? 
it  blooms  continuously  for  two  or  three  months.  ^^'^ 
The  usual  color  of  the  flowers  is  bright  pink,  but 
there  are  varieties  ranging  from  white  to  purple. 
The  fruit  is  a  3-  to  O-celled  capsule  with  winged 
seeds.      The   rather  small  (2  inches) 
leaves    are   generally  opposite ;    near 
the  tips  of  the  branches  they  become 
alternate,  oblong,  with  entire  margins. 
[Twig  cuttings.] 


Opiintia.  The  Ca  ctls  plants  hardly 
come  within  the  scope  of  this  book, 
but  there  are  forms  which  are  woody 
and  hardy  enough  to  endure  the 
winters  in  the  New  England  states, 
and  some  in  the  southern  states 
-apgar's  shrubs — 14 


Fig.  3;52.  — Crape  'Myrtle. 


210 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


/v^;^-v. 


Fig.  333.— Eastern  Prickly  Pear. 


Fig.  33i.  —  Western  Prickly  Pear. 


%n''4^i^ 


1 


»• 


S 


Fig.  335.  —  Purple  Cactus. 


which  are  trees  in  size  and  plan 
of  branching,  so  a  few  words 
will  be  given  to  them.  They 
can  all  be  readily  recognized 
by  their  fleshy  spine-covered 
growth  without  foliage  leaves. 
The  most  abundant  and  hardy 
group  is  the  Prickly  'Pear,' 
with  flat  jointed  branching 
stems  and  large,  generally  yel- 
low, flowers  followed  by  usu- 
ally edible  pulpy  pear-like  fruit 
with  many  shining  seeds.  The 
largest  and  most  tree-like  is 
wild  in  the  region  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  Tree-like 
PiMCKLY  '  Peau  '  — Opuntia  ar- 
bor^scens.  Easteux  Prickly 
'  1'kar  '  (333)  — Opuntia  vulgaris 
—  is  found  from  Massachusetts 
and    south.      There     are     sev- 


ARALIA 


211 


era!  species  found  in  the  Mississippi  Valley,  Western  Prickly 
(334)  —  Opimtia  Rafindsquii  —  etc. 


Pea] 


Mamillaria.  The  next  group  of  cacti  in  number  and  variety  of  forms 
wild  in  the  United  States  are  more  or  less  rounded  or  oblong  masses  hav- 
ing the  surface  entirely  covered  with  spiny-tipped  tubercles  (mammillse) ; 
as,  Purple  Cactus  (335)  —  Mamillaria  vivipara.  Of  this  group  there  are 
a  dozen  wild  and  many  cultivated  species.  The  hundreds  of  species  in 
cultivation  belong  to  these  two  and  some  dozen  other  genera. 

There  is  a  group  very  popular  in  cultivation  which  has  broad  flat  leaf- 
like growths  for  stems,  thus  called  Leaf  Cactus  —  Phyllocactus.  A 
few  of  these  are  night-blooming 
of  great  beauty  and  delicious 
perfume.  Though  some  of  these 
are  wild  in  Cuba,  probably  none 
can  be  grown  out  of  doors  except 
in  southern  California. 

[Cuttings.] 

Aralia.  The  Aralias  proper 
form  a  large  group  (40  species)  of 
mainly  tropic  plants  with  com- 
pound leaves  and  clustered  small 
flowers  ;  two  of  the  species  are 
shrubs  or  small  trees  nearly  hardy 
North. 

Hercules'  Club  or  Devil's 
Walking-stick,  and  Angelica- 
tree  are  beautiful  prickly  shrubs 
or  small  trees  with  very  large  com- 
pound leaves  1  to  4  feet  long, 
with  75  to  200  blades  and  enor- 
mous clusters  of  white  flowers,  in  August.  The  two  species  are  the 
American  Hercules  Club  (33G) — Aralia  spin5sa,  —  and  the  Chinese  An- 
gelica-tree —  Aralia  chin^nsis,  —  either  of  which  occasionally  grows  to 
the  height  of  40  feet.  The  American  is  apt  to  be  the  more  prickly,  on 
both  stem  and  leaves.  The  blades  of  the  bipinnate  leaf  of  the  American 
are  usually  smaller,  li  to  3|  inches  long,  and  short-stalked,  while  the 
Chinese  blades  are  larger,  3^  to  6  inches  long,  and  about  stemless. 
Neither  are  fully  hardy  North  without  some  protection,  but  the  Chinese 
is  the  more  hardy.  In  the  American  species  the  veins  peculiarly  curve 
near  the  margins,  while  those  of  the  Chinese  divide.  There  is  a  form  of 
the  latter  with  variegated  leaves.     No  shrubs  in  the  northern  states  have 


336.  —  Hercules 
Club. 


212 


DESCRIPTIONS    OP^    THP:    SHRUBS 


such  a  palm-like  tropic  appearance  as  the  Aralias,  and  they  should   be 
more  extensively  cultivated.  [Twig  cuttings  ;  root  cuttings.] 

Acanthopanax.  This  is  a  closely  related  genus  of  prickly  shrubs  or 
trees,  ofun  called  Aralias  in  catalogues,  a  few  of  which  are  in  cultiva- 
tion. FivE-BLADED  Aralia  01  ANGELICA  —  Acautliopauax  pentaphj'llum 
(Aralia  pentaphylla)  —  is  a  graceful  spiny  shrub  (5  to  10  feet)  with  decidu- 
ous glossy  leaves  of  5  to  7  wedge-lance-shaped  notched  blades  (1  to  2 
inches  long)  and  small  green  flowers.  The  fruit  is  a  2-  to  5-seeded  black 
berry.     With  white-edged  leaves,  this  forms  var.  varieg^tum. 


Fig.  337. — Formosa  Rice-paper       Fic.  338.  —  Alternate-leaved  Dogwood. 
Aralia. 

Sessile-flowered  Aralia  —  Acanthopanax  sessiflorum  —  is  a  larger, 
to  12  feet,  and  less  shining  shrub  with  usually  3  larger  blades,  4  to  7 
inches,  to  the  leaves  and  dull  purplish  flowers.  The  heads  of  black 
berries  are  conspicuous  and  beautiful.  There  is  a  species  of  the  genus 
with  large  simple  5-  to  7-lobed  leaves  and  many  stout  prickles  on  the 
branches,  but  it  is  a  medium-sized  tree,  to  80  feet,  Acanthopanax  ricini- 
folium.  [Seeds  ;  root  cuttings  ;  twig  cuttings.] 


Fatsia.  The  Rice-paper  Aralias  of  Japan  are  without  thorns  but 
with  very  large  pith  in  the  stems,  from  which  the  paper  is  made.  In  the 
shade  and  somewhat  protected,  they  are  hardy  north  to  Washington  and 
have  a  peculiar  and  beautiful  appearance.     The  leaves  are  largo,  1  foot, 


THE    DOGWOODS 


213 


Fig.  339.  —  Flowering  Dogwood.  Fig.  3^0.  —  Evergreen  Dogwood. 


Fig.  341.  — Cornelian 'Cherry.'  Fig.  342. —  Red-osier  Dogwood. 


214 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


simple,  heart-shaped  at  base  with  5  to  7  notched  lobes.  The  species  from 
Formosa,  Formosa  Rice-pai'kk  Aralia  (o37)  —  Fatsia  papyrffera,  —  has 
the  white  flowers  sessile  in  globular  clusters,  while  the  one  from  Japan, 
Japan  Rice-paper  Aralia  —  Fatsia  jap6nica,  —  has  more  shining  foliage 
and  the  flowers  in  umbels.    There  are  variegated  forms  of  both  species. 

[Root  cuttings.] 

C6rnus.  The  Dogwoods  form  an  interesting  group  of  shrubs  and 
small  trees  (a  few  are  herbaceous)  with  peculiarly  veined  entire-edged 
leaves.     The  side-veins  are  distinctly  parallel  with  each  other  and  in- 


FiG.  343.— White-fruited  Dogwood. 


Fig.  344. —  Panic] ed  Dogwood. 


curving  towards  the  acute  tip  of  the  leaf.  There  are  but  few  other  plants 
with  leaves  so  veined ;  some  of  the  Buckthorns  (p.  93 )  come  nearest 
among  our  shrubs.  All  our  species  of  Cornus  except  one,  Alternate- 
leaved  Dogwood  (338) — Cornus  alternifolia,  —  have  opposite  leaves. 
A  few  species  in  cultivation  have  what  is  apparently  large  white  or  pink 
flowers  of  great  beauty.  The  colored  part,  in  these  cases,  is  really  four 
large  bracts  surrounding  the  clusters  of  small  flowers  in  a  head-like 
growth.  The  finest  and  commonest  of  these  is  our  Flowering  Dog- 
wood (339)  —  Cornus  florida,  —  a  shrub  or  small  tree  (10-15  feet,  rarely 
to  40  feet)  with  spreading  branches,  white  or  pink  flowers  in  May  and 


THE    DOGWOODS 


215 


Fig.  345  —  Bailey's  Dogwood. 


Fig.  346.  —  Stiff  Dogwood. 


clusters  of  scarlet  berries  in  fall.  The  bracts,  or  large  petal-like  parts, 
have  notched  tips.  Japan  Dogwood  —  Cornu  i  Koiisa  —  grows  somewhat 
taller,  has  narrower  leaves,  pointed  creamy  bracts  to  the  flowers  in  June 


Fig.  347.  —  Silky  Dogwood. 


Fig.  348.  —  European  Dogwood. 


210  DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THK    SHRUBS 

and  the  berries  grow  together  in  a  globular  head.  The  American  species 
blooms  before  the  leaves  are  fully  expanded,  while  the  flowers  of  the 
Japan  species  appear  after  the  leaves.  Both  are  hardy  to  Massachu- 
setts. 

All  the  other  shrubby  forms  have  the  clusters  of  flowers  more  open  and 
without  large  conspicuous  bracts.  The  true  flowers  of  all  the  species  are 
small  and  have  four  petals  to  the  corolla,  four  teeth  to  the  calyx,  and  four 
stamens.  The  fruit  is  a  drupe-like  berry  with  one  stone  in  the  center 
and  thin  flesh.  Much  of  the  beauty  of  the  species  is  due  to  the  bright- 
colored  berries  which  they  bear,  though  the  autumn  coloring  of  the 
foliage  adds  to  the  attractiveness  of  the  group.  The  bright  colors  of  the 
twigs  of  some  species,  when  the  leaves  have  dropped,  give  winter  effects 
of  great  beauty. 

In  general,  the  common  name  Cornel,  below,  may  be  changed  to 
Dogwood.  [Twig  cuttings;  layers.] 


KEY   TO   THE   COKNELS   AXD   DOGWOODS 

*  Flowers  in  close  heads  surrounded  by  4  large  petal-like  bracts.     (A.) 
A.    Berries  separated  when  ripe.     (B.) 

B.  Bracts  notched  at  tip;  usually  a  shrub  10-15  feet,  occasionally 
a  tree.     Flowering  Dogwood  (.339)  —  Cornus  florida. 

B.  Bracts  generally  acute  at  tip.  Successfully  cultivated  only 
near  the  Pacific  ;  tree  to  80  feet.  Nuttall's  Dogwood —  Cor- 
nus Nuttallii. 

A.  Berries  grown  together  in  fleshy  head.     (C.) 

C.  Leaves  deciduous ;  shrub  to  20  feet.  Japan  Dogwood  — 
Cornus  Kousa. 

C.  Leaves  thick,  leathery,  evergreen  ;  hardy  only  South.  F>ver- 
GREEN  Dogwood  (340)  —  Cornus  capit;\ta. 

*  Flowers  yellow   in   umbels  surrounded  at  base  with   small  bracts; 

berries  bright  scarlet.     (D.) 
D.    Leaves  with  fine   close-pressed   hairs,    green   both   sides.      The 

earliest  yellow-flowering  shrub.     Cornelian  '  Cherry  '  (341)  — 

Cornus  Mas. 
D.    Leaves  paler  beneath  and  with  large  tufts  of  dark  brown  hairs. 

Chinese  Cornelian  '  Cherry  '  —  Cornus  oflBcin^lis. 

*  Flowers  white  or  greenish  white  in  open  clusters  and  without  bracts. 

(E.) 

B.  Leaves    alternate,    pale    or   whitish   beneath,    3-5   inches  long; 
branches  peculiarly  arranged  in  horizontal  tiers.     (F. ) 


KP]Y    TO    THE    CORNELS    AND    DOGWOODS  217 

F.  Berries  dark  blue  on  red  stems  ;  shrub  to  25  feet ;  flower- 
clusters  1-2A  inches  broad.  Altkkxate-leaved  Corxel  (338) 
—  Cornus  alternifolia. 

F.  Berries  blue-black  ;  hardy  only  South,  tree  to  60  feet ;  flower- 
cluster  3-4  inches  broad.  Japan  Cornel —  Cornus  macro- 
phylla. 

E.    Leaves  opposite ;  flowers  in  broad,  umbel-like  compound  clusters, 
cymes.     (G.) 

G.  Fruit  white  or  nearly  so  (bluish  or  greenish  white  in  some 
species).     (H.) 

H.    Leaves  nearly  smooth   beneath   but  whitish   with   straight 
close-pressed  hairs.     (I. ) 
I.    Branches  blood-red  or  bright  yellow,   in  either  case  there 
are  varieties  with  variegated  foliage.     (J.) 
J.   Main  stem  prostrate  and  rooting  ;  shrub  to  8  feet,  broad, 
bush-like  ;    stone  of  fruit  wider  than  high.     Red-osier 
Dogwood  (342)  —  Cornus  stolonifera. 
J.   Shrub  to  10  feet  with   erect  stems  ;    stone  of  the  fruit 
longer  than  wide  and  flattened ;   wKite  berries  ripe   in 
July.    Red-stemmed  Dogwood  or  White-fruited  Dog- 
wood (343)  —  Cornus  alba. 
I.   Branches  gray  ;  fruit  white  on  red  stems  in  more  elongated 
clusters,    ripe   in    Aug.    and   remaining  till  Jan.     Shrub 
6-15  feet  beautiful  in  bloom  and  fruit.     Panicled  Cornel 
(344)  —  Cornus  candidissima  (C.  paniculata). 
H.   Leaves  downy-hairy  below^     (K.) 
K.    Branches  dark  red  ;  leaves  narrow.     Erect-growing ;  ex- 
cellent   for  sandy    soil,    blooming    nearly    all    summer. 
Bailey's  Dogwood  (345)  —  Cornus  BMleyi. 
K.    Young    branches    green    with   purple    blotches  ;     leaves 
broad  ;    berries    bluish    or    greenish     with    red  stems. 
Round-leaved  Cornel  or  Dogw^ood  —  Cornus  circinata. 
G.    Fruit  blue  or  black.     (L.) 
L.    Fruit  pale  blue  with  globular,  nearly  smooth  stone;  leaves 
greenish  both  sides;   branches  reddish;    shrub   to    15   feet, 
not    fully   hardy    North.       Stiff    Cornel    (346)  — Cornus 
stricta. 
L.   Fruit  light  blue  with  oblique-ridged  stone  ;  branches  purple 
and  usually  hairy,  especially  when  young  ;   shrub  3-10  feet. 
Silky  Cornel- or  Kinnikinnik  (347)  —  Cornus  Am6mum. 
L.    Fruit   black ;   flowers  greenish-white  ;    branches   purple    or 
blood-red  ;   shrub  to    12  feet.     European  Cornel  or  Red- 
osiER  (348)  —  Cornus  sangumea, 


218 


DKSCIIIITIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


Aucuba  jap6nica.  Aucuba  or  Japanese  'Laurel  (o40)  is  an 
evergreen  shrnb,  ^villl  large  opposite  thick  notched  glossy  and  often  varie- 
gated leaves,  cultivated  in  the  Gulf  states  (where  it  is  hardy)  for  the 
folia-e  and  bright  one-seeded  berries  which  are  red,  white,  or  yellow  m 
the  different  varieties.     The  flowers  are  small  and  inconspicuous,  in  clus- 


Fig.  349.  — Aucuba. 


Fig.  351 


Hobble-bush 


«i% 


Fig.  350.  — Japanese  Snowball. 


-.-^01h 


Fig.  352.  — European  Wayfaring 
Tree. 


VIBURNUM 


219 


ters.  As  the  plants  are  dioecious,  only  a  portion,  those  with  pistils, 
bear  the  fruit.  There  are  handsome  variegated  forms  with  wiiite  or  yel- 
low stripes,  dots,  and  blotches  to  the  leaves,  arranged  in  many  patterns 
and  giving  rise  to  many  varietal  names.  [Twig  cuttings  ;  seeds.] 

Viburnum.  The  Viburnums  form  a  large  group,  80  species,  of 
opposite  simple-leaved  ornamental  shrubs.  A  number  are  in  cultivation 
and  several  are  very  beautiful  in  foliage,  flowers,  and  fruit.     Some  have 


Fig.  353.  —  Japanese  Viburnum. 


Fig.  354.  —  Chinese  Viburnum. 


bright  colored  drupes  which  remain  through  the  winter ;  they  have,  in 
most  species,  a  decidedly  flattened  stone.  The  Snowball  group  are  like 
the  Hydrangeas  (see  p.  192)  in  that  the  blossoms  have  become  enlarged 
and  sterile.  The  Hydrangeas  have  white,  pink,  purple,  or  bright  blue 
flowers  ;  while  the  Viburnums  have  only  white  or  creamy  flowers.  The 
Viburnums  bloom  earlier,  all  being  in  bloom  in  May  ;  while  the  Hydran- 
geas do  not  begin  to  bloom  before  June  and  some  species  continue  bloom- 
ing through  July  and  August.  So  Viburnums  are  spring-blooming  and 
Hydrangeas  are  summer-blooming.  The  small  fertile  flowers,  if  closely 
examined,  will  show  plain  differences.  The  Hydrangeas  have  4  to  5 
separate  petals  to  the  corolla,  while  the  Viburnums  have  bell-shaped 
r)-iobed  corollas.  The  Hydrangeas  have  8  to  10  long  stamens,  the  Vi- 
burnums 5  short  ones.  [Seeds  ;  twig  cuttings,  under  glass.  ] 


220 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


Fig.  355.  —  High-bush  '  Cranberry.' 


Fig.  35G. — Dockinackie. 


1.1    "yw 


Fio.  357.  —  Dowuy  Arrowwood. 


Fig.  358.  —  Siebold's  Viburnum. 


VIBURNUM 


221 


Fig.  359.  —  Arrowwood. 


Fig.  3ti0.  —  Soft-leaved  Arrowwood. 


Fig.  361.  — Withe-rod. 


Fig.  362.  —  Sheep-berry. 


'))9 


DESCRirTlONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


Fig.  363.  —  Stag-bush. 


Fig.  3(34.  —  Sandankwa's  Evergreen 
Viburnum. 


Fig.  305.  — Sweet-scented  Evergreen 
Viburnum. 


Fig.  366.  —  Laurestinus. 


KEY    TO    THE    SPECIES    OF    VIBURNUM 


223 


Fig.  367.  —  Hairy  Laurestiuus. 


KEY   TO   THE   SPECIES    OF   VIBUKNUM 


*  Snowball  group,  with  all  the  flowers  enlarged  and  sterile  and  thus 

forming  no  fruit.     (A.) 
A.   Leaves  deciduous,  smooth,  feather-veined  with  notched  edges  but 
not  lobed.     (B.) 
B.    Leaves  finely  notched,  dark  green  above  ;  flower-clusters  7-8 
inches  broad.     Chinese  Snowball  —  Viburnum  macroc^pha- 
lum  sterile. 
B.    Leaves  coarsely  notched  and  plaited ;  flower-clusters  3  inches 
broad.     Japanese  Snowball    (350)  —  Viburnum  tomentosum 
plicatum. 
A.    Leaves  radiate-veined  and  broadly  3-lobed.     Snowball  or  Guel- 
der '  Rose'  —  Viburnum  Opulus  sterile. 

*  Mixed  group  ;  some  of  the  flowers  fruit-producing  but  the  marginal 

ones  enlarged  and  sterile  ;  leaves  deciduous.     (C.) 
C.   Leaves  without  lobes  ;  drupes  red  becoming  darker.     (D.) 

D.    Leaves  orbicular,  somewhat  heart-shaped,  3-8  inches  broad. 

HoBBLK-RrSH,    WiTCH    HOBBLE,    Or    MOOSEWOOD    (351) — Vi- 

burnum  alnifolium. 


224  DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 

D.  Leaves  heart-shaped,  2-4  inches  long,  finely  serrate.  'Euro- 
pean  Wayfarinc;    Tree    {'.]o2)  —  Viburnum  Lantcina. 

D.  Leaves  not  heart-shaped,  decidedly  notched,  plaited,  and 
ridged.    Japanese  Viburnum  (3.j;3)  — Viburnum  tomenlosum. 

D.  Leaves  as  in  the  last,  but  smoother  above  and  with  finer  notches 
not  plaited.  Chinese  Viburnum  ('354)  —  Viburnum  ma- 
croc6phalum. 

O.    Leaves  3-lobed  ;  berries  bright. red.     (E.) 

E.  ]5ranches  smooth  and  light  gray  ;  shrub  to  12  feet  and  spread- 
ing ;  drupes  pendulous  in  large  clusters,  in  July  yellow, 
turning  scarlet  later  and  remaining  bright  till  Feb.  Pimbina  or 
High  Bush  'Cranberry'  (355) — Viburnum  Opulus  ameri- 
canum  (V.  Opulus).     (G.) 

E.   Branches  darker  and  somewhat  corky  ;  shrub  denser  and  more 
upright ;  berries  upright  in  small  clusters,  less  showy  and  less 
persistent  ;  sterile  flowers  larger.     Manchurian  Cranberry- 
bush  —  Viburnum  Sarg^ntii. 
*  With   only  small  drupe-bearing  flowers  ;  leaves  deciduous  ;   shrubs 
hardy.     (F.) 
F.    Leaves  3-lobed  and  coarsely  notched  ;  small  shrubs  2-6  feet.    (G. ) 
G.   Flower-clusters   about  2   inches  broad  ;  drupes  nearly  black, 
persistent.     Brilliant   in  fall.     Maple-leaved   Viburnum    or 
Dockmackie  (356)  —  Viburnum  acerifolium. 
G.   Flower  clusters  smaller  ;  drupes  light  red  and  larger.     Squash- 
berry  or  PiaiBiNA  —  Viburnum  pauciflorum. 
F.   Leaves  not  lobed.     (H.) 

H.   Leaves  coarsely  dentate,  usually  decidedly  less  than  25  teeth 

on  a  side.     (I.) 

I.  Leaves  short-stemmed,  under  i  inch,  velvety  below  ;  drupes 

almost  black,  late  July-Dec. ;   flowers  very  abundant  in  early 

June.     Downy  Arrowwood  (357)  — Viburnum  pubescens. 

I.    Leaf-stem  over  i  inch  long.     (J.) 

J.  Leaves  thick,  notched  beyond  the  middle  (entire  before), 
somewhat  plaited,  3-6  inches  long  ;  flowers  in  large  clusters. 
May,  June ;  fruit  oblong,  red  changing  to  black,  ripe 
in  August  and  soon  dropping.  A  variety,  variegatum, 
with  white-blotched  leaves.  Siebold's  Viburnum  (358) 
—  Viburnum  Si^boldi. 
J.    Leaves  thinner  and  smooth  below.     (K.) 

K.  Flower-clusters  with  long  stems  ;  drupes  blue  changing 
to  black  and  glaucous,  eaten  by  birds  and  disappearing 
before  frost.  Arrowwood  (359)  —  Viburnum  dent^- 
tum. 


KEY    TO    THE    SPECIES    OF    VIBURNUM  225 

K.    Flower-clusters  almost  sessile;  drupes  large,  bright  red 
in  nodding  clusters  remaining  till  February.     One   of 
the    most    showy.     Wright's  Viburnum  —  Viburnum 
Wrightii. 
J.    Leaves  thinner  and  hairy  below  with  pubescence.     (L.) 
L.   Drupes  blue  but  little  longer  than  wide;  leaves  dark 
green.     Soj^t-leaved  Arrowwood    (360)  —  Viburnum 
.    ■  molle. 

L.   Drupes  dark  blue,  twice  as  long  as  wide  and  2-grooved, 
i   inch   long ;    leaves    long-stemmed,    3|   inches   broad, 
bright  green  above.     Viburnum  Demetrionis. 
L.   Drupes  scarlet,  small,  very  abundant,  remaining  on  till 
April   as   they  are  not  eaten  by  birds;    clusters  erect. 
Upright  bush  to  10  feet.     Japan  Bush  '  Cranberry  '  — 
Viburnum  dilatatum. 
H.  Leaves  finely   dentate    (rarely   entire);   drupes  dark  blue   or 
black  when  ripe.     (M.) 
M.    Flower-clusters  with  stems  f  inch  or  more  long.     (N. ) 

IT.    Leaves  1-3  inches  long,  generally  notched,  thick  and  shin- 
ing; shrub  3-10  feet,  blooming  June,  July,     Drupes,  in 
elongated   clusters,   turn     yellowish,    then    pink,    finally 
blue  and  are  especially  beautiful,  as  all  three  colors  can  be 
observed  on  the  same  bush  at  the  same  time.     Fall  color 
of  foliage  wine-red.     Appalachian  Tea,  Wild  Raisin,  or 
WiTHE-ROD  (361)  —  Viburnum  cassinoides. 
N.   Leaves  3-9  inches  long,  nearly  entire  ;  shrub  to  15  feet. 
Larger  Withe-rod  —  Viburnum  nudum. 
M.    Flower-clusters  practically  without  stems.     (O.) 
O.    Leaves  slender,  pointed,  leaf-stalk  with  broad  wavy  margin ; 
■  drupes  large,  sometimes  1  inch   long,  nodding  on  red   stems, 
ripe  in  September  ;  shrub  or  tree  to  30  feet.     Sweet  Vibir- 
NUM,   Nannyberry  ot  Sheepberry  (362) — Viburnum  Len- 
lago. 
O.   Leaves  blunt-pointed.     (P.) 

P.    Stone  of  fruit  oval,  flat  on  one  side;  leaves  1-3  inches  long; 
shrub  or  small  tree.     Stag-bush  (303)  or  Black  '  Haw  "  — 
Viburnum  prunifolium. 
P.    Stone  nearly  orbicular;    tree  to  20  feet.     Southern  Black 

'  Haw  '  —  Viburnum  rufidulum. 
P.    Stone  grooved  Dn  one  side  ;  shrub  2-8  feet.     Small  Vibur- 
num —  Viburnum  obovatum. 
*  Leaves    evergreen ;     not    hardy   North.     Often   cultivated    as    pot 
plants.     (Q.) 

apgar's  shrubs — 15 


226 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


Q.   Leaves  dentate  or  notched  towards  tips.     (R.) 

R.  Flowers  white,  tinged  with  pink  tube  l  inch  long,  in  rounded 
clusters  (IJ  inches  wide)  June,  July.  Sandankwa's  Ever- 
green Viburnum  (364)  —  Viburnum  Sandankwa. 

R.  Flowers  pure  white,  fragrant,  in  large  elongated  clusters,  4 
inches,  May,  June.  Sweet-scented  Evergreen  Viburnum 
(305)  —  Viburnum  odoratfssimum. 

R.   Flowers  in   broad   clusters,  2-4    inches ;    drupes  bright   red. 
Japan  Evergreen  Viburnum  —  Viburnum  japonicum. 
Q.   Leaves  entire.     (S.) 

S.  Flowers  white  or  pinkish  in  convex  clusters  (2-3  inches  broad), 
May-August.     Laurestinus  (366)  —  Viburnum  Tinus. 

S.  Flowers  pure  w^hite  in  large  clusters,  3-4  inches  broad; 
leaves  wrinkled  (3-6  inches  long).  Hairy  Laurestinus 
(367)  — Viburnum  rigidum. 


Common  American  Elder.        Fig.  369.  —  European  Black  Elder. 


Sambucus.  The  Elder  bushes  have  recently  become  very  popular  for 
the  shrubbery.  They  can  be  known  by  the  opposite  compound  (pinnate) 
leaves,  large  clusters  of  small  white  flowers,  and  the  black  or  red  (rarely 
white  or  green)  small  berries.  The  small  flowers  have  broadly  spreading 
3-  to  5-lobed  corolla  and  5  stamens.  The  berries  are  about  \  inch  broad 
and  have  3  to  5  seeds.    The  stalks  are  remarkable  for  their  large  pith. 


KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  OF  ELDER 


227 


Fig.  370.  —  European  Red-berried  Elder. 


KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  OF  ELDER 

*  Color  of  fruit  black  or  nearly  so.     (A.) 

A.  Height  6-12  feet;  stems  with  large  very  white  pith  filling  over 
half  the  diameter ;  leaves  with  5-11  usually  smooth  notched 
blades  ;  flowers  fragrant  in  broad  clusters,  June,  July;  fruit  ripe 
Aug.,  Sept.  Common  American  Elder  (368)  —  Sambucus 
canadensis. 

A.  Height  12-25  feet ;  with  rough  bark,  less  abundant  pith  and 
earlier  bloom,  May.  European  Black  Elder  (369)  —  Sam- 
bucus nigra. 

A.  Height  6-18  feet  ;  with  the  fruit  strongly  whitened  with  bloom 
and  not  polished  as  in  the  above  species.  Pacific  coast  species. 
Californian  Elder  —  Sambucus  glauca. 

*  Color  of  fruit  red  (rarely  white).     (B.) 

B.  Height  5-7  feet ;  flowers  in  elongated  clusters,  April  and  May, 
and  berries  ripe  in  June  ;  twigs  round  ;  pith  brown.  Red-berried 
Elder  —  Sambucus  pubens. 

B.  Similar  to  the  last  but  somewhat  tallerand  with  the  twigs  often 
4-angled  and  the  leaf-stalk  smoother.  European  Red-berried 
Elder  (370)  —  Sambucus  racemdsa. 


The  black- berried  Elders  have  many  cultivated  varieties  of  great  beauty 
and  among  them  are  the  cut-leaved  forms,  lacinikta  (371);  the  golden- 
leaved— aiirea  (372),  and  the  variegated- leaved,  varieg^ta,  under  both 


228 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THF]    SHRUBS 


Fig.  371.  —  American  Elder. 


Fig.  372.  — Golden  American  Elder. 


.species.      The     silver-leaved,     ar- 

g^utea,  is  a  variety  of  the  European 

and  the    glaucous-leaved,    glaiica, 

of  the  American.     It  is  generally 

easy   to   determine  the  species  by 

the   taller  growth  and  smaller  pith  of  the 

European  elder. 

[Root  cuttings  ;  twig  cuttings.  ] 


Symphoricdrpos.  The  Snowberries  or  Waxberries, 
and  Coral-berries  are  shrubs  with  close-clustered 
fleshy  2-seeded  globular  white  or  red  berries  lasting 
on  the  bushes  through  the  fall  and  part  of  the  win- 
ter. The  species  are  all  American,  all  hardy,  and  are 
popular  because  of  the  abundance  and  brightness  of 
the  berries.  The  flowers  are  inconspicuous  in  size  but 
pinkish  in  color,  in  July.  The  fruit  soon  forms  and,  in 
the  cultivated  species,  is  exceedingly  abundant.  The 
leaves  are  opposite,  simple,  short-stemmed,  feather- 
veined   with   entire    (sometimes  lobed)    edges.     They 


Fig.  373.— Coral- 
berry. 


KEY    TO    THE    SPECIES    OF    SYMPHORICARPOS 


229 


grow  well  in  any  soil  and,  by  suckering,  rapidly  spread  and  cover  the 
ground,  even  in  shady  places. 

KEY   TO   THE   SPECIES   OF   SYMPHORICARPOS 


*  Fruit  white  ;  stamens  and  style  short  and,  in  the  first  two  species,  in- 

cluded in  the  bell-shaped  corolla.     (A.) 

A.  Shrub  2-6  feet  high  with  globular  white  abundant  persistent  fruit 
nearly  i  inch  in  size  ;  leaves  1-2  inches  long.  Snow  berry  or 
Waxberry  —  Symphoricarpos  racemosus. 

A.  Lower  and  more  spreading  with  smaller  leaves,  whitened  under- 
neath, fewer  and  smaller  berries.  Low  Snowberry^  —  Symphori- 
carpos racemosus  pauciflorus. 

A.  Stouter  growing,  2-6  feet  high  ;  the  stamens  long  enough  to  appear 
beyond  the  corolla ;  berries  not  so  clear  nor  waxy.  AVolfberry' 
or  Western  Snowberry  —  Symphoricarpos  occidentalis. 

*  Fruit  rich  dark  red  ;  rather  compact  bush  ;  leaves  nearly  evergreen. 

Indian  'Currant'  or  Coral-berry  (373)  — Symphoricarpos  orbi- 
culktus  (S.  vulgaris). 


Fig,  374.  —  Large-fruited  Honeysuckle.  Fig.  375.  —  Mountain  Fly 

Honeysuckle. 

The  Coral-berry  has  two  named  varieties  which  might  be  mentioned  ; 
glomeratus  with  large  clusters  of  beriies,  variegatus  with  leaves  marked 
with  yellow  and  white.  [Suckers  ;  seeds  ;  twig  cutting;?.] 


230 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


Lonicera.  The  true  Honeysuckles  are  of  many  (100)  species  of  erect 
shrubs  and  twining  vines  so  nearly  related  that  all  are  placed  in  the  same 
genus.    As  so  many  plants   are  popularly  called   honeysuckles,  though 

belonging  to  different  families  of 
plants,  it  would  be  much  better 
to  call  the  true  ones  Loniceras. 
These  last  can  be  known  by  their 
opposite  entire-edged  leaves,  some- 
what irregular  tubular  flowers, 
more  or  less  in  pairs,  and  berry 
fruit.  The  berries  are  few-seeded 
and  of  many  colors,  red,  yellow, 
blue,  and  black,  and  add  much 
to  the  beauty  of  the  plants.  About 
20  species  in  cultivation  are  with- 
out climbing  habits,  and  so  are 
included. 

The  following  key  will  enable 
one  to  determine  the  species  if 
both    flowers    and    fruit    are    ob- 


FiG.  377.  — Involucred  Fly 
Honeysuckle. 


THE    HONEYSUCKLES 


231 


Fig.  381.  — Swamp  Fly  Honeysuckle.        Fig.  382.  —  European  Fly  Honey- 
suckle. 


232 


DESCRIPTIONS    OP^    THE    SHRUBS 


served.     Lonicera  tatarica  is  very  common  and  has  many  named  varieties, 
as  well  as  hybrids  with  other  species.  [Seeds  (slow)  ;  twig  cuttings.] 


Fig.  383.  —  Japan  Honeysuckle.  Fig.  384.  —  Tartarian  Honeysuckle. 


KEY   TO   THE   BUSHY   SPECIES   OF   LONICERAS 


*  Flowers  nearly  regular  with  a  6-lobed  border,  growing  in  pairs  with 

the  ovaries  more  or  less  united  and  forming  a  double  berry.     (A.) 

A.    Plants  less  than  2  feet  high  with  small  leaves  ^-1^  inches  long 

and  pink  flowers,  May-July.     (B.) 

B.    Kigid  spiny  shrub  ;  with  stamens  projecting  from  the  erect  rosy 

flowers.       Large-fruited     Honeysuckle     (374) — Lonicera 

spin6sa. 

B.  Prostrate  shrub  ;   with  stamens  included  ;  leaves  often  whorled 
in  threes.     Low  Honeysuckle  —  Lonicera  rupicola. 

A.    Plants    2    feet  or  more   high  ;    with   larger  leaves,  1-5   inches 
long.     (C.) 

C.  Bloom,  April  and  May,  before  the  leaves  expand.     (D.) 

D.  Flowers  small,  |-^  inch,  short-stemmed,  whitish  ;  fruit  blue. 
Blue  or  Mountain  Fly  Honeysuckle  (375)  —  Lonicera 
cserulea. 


KEY    TO    THE    BUSHY    SPECIES    OF    LONICERAS  233 

D.  Flowers  larger,  long-stemmed,  pinkish ;  fruit  pendulous, 
scarlet,  in  June.    Early  Honeysuckle  —  Lonicera  gracilipes. 

D.  Flowers  slender-stemmed,  yellowish  ;  fruit  light  red.  Amer- 
ican Fly  Honeysuckle  (376)  —  Lonicera  canadensis  (L. 
ciliata). 

D.  Flowers  large,  1-1^  inches,  white,  nodding;  fruit  oblong, 
bright  red.     Hispid  Honeysuckle  —  Lonicera  hispida. 

C.    Bloom,  May-July,  after    the    leaves  expand ;    berries   black. 
(E.) 

E.  Flowers  gummy  outside  (i  inch  long),  yellowish;  berries 
shining,  inclosed  in  large  bracts  ;  leaves  2-5  inches  long. 
Involucred  Fly  Honeysuckle  (377)  —  Lonicera  involu- 
crata. 

E.  Flowers  scarlet  outside  (|  inch  long).  Ledebour's  Honey-- 
suckle  —  Lonicera  Ledebotiri. 

*  Flowers  2-lipped,  small,  growing  together  at  base  and  forming  a  more 

or  less  double  berry,  flowers  white  or  yellowish  (on  L.  alpigena 
brownish- red),  small,  to  ^  inch.     (F.) 
F.    Leaves  thick  and  nearly  evergreen ;   fruit  scarlet ;  bloom  March- 
May,  before  the  new  leaves.     (G.) 
G.    Branches  slender  and  spreading  or  recurving ;  shrubs  to  6  feet ; 
flowers   short-stemmed   and   stems  without  bractlets,  flowers 
sweet-scented.     (H.) 
H.    Branches  with  bristly  hairs   bent  backward.      Standish's 

Honeysuckle  (378)  —  Lonicera  Standishi. 
H.    Branches  nearly  smooth  and  more  recurving.     Early  Sweet 
Honeysuckle   (379)  —  Lonicera  fragrantissima. 
G.    Branches  stout  and  more  erect,  to  8  feet ;  leaves  glossy  dark 
green  above ;  flowers  long-stemmed  and  with  small  bracts  on 
the  stems.    Alpine  Honeysuckle   (380)  — Lonicera  alpigena. 
F.   Leaves    thinner ;    fruit    dark    red ;    bloom    later,    May,    June. 
Swamp  Fly-  Honey'suckle   (381)  —  Lonicera  oblongifolia. 

*  Flowers  with  the  ovaries  separate  and  thus  forming  2  berries  on  one 

stem  ;  shrub  5-12  feet  high;  bloom  May,  June.     (I.) 
I.    Flowers    white    changing    to    yellow   when    old  ;   branches    pu- 
bescent.    (J.) 
J.   Flowers  hairy  outside.     (K.) 

K.    Leaves  usually  wider  near  tip,  dull  green,  1-3  inches  long. 

European  Fly  Honeysuckle  (382)  —  Lonicera  Xyl6steum. 

K.    Leaves  usually  wider  near  center  or  base,  dark  green  above, 

grayish-hairy  below  (1-2  inches  long).   Japan  Honeysuckle 

(383)  —  Lonicera  M6rrowi. 

J.   Flowers  smooth    outside  :   leaves  slender,  grayish-hairy  below 


234 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


(2-4    inches  long).      Maxchukian    IIoxetsuckle  —  Lonicera 
Ruprecliti<\na. 
I.    Mowers  pink,  red,  or  white  and  not  changing  to  yellow  when  old; 
fruit  red,  yellow,  or  orange.     (L.) 
L.    Hairy  shrub  with  small,  |-1^  inches  long,  bluish  or  grayisli 
green  leaves  ;  flowers  abundant ;  fruit  red.     Free-flowering 
Honeysuckle  —  Lonicera  floribunda. 
L.    Smooth  shrub    with    larger,   1-2|    inches  long,   leaves    often 
heart-shaped  at  base.     Very  variable  and  common,  to  10  feet. 
Tartarian  Honeysuckle  (384)  —  Lonicera  talarica. 

The  last  four  species  are  very  common,  with  many  hybrids,  and  thus 
intermediate  forms  are  known. 


Diervllla  and  Weigela  are  genera  closely  related  to  Lonicera  and  are 
often  popularly  called  honeysuckles.  Loniceras  have  fleshy  few-seeded 
berries  for  fruit,  while  Diervillas  and  AVeigelas  have  dry  oblong  many- 
seeded  capsules.  Diervilla  and  Weigela  are  often  united  under  the  name 
Diervilla,  but  for  our  purpose  had  better  be  considered  as  separate.  The 
DiEKViLLAS  proper  have  small, 
i-|  inch  long,  slender-tubed,  2- 
lipped,  yellow  flowers  of  no  great 
beauty  and  seldom  found  in  cul- 
tivation. 


V 


Fia.  385.  —  Common  Weigela. 


Fig.  386.  —  Large-flowered  Weigela. 


The  Weigelas  are  among  our  most  popular  flowering  shrubs,  with 
large  funnel-shaped,  5-lobed  corollas  of  many  colors.  The  leaves  are 
opposite,  simple,  feather-veined  with  notched  edges.  Besides  the  four  or 
five  original  species  from  eastern  Asia,  of  which  there  are  many  varieties, 
there  are  an  almost  endless  number  of  hybrids  now  in  cultivation.  In 
fact,  the  tendency  is  to  cultivate  only  these  hybrid  forms,  as  the  flowerr. 


DIERVILLA    AND    WEIGELA 


235 


Fig.  387.— Japan  Weigela. 


Fig.  388.  —  Many-flowered  Weigela. 


show  greater  beauty  and  variety.  There  are  forms  in  bloom  from  early 
May  to  late  August.  The  colors  of  the  flowers  vary  from  pure  white 
through  the  pinks,  red,  crimson,  and  purple;  of  pure  colors  as  well  as 
blotched  and  striped  in  many  ways.  One  of  the  especially  attractive 
points  about  the  flowers  is  the.  change  that  takes  place  in  the  colors  of  the 


Fig.  389.  —  Diervilla. 


4^  y^ 


Fig.  3i)0.  —  Middendorf  s  Weigela- 


230  DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 

blossoms  after  expanding.  Some  which  open  pure  white  change  to  pale 
pink  and  end  as  bright  carmine.  Weigela  fl6rida  has  several  forms  with 
variegated  white  and  yellow  foliage.  As  with  the  roses  and  their  num- 
berless hybrids,  so  here  it  is  impossible  to  show,  without  the  finest  colored 
illustrations,  the  named  forms  in  cultivation.  [Twig  cuttings.] 


KEY   TO   THE    SPECIES   OF   WEIGELA 

*  Anthers  of  the  stamens  separate,  not  united  around  the  pistil.     (A.) 
A.    Flowers  not  definitely  yellow  and  an  inch  or  more  long.     (B.) 

B.    Calyx  united  at  the  base  and  sometimes  to  the  middle  ;  stigma 
decidedly  2-lobed. ;   seeds  without  thin  wing-like   projections. 
Common  Weigela  (385)  —  Weigela  fl6rida. 
B.   Calyx  of  5  separate  linear  pieces  ;  stigma  broad  and  head-like  ; 
seeds  with  wings.     (C.) 
C.    Shrub  5-10  feet  high  and  nearly  smooth  throughout ;  flowers 
and  leaves  large  ;  flowers  not  abundant.     Large-flowered 
Weigela  (380)  —  Weigela  grandiflora. 
C.    Shrub  4-8  feet  and  pubescent,  lower  sides  of  leaves  espe- 
cially so  ;  flowers  pubescent  outside.     (D.) 
D.    Corolla  abruptly   narrowed    below  the    middle ;    flower- 
clusters  short-stalked.     Japan  AYeigela  (387)  —  Weigela 
jap6nica. 
D.    Corolla  gradually  narrowed  to  the  base  ;  flower-clusters 
about  sessile  ;  plant  more  vigorous ;  flowers  smaller  and 
more     abundant.       Many-flowered     Weigela       (388) 
Weigela  floribunda. 
A.    Flowers    yellow,    small,    i-|   inch,   plainly    2-lipped,    Diervilla 
proper.     (E.) 
E.    Leaves    distinctly    stalked  :     branchlets    round.      Diervilla. 
Bush  '  Honeysuckle  '    (389) — Diervilla  Lonfcera  (D.  trifida). 
E.    Leaves  nearly  sessile  ;  branchlets  square.     High-bush  '  Honey- 
suckle '  —  Diervilla  sessilif61ia. 

*  Anthers  of  the  stamens  united  around  the  pistil;   flowers  broad-fun- 

nel-form, yellowish  white  spotted  with  orange  and  purple;  calyx 
notched  and  irregular.  Low  shrub  to  3  feet.  Middendorf's  Wei- 
gela (390)  —  Weigela  Middendorfiana. 

On  the  following  page  are  illustrations  of  two  of  the  hybrid  forms  (391). 
Eva  Rathke  Weigela  —  Weigela  (Diervilla)  Eva  Rathke  —  deep  car- 
mine red,  blooming  late,  June  and  July.  Desboisi's  Weigela  —  Weigela 
Desboisi  —  deep  rose,  blooming  May. 


ABELIA 


237 


a,  Eva  Rathke  Weigela.  6,  Desboisi's  Weigela. 

Fig.  391.  — Two  Hybrid  Forms  of  Weigela. 


Abelia.  The  Abelias  are  tender  low 
shrubs  with  small  opposite  notched  leaves 
and  tubular  to  funnel-formed  5-lobed  flowers 
in  terminal  or  axillary  clusters,  panicles. 
The  lightly  irregular  flowers  are  espe- 
cially dainty  and  bloom  for  a  long  period ; 


Fig.  392.  —  Entire-leaved  Abelia. 


Fig.  393.  —  Mexican  Abelia . 


238 


dp:scriptions  of  the  shrubs 


Fig.  394.  — Yellow-throated  White  Fig.  395.  — Hybrid  Abelia. 

Abelia. 


Fig.  396.  —  Serrate-leaved  Abelia.  Fig.  397.  — Yellow-throated  Rosy 

Abelia. 


KEY    TO    THE    SPECIES    OF    ABELIA 


239 


the  fruit  is  a  dry  leatliery  berry. 
Only  one  species,  Ever-flower- 
ing Abelia — Abelia  grandifldra, 
—  can  be  grown  as  far  north  as 
New  York,  even  if  protected.  It 
has  much  the  appearance  of  a 
Weigela  and  is  frequently  called 
one.  All  Weigelas  have  5-pointed 
sepals  closely  covering  the  base  of 
the  corolla.  The  Abelias  have  pe- 
culiarly irregular  sepals,  often 
leaf -like  and  spreading  and  vary- 
ing in  number  from  2  to  5  in  the 
different  species.  The  leaves  are 
never  over  2  inches  long,  gen- 
erally about  an  inch.  Many  of 
the  Abelias  are  evergreen,  all  are 
fitted  for  outdoor  cultivation  in 
the  Gulf  states,  and  several  will 
probably  do  well  in  protected  po- 
sitions north  to  Washington. 

[Twig  cuttings,  in  summer ;  layers,  in  sprinc 


Fig.  398.  —  Chinese  Abelia. 


KEY  TO   THE   SPECIES   OE   ABELIA 


Leaves  thick,  nearly  or  fully  evergreen.     (A.) 
A.    Sepals  5.     (B.) 


B. 


B 


Leaves  nearly  entire;  flowers  white  with  a  pink  tinge.     Entire- 
leaved  Abelia  (392)  —  Abelia  trifiora. 

Leaves    distinctly   notched,    oval ;     flowers    large,    2   inches, 
rosy-purple.     Mexican   Abelia    (393)  —  Abelia  floribunda. 
Leaves  notched,  ovate  ;  flowers  over  an  inch  long,  white  with 
a  yellowish  throat.     Yellow-throated  White  Abelia  (394) 
—  Abelia  spathulata. 
.    Sepals  irregularly  2,   3,  4,   or  5  ;  flowers  abundant,  white  with 
tinge  of  pink,  nearly  an  inch  long,  blooming  continuously  from 
June   to    November.     The    hardiest  species.      Hybrid    Abelia 
(395)  —  Abelia  grandifl5ra  (A.  rupdstris). 
.    Sepals  generally  2  ;  leaves  notched.     (C.) 

C.    Flowers  pale  red.     Serrate-leaved    Abelia    (396)  —  Abelia 
serrata. 


240 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


C.    Flowers  rosy-white  with  a  yellow  throat.     Yellow-thuoated 
Rosy  Abelia  (397)  —  Abelia  miiflora. 
*  Leaves  thinner  and  deciduous  ;  flowers  white.     (D.) 
D.    Sepals  5  ;  flowers  small,   l  inch  long,  stamens  exserted ;  leaves 
ovate,  serrate  with  hairs  on  midrib  beneath,     Chinese    Abelia 
(398)  —Abelia  chin^nsis. 
D.    Sepals    4 ;     leaves    ovate-lanceolate,    hairy,     coarsely    serrate. 
Two-flowered  Abelia  —  Abelia  biflora. 

Gardenia.  The  Cape  'Jasmine'  and  other  beautiful  plants  are  in- 
cluded among  the  Gardenias.  The  name  jasmine  or  jessamine  is  given 
to  many  different  species  belonging  to  several  different  families,  so,  as  with 
the  name  honeysuckle,  it  would  be  well  to  learn  the  proper  names  for 
each  group  and  properly  apply  them  and  not  use  either  'jasmine'  or 
'  honeysuckle '   without    some    modification   to   show  the    exact   genus 


Cape  '  Jasmine.' 


intended,  (The  name  jessamine  should  be  restricted  to  the  genus  Jas- 
minum  (p.  273)  and  honeysuckle  to  Lonicera  (p.  230).  This  application 
of  names  would  stop  most  of  the  confusion.  Of  course  Cape  'Jasmine' 
will  always  mean  Gardenia.)  The  Gardenias  have  opposite  simple  entire 
evergreen  leaves  and  sweet-scented  tubular  white  flowers  with  spreading 


CEPIIALANTHUS 


241 


border  (salver-  or  bell-shaped)  of  5  or  more  lobes.     The  Gardenias  proper 
have  a  1-celled  pod.     They  are  hardy  only  in  the  South. 

Cape  'Jasmine'  (399) — Gardenia  jasminoides  —  has  a  calyx  with  5  slen- 
der teeth  and  distinct  ridges  along  the  sides  of  the  united  portion.  The 
corolla,  in  the  usually  cultivated  variety,  is  fully  double  with  many  white 
waxy  lobes.  There  are  many  varieties  under  many  names,  differing  in 
the  width  of  the  leaves  and  the  height  and  habit  of  plant  growth.  Hardy 
to  the  Carolinas  and  extensively  cultivated  North  in  conservatories.  A 
similar  plant,  but  with  gummy  buds  and  without  ridges  on  the  calyx,  is 
PiKAMALi,  Cambi,  or  Resin-plant  —  Gardenia  lucida. 

[Seeds;  layers;  twig  cuttings.] 


Fig.  400.  —  Buttonbush. 


Fig.  401.  — Groundsel  Bush. 


CephaUnthus  occidentalis.  The  Buttonbush  (400)  is  a  wild  American 
shrub  (3-12  feet)  growing  in  wet  places  and  sometimes  cultivated.  It  has 
simple  entire  glossy  opposite  or  whorled  leaves  and  small,  white  tubular 
flowers  forming  a  globular  cluster  an  inch  or  more  broad,  June  to  Sep- 
tember. The  leaves  are  3  to  6  inches  long  and  1  to  2^  inches  wide,  often 
in  whorls  of  threes  around  the  stems.  The  fruit  is  a  round  cluster  of  dry 
1-  to  2-seeded  nutlets.  '  [Seeds  ;  twig  cuttings.] 


Baccharis.    Groundsel  Bush  (401)  or  Salt-watek  Shrub  —  Baccharis 
halimifolia,  —  3  to  12  feet  high,  is  a  plant  with  angular  somewhat  scurfy 
apgar's  shrubs — IG 


242 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


Fig.  402:  — Lavender  Cotton.  Fig.  403.  —  Black  Huckleberry. 


Ja^^, 


Fig.  404.  —  Dwarf  Huckleberry. 


Fig.  405.  — Bug  Bilberry. 


SANTOLINA    CHAM^CYPARISSUS 


243 


branches,  alternate  simple  entire  to  lobed  leaves  and  persistent  collection 
of  hairy  fruits  resembling  small  white  brushes,  in  fall  and  early  winter. 
The  shrub  is  dioecious,  so  not  all  of  them  have  this  showy  appearance. 
This  plant  belongs  to  the  daisy  group  of  flowers,  the  individual  blos- 
soms are  very  small  and  grow  in  heads  which  are  popularly  considered  as 
the  flowers.  The  part  which  produces  the  showy  appearance  of  the 
groundsel  bush  is  the  pappus,  so  conspicuous  in  thistles.  The  stamen- 
bearing  plant  has  unconspicuous  yellowish  flowers.  It  is  a  useful  shrub, 
especially  for  coastwise  cultivation,  as  it  particularly  thrives  in  the  salt 


Fig.  406.  — Foxberry. 


Fig.  407.  —  Evergreen  Vine  Blueberry 


air.  A  southern  plant  with  willow-like  deciduous  leaves,  WILLO^v 
LEAVED  Groundsel  Tree  —  Baccharis  salicifolia,  —  may  be  in  cultivation 
An  evergreen  species  of  the  Pacific  region  is  Baccharis  pilularis. 

[Seeds ;  twig  cuttings  under  glaas.'^i 


Santolina  Chama5cyparlssus.  Lavender  Cotton  (402)  is  a  halt-imrutby 
plant  (l|-2  feet)  with  aromatic  alternate  evergreen  deeply-lobed  silvery 
gray  leaves  and  small  globular  heads  of  yellow  flowers,  in  summer.  It  is 
used  South  for  the  slirubbery,  but  North  mainly  for  carpet-bedding,  for 
this  latter  purpose  slips  rooted  in  sand  are  kept  throu-h  the  winter. 

[Twig  cuttings.] 


?44 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


Gaylussacia  and  Vaccinium.  The  IlrcKLEnEKRiEs  and  Butererries 
are  wild  plants  rarely  brought  into  cultivation  even  for  fruiting  purposes, 
and  thus  scarcely  need  a  place  in  this  book.  Still  there  are  a  few 
species  which  have  beautiful  flowers,  foliage,  and  fruit  and  belong 
to  the  very  limited  group  which  thrive  in  shady  places. 

HiGH-Busn  Blueberry — Vaccinium  atrococcum  (V.  corymb5sum)  — 
is  a  tall  straggling  shrub  4  to  12  feet  with  yellowish  green  warty  branches, 
alternate  usually  entire  leaves,  white  or  pinkish  tubular  flowers  in  clusters 
on  short  leafless  twigs.  May,  June,  and  abundant  many-seeded  blue-black 
berries,  July,  August. 

Deerherry  or  Buckberry  —  Vaccinium  stamineum  —  is  a  spreading 
branched  shrub  2  to  5  feet  with  entire-edged  pale  leaves  and  abundant  green- 
ish white  bell-shaped  nodding  flowers  with  projecting  stamens,  April  to 
June.    The  large  greenish  or  yellowish  berries  (|  inch)  are  hardly  edible. 

[Seeds,  with  difficulty  j  divisions.] 


Fig.  408.  —  Deerberry. 


Fig.  40!).  — Farkleberry. 


KEY    TO    HUCKLEBEIlRtES,    BLUEBERRIES,    ETC.        LM.-) 

KEY    TO   HUCKLEBEKRIES,    BLUEBERRIES 
ETC. 

*  Berries  10-seeded,  Gaylussacias.     (A.) 
A.    Leaves  sprinkled  with  waxy  dots,  entire,  deciduous.     (B  ) 
B.   Leaves  pale  and  glaucous  beneath;   fruit   blue,  with  bloom 
Erect     (2-4     feet     high).       Blue    Tano.e  or  Danglebekh; 
—  Cxaylussacia  frondosa. 
B.    Leaves  green  both  sides  ;  shrubs  under  .3  feet      (C  ) 

C.   Bracts  small,  i  inch,  among   the    flowers 'and   fruit-    fruit 
sweet  but  seedy.     Black    Huckleberry    (403)  _  Gavlus 
sacia  baccata  (G.  resin osa). 
C.   Bracts  leafy  and  longer  than  the  flower-stems;  fruit  watery 
duLsf^'"^'     DwARP  Huckleberry     (404)  -  Gaylussacia 
A.    Leaves  thick,  evergreen,  serrate  with  the  edges  somewhat  rolled 
b«r^  ''  ''-'  "^"-     -^—RRY- Gaylussacia 
*  Berries  many-seeded  —  Vacciniums.     (D  ) 
D.    Flowers  tubular  or  urn-shaped,  not  open-bell-shaped.     (E  ) 
E.   Flowers  and  fruit  solitary  or  in  small  clusters  of  2-4      (F  ) 
F.    Shrubs  under  2  feet  high  ;  leaves  under  1  inch  long.     (G  ) 

MoTr  ''^""'  ''^'''''''  ^^"^"^^^-     ^«^^^  «r  Boo  Bilberry 
(405)  —  Vaccinium  uliginosum 

G.   Leaves  minutely,  notched,  green  and  shining  both  sides. 
Dwarf  Bilberry  _  Vaccinium  cajspitosum. 
F.    Shrubs  2-15  feet  high  ;  leaves  1-3  inches  long.     (H  ) 

H.    Leaves  about   entire,  pale  beneath.     Oval-leaved  Bil- 
berry —  Vaccinium  ovalifolium. 
H.   Leaves  minutely  notched,  green  both  sides.     Thin-leaved 
Bilberry -Vaccinium  membran^ceum  (V.  myrtilloides^ 
E.    Flowers  and  fruit  in  larger  clusters      (I)  yrmioiaes). 

'■   f^eT'^Jo""^"'''''  '  ''  '  ''""''  "'  '""^  ^'  ^'^'-     Tall,  3-15 
J.   Flowers  appearing  before   the  leaves.     Southerx  Bl.ck 

Huckleberry  —Vaccinium  virgatum 
J.    Flowers   at  the    time    of    leaf-expansion.     High-bush  or 
Swamp  Blueberry  -Vaccinium  corymb6sum 
I.    F^wers.less  elongated  -  not  over  2  times  as  long  as  wide. 

K.  Shrubs  3-15  feet  high;  leaves  densely  hairy  beneath. 
tJLACK  High  Blueberry- Vaccinium  atroc6ccum  (V 
corymbosum).  .  ^    ' 


24G  DESORIPTIOXS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 

K.    Shrubs  under  2  feet  high.     (L.) 
L.   Twigs   hairy;    leaves   entire;    fruit  blue,   with  bloom. 

Sour-top    or   Velvet-leaf    Blueberry — Vaccinium 

canad^nse. 
Ii.   Twigs,  leaves,  and  fruit   hairy.     Hairy   Huckleberry 

—  Vaccinium  hirsutum. 

L.    Twigs  warty;   leaves  minutely  notched;   berries  bluish 
black  and  glaucous.      Low  or  Early  Sweet  Blueberry 

—  Vaccinium  pennsylvanicum. 

L.   Twigs  smooth;  leaves  minutely  notched;  berries  black 
without  bloom.     Low  Black  Blueberry  —  Vaccinium 
pennsylvanicum  nigrum  (V.  nigrum), 
K.   Shrubs  generally  over  2  feet  high ;  twigs  green  and  warty  ; 
leaves  pale  beneath.     (M.) 
M.    Leaves  thick,  about  entire  ;  berry  |  inch,  blue  with  a 
bloom.     Late  Low  Blueberry  —  Vaccinium  vacillans. 
M.   Leaves  thin,  sharply  notched  ;  berry  larger.     Mountain 
Blueberry  —  Vaccinium    corymbosum    pallidum    (V. 
pallidum) . 
D.   Flowers  open-bell-shaped.     (N.) 

N.   Flowers  4-notched ;     leaves   evergreen,  small,  under  1  inch; 
shrub  under  1  foot ;  berries  dark  red.    Cowberry  or  Foxberry 
(406)  — Vaccinium  Vitis-Idsea. 
N.    Flowers    5-notched  ;    leaves    evergreen,   I   inch  or  less  long; 
creeping  plant,  with  black  berries,  hardy  South.     Evergreen 
Vine  Blueberry  (407)  —  Vaccinium  crassif51ium. 
N.    Flowers  6-notched  ;  leaves  deciduous  ;  shrubs  over  2  feet.     (O.) 
O.    Stamens  much  exserted ;  berry  green  or  yellow ;  shrub  2-5 
feet  high.     Deerberry  or  Buckberry  (408)  —  Vaccinium 
stamineum. 
O.   Similar  to  the  last,  berry  larger,  shining  black.     "A  valu- 
able shade-enduring  ornamental  shrub."     Southern  Goose- 
berry —  Vaccinium  melanocarpum. 
O.    Stamens  included ;  berry  black,  ripe  in  Oct.     Shrub  or  tree 
8-30  feet.     Farkleberry  or  Sparkleberry  (409)  —  Vac- 
cinium arboreum. 

Arctostaphylos.  This  genus  contains  a  number  of- species  (30)  of 
shrubs  or  small  trees  and  includes  some  trailing  vineg.  All  in  cultivation 
here  are  American.  (Only  the  trailing  species  are  hardy  North  and  of 
course  are  omitted.)  The  leaves  are  alternate,  usually  evergreen  with 
entire  margins.  Flowers  small,  globular  in  terminal  clusters,  panicles, 
in  spring.     Fruit  a  red  berry.  [Seeds;  twig  cuttings.] 


ARCTOSTAPHYLOS 


247 


Fig.  410. —  Downy  Arctostaphylos.  Fig.  411.  —  Manzanita. 


Fig.  412.  — Pale-leaved  Arcto- 
staphylos. 


Fig.  413.  —  Bristly  Arctostaphylos. 


248 


DESCKIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


Fig.  414.  — Pringle's  Arcto- 
staphylos. 


Fig.  41."..  —  Hicolored  Arcto- 
stapliylos. 


KEY  OF  FORMS  OF  ARCTOSTAPHYLOS  FROM  THE 
PACIFIC   REGION   HARDY   ONLY   SOUTH 


*  Leaves  smooth  and  fruit  on  smooth  stems.     (A.) 

A.  Flowers  in  umbel-like  clusters  ;  shrub  3-10  feet.  Downy  Arc- 
TOSTAPHYLOS  (410)  —  Arctostaphylos  piingens. 

A.  Flowers  in  elongated  clusters ;  shrub  or  tree  to  30  feet.  Man- 
zANiTA  (411)  —  Arctostaphylos  Manzanita. 

*  Leaves  smooth  ;  fruit  stems  glandular.     (B.) 

B.  Flowers  in  elongated  clusters ;  shrub  or  tree  8-25  feet.  Pale- 
leaved  Arctostaphylos  (412)  —  Arctostaphylos  glauca. 

B.  Flowers  in  spreading  clusters,  light  pink  on  sticky  stems  ;  5-15 
feet.  Most  ornamental.  Viscid  Arctostaphylos  —  Arcto- 
staphylos vfscida. 

*  Leaves  more  or  less  hairy  ;  twigs  bristly.     '(C.) 

C.  Flowers  in  dense  short  panicles ;  2-0  feet.  Hardiest  species. 
Bristly  Arctostaphylos  (413)  —  Arctostaphylos  tomentosa. 

C.  Flowers  in  leafy  clusters;  fruit  bristly.  Prixgle's  Arcto- 
staphylos (414)  —  Arctostaphylos  Pringlei. 

C.  Flowers  in  nodding  dense  racemes  rose-colored  ;  fruit  smooth. 
BicoLORED  Arctostaphylos  (415)  —  Arctostaphylos  bicolor. 


ANDROMEDA 


249 


Arbutus  Unedo.  The  Strawberry  Tree  (416)  is  a  tree 
15  feet  with  evergreen  simple  alternate 
nearly  entire  leaves  (2-3  inches),  glob- 
ular red  berries  (|  inch)  with  many- 
seeds  and  ovate  white  to  red  flowers 
(about  ^  inch  long)  in  nodding  clus- 
ters. The  bloom  and  the  fruit  of  the 
preceding  year  are  both  on  the  shru') 
through  the  fall  and  render  the  plant 
very  decorative.  The  leaves  are  a 
lustrous  smooth  green.  Hardy  only  far 
South.  [Seeds;  twig  cuttings.] 


Andr6meda.  For  our  purpose  this 
old  genus  name  is  much  the  better  one 
for  a  large  number  of  beautiful  shrubs 
which  have  clusters  of  small  tubular 
urn-shaped  and  globular  flowers  form- 
ing small  5-valved  dry  capsules  with 
many  seeds.  The  leaves  are  simple, 
alternate  with  entire  or  notched  edges. 
Most  of   them  will   be   found   in  plant 


rub  8  to 


Fig.  416.  —  Strawberry  Tree. 


Fig.  417.  —  Scurfy  Andromeda. 


Fig.  418.  — Leather  Leaf. 


250 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF   THE    SHRUBS 


Fig.  419.  — Catesby's  Leucothoe. 


Fig.  420.  —  Mountain  Fetter  Bush. 


catalogues  under  this  name.  The  group  has  been  so  divided  by  late  bota- 
nists, based  upon  such  microscopic  characters,  that  the  average  student 
cannot  properly  separate  them.     (The  new  names  are  given  at  the  end.) 

[Seeds,  in  spring  ;  layers  ;  twig  cuttings.] 


Fig.  421.  — Japan  Fetter  Bush. 


Fig.  422.  —  Marsh  Andromeda. 


ANDROMEDA 


251 


Fig.  423.  —  Fetter  Bush. 


Fig.  424.  —  Privet  Andromeda. 


Fig.  423.  — Beautiful  Zeuobia.  Fig.  426.  — Swamp  Leucothoe. 


252 


DESCIUPTIOXS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


Fig,  427.  —  Sourwood. 


Fig.  428.  —  Stagger-bush. 


KEY  TO  THE  ANDROMEDA-LIKE  SHRUBS 


Leaves  thick  and  evergreen  (Privet  Andromeda  of  the  2d  *  is  nearly 

evergreen).     (A.) 
A.    Flowers  very   small,    ^   inch   long,  globular,  noddnig  and  clus- 
tered in  axils  of  somev^^hat  reduced  leaves,  Feb.-April.     Shrub 
or  tree  with  scurfy  twigs,  5-25  feet  tall.     Scurfy   Andromeda 
(417)  —  Andromeda  (Xolisma)  ferruglnea. 
A.    Flowers  more  elongated  —  usually  twice  as  long  as  wide.     (B.) 
B.    Flowers  in  one-sided  racemes.     (C.) 

C.    Flower-clusters  with  large  leaf-like  bracts  as  long  as  tlie  flow- 
ers, April-June  ;    leaves  densely  covered  with  small  round 
scurfy  scales.     Shrub  1-4  feet  high.     Leather  Leaf  (418) 
—  Chamsedaphne  calyculata. 
C.   Bracts,  of  the  flower  clusters,  much  smaller  or  absent,     (D.) 
D.    Leaves  large,  3-6  inches,  with  bristly-tipped  teeth  ;   flow- 
ers slender  (nearly  i  inch  long),  April.     2-6  feet,  hardy 
with  protection  to   New  York.      Catesby's   Leucothoe 
(410)  —  Leuc6thoe  Catesbfei. 
D.    Leaves   somewhat  smaller  without  bristly  teeth ;    young 


KEY    TO    THE    ANDROMEDA-LIKIO  SHRUBS  253 

twigs  hairy.     2-5  feet,  hardy.    Downy  LicucoTHOii  —  Leu- 
cothoe  axillaris. 
D.   Leaves  (1-3  inches)  with  small  teeth  and  bristly  edges, 
black-dotted  beneath  ;  flower-clusters  somewhat  nodding, 
May.     2-6  feet.     Mountain  Fetter  Bush  (420) — Andro- 
meda floribiinda  (Pi6ris  floribunda). 
D.    Similar  to  the  last  but  the  flowers  are  much  larger  and  in 
more  drooping  clusters  and  the  plant  is  much  taller  —  to 
30   feet.     Japan    Fetter    Bush    (421)  — Pieris   japdnica 
(P.  ovalifolia) . 
D.    Similar  to  the  last  two  but  with  larger  leaves,  3-5  inches 
long.     Indian  Fetter-bush  —  Pieris  f ormosa. 
B.    Flowers  in  pendent  terminal  umbels ;  leaves  linear,  entire  with 
rolled  edges.     1-3  feet.     Marsh  Andromeda  (422)  or  Wild 
Rosemary  —  Andromeda  polifolia. 
B.    Flowers  in   close   axillary  umbels  ;    leaves   oval,    entire   with 
slightly    rolled    edges.     Fetter   Bush  (423)  —  Lyonia  ni'tida 
(Pieris  nitida). 
*  Leaves  thinner  and  deciduous.     (E.) 
E.    Flowers  globular  or  rounded-bell-shaped,  only  about  as  long  as 
wide.     (F.) 
F.    Flowers  very  small,  i  inch,   abundant  in    panicled   terminal 
clusters^   May-July  ;   leaves   firm   (almost  evergreen),  entire, 
l-2i  inches  long.     Privet  Andromeda  or  Male  Berry  (424) 
—  Lyonia  ligustrina  (Andromeda  paniculata). 
F.    Flowers    larger,  i  inch,    and    more    bell-shaped ;     branching 
shrubs  3-7  feet :    handsome  plants  hardy  to  Massachusetts  if 
somewhat  protected.     (G.) 
G.    Lower    surface    of    leaves    green  ;     blooming    May,   June. 
Beautiful  Zenobia  (425)  —Andromeda  (Zenobia)  speciosa. 
G.   Leaves  densely  glaucous.    Glaucous  Zenobia  —  Andromeda 
(Zenobia)  pulverul^nta. 
E.    Flowers  tubular  or  urn-shaped,  about  twice  as  long  as  wide.     (H.) 
H.    Flowers  about  i  inch  long  in  one-sided  racemes,  very  swet  t- 
scented,  April-June.     Good  for  shady  places,  though  growing 
well  in  the  open  ;  hardy.     (I.) 
I.    Shrubs  to  12  feet  blooming  April,  May.     (J.) 

J.  Racemes  nuich  curved  ;  capsule  decidedly  5-lobed.  Wild 
in  dry  woods  ;  2-10  feet.  Mountain  Letcotiioi^  —  Leucd- 
thoe  recurva. 
J.  Racemes  nearly  straight ;  capsule  not  lobed.  Growing  in 
swamp  ;  5-12  feet.  Swamp  LEucoTiioii  (420)  —  Leuco- 
thoe  racemosa. 


254 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THP]    SHRUBS 


I.    Tree  to  50  feet ;  blooming  June,  July.     Flowering  when  small 

and  shrub-like  ;   leaves  sour.     Soruwoon  (427)  or  Sorrel- 

TRKK  —  ( )xyd^ndrum  arboreum. 

H,    Flowers  larger,  ^  inch  long,  in  side-umbels,  white  or  faintly 

pink,  May-July.     A  beautiful  shrub,  1-4  feet.     Stagger-bush 

(428)  —  Lyonia  mariana  (I'ieris  niari^na). 

Erica.  The  Heaths  and  Heather  are  all  small-leaved,  shrubby  plants 
with  usually  small  4-lobed,  bell-  or  urn-shaped  flowers.  The  leaves  are 
scale-  or  linear-shaped  and  arranged  on  the  stems  in  alternate,  opposite,  or 
whorled  positions.  The  fruit  is  a  4-celled  capsule.  But  few  are  in  culti- 
vation in  the  open  in  America  because  of  our  hot  and  dry  summers. 
Only  three  have  escaped  and  grow  without  cultivation.  These  are  Euro- 
pean species,  although  those  cultivated  in  Europe  are  mainly  from  South 
Africa.  The  African  species  ar.e  practically  unknown  in  America  except- 
ing in  conservatories. 

The  smaller  leaves,  the  4-lobed  flowers,  and  the  4-celled  fruit  ^^^ll  sepa- 
rate the  heaths  from  the  andromedas.  [Seeds;  twig  cuttings.] 


Fig.  429.  — Pink 
Moor  Heath. 


Fig.  4.U).  —  Scotch 
Heath, 


Fig.  432.— Irish 
Heath. 


Key  to  the  heaths  and  heather 


255 


KEY  TO  HEATHS  AND  HEATHEK 

*  Hardy  heaths  with  the  leaves  whoiied»     (A.) 

A.    Spriiiu-1, looming-  (March-May),  flowers  bell-shaped  white  or  red. 

TiNK  Moou  Heath  (429)  —  Erica  carnea. 
A.    Summer-  and  fall-blooming.     (B.) 
B.    Leaves  whorled  generally  in  3's ;  flowers  about  ^  inch  long. 

Scotch  Heath  (430)  —  Erica  cin^rea. 
B.   Leaves  whorled  in  4's  or  5's.     (C.) 

C.    Pod  without  hairs  ;  flowers  white  or  purplish  red.     Cornish 

Heath  —  Erica  vagans. 
C.    Pod    with    long    rough    hairs ;    branches  rigid.      Corsican 

Heath  —  Erica  stricta. 
C.    Pod  velvety  ;  leaves  with  rolled  edges ;  flowers  rosy.     Bell 
Heather  —  Erica  T^tralix. 

*  Hardy  heather  with  leaves  opposite  and  covering  the  stem.      Heather 

or  Ling  (431)  —  Calliina  vulgaris. 

*  Leaves  alternate  and  white  below;    flowers  drooping  in  long  racemes. 

Needs  protection  North.     Irish  Heath  (432)  —  Dabdecia  (Menzi- 
esia)  polifolia. 


Fig.  433.  — Mo  mi  taiu 'Laurel.' 


Fig.  434.  —  Sheep  '  Laurel. 


256 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


Kdlmia.     The  Kalmias  or  American'  'Laurels'  are  amonu  the  most 

beautiful  shrubs  in  cultivation.     About  all  are  hardy  throughout  and 

should  he  cultivated  much  more  generally  than  they  are.      The  special 

peculiarities  of  the  Kalmias  are  in  the  flowers,  which  are  cup-shaped  with 

ten  hollows  in  which  the  anthers  are 
held  till  released  by  the  action  of 
insects.  The  leaves  are  entire,  and 
alternate,  opposite,  or  whorled  in 
arrangement  on  the  stem. 

So  many  evergreen  plants,  of 
many  families,  both  in  America  and 
lOurope  are  called  laurels  that  it 
would  be  better  to  drop  it  as  a  name 
unless  some  distinctive  modifier  can 
>---'''^|]3i^-^/ps:\V^^  fix  upon  the  plant  intended.     '-The 

'^^    -<<Y-;cizx\\S>^  |i^=s^~^         V         flower    of    Kalmia    is  one   of  those 

proposed  as  a  national  flower  emblem, 
especially  on  account  of  the  exquisite 
symmetrical  beauty  of  the  single 
flower."  Kalmia  is  a  purely  Ameri- 
can genus  and  deserves 
a  distinctive  name.  The 
best  plan  would  be  to 
always  call  these  Ameri- 
can    plants    Kalmias. 

They  are  less  particular  about  soil  and  position  than  the  hardy 

Rhododendron,  growing  well  in  sandy  and  loamy 

soils  and  especially  thriving  in  damp  shady  places. 
Broad-leaved  Kalmia,  Mountain  'Laurel,' 

or  Calico  Bush  (48.3)  —  Kalmia  latifolia —  is  gen- 
erally a  shrub  4  to  10  feet  high,  though  sometimes  a 

tree  to  30  feet,  with  a  rounded  head  and  evergreen, 

alternate  (or  irregularly  whorled),  entire,  glossy 

leaves  3-4  inches  long.     The  flowers  are  white  or 

rose-colored  in  large  terminal  clusters.  May  and 

June.     The  individual  flowers  are  about   f  inch 

broad. 

Narrow-leaved    Kalmia,    Sheep   'Laurel,' 

Lambkill  or  Wkkv  (434) — Kalmia  angustif  61  ia— 

is  alow  shrub,  1  to  3  feet  high,  with  usually  narrow 

evergi-een,  opposite  (or  whorled  in  threes)  leaves 

1  to  21  inches  long.    The  flowers  are  of  many  shades  of  red  to  purple  in  lateral 


Fig.  435.  — Pale  Kalmia. 


4.3(5.  —  Hairy 
Kalmia. 


clusters,  June  and  July. 


The  individual  flowers  are  nearly  \  inch  broad. 


AZALEA 


257 


Pale  Kalmia,  Pale  or  Swamp  'Laurel'  (435)  —  Kalmia  glaiica 
or  polifolia  —  is  a  small  shrub  1  to  2  feet  high  with  2-edged  stems,  opposite 
or  whorled  evergreen  leaves  i  to  2  inches  long,  white  beneath  with  a 
bloom  which  can  be  rubbed  oiif  ;  these  leaves  have  rolled  edges.  The 
flowers  are  on  slender  stems,  red  or  purplish  in  color,  in  teiTuinal  clusters 
(umbels)  in  summer  and  range  from  I  to  |  inch  broad. 

Hairy  Kalmia  or  '  Laurel  '  (436)  —  Kalmia  hirsuta  • —  is  a  branching 
shrub  1  to  2  feet  high  with  alternate  evergreen  small  leaves,  ]  to  -|  inch 
long.  Both  leaves  and  stems  are  covered  with  hairs.  The  flowers,  i  to 
I  inch  broad,  are  usually  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  rose-purple 
in  color. 


Fig.  437. —  White  Swamp  Azalea. 


Fig.  438.  —  Smooth  Azalea. 


Deciduous-leaved  Kalmia  or  White  Wicky  —  Kalmia  cuneata  —  is  a 
low  shrub  with  deciduous  mostly  alternate  wedge-shaped  leaves  |  to  2 
inches  long.  The  flowers  are  in  small  lateral  clusters,  white  or  pinkish  in 
color,  about  |  inch  broad,  in  spring. 

The  last  two  species  are  probably  hardy  only  in  the  middle  states  and 
in  the  South  and  are  the  least  ornamental  of  any  of  the  Kalmias.    [Seeds.] 


Azalea.     The  Azaleas  are  among  the  most  interesting  of  flowering 

shrubs.     In  the  size  and  abundance  of  bloom  and  in  the  brightness  and 

variety  of  coloring  there  is  hardly  anything  in  the  vegetable  kingdom 

which  can  equal  the  beauty  of  this  group  of  plants.     Some  species  are 

apgar's  shrubs — 17 


258 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF   THE    SHRUBS 


Fig.  431).  —  PiDxter  Flower. 


Fig.  440.  —  Flame  Azalea. 


Fig.  441.  —  Pontic  Azalea. 


Fig.  442.  —  Vasey's  Azalea. 


KEY    TO    THE    AZALEAS  259 

hardy  in  the  extreme  North,  many  others  are  hardy  only  in  the  Gulf 
states.  Besides  the  regular  species  there  are  numerous  hybrids  interme- 
diate in  character,  and  some  have  flowers  so  double  in  form  and  variegated 
in  color  as  to  disguise  their  character  to  the  extent  that  they  hardly 
seem  Azaleas.  Like  the  roses,  there  are  so  many  named  varieties  as  to 
defy  description  except  in  a  large  book  devoted  to  them  alone  and  fui-- 
nished  with  colored  illustrations. 

The  leaves  are  alternate  or  clustered  at  end  of  branches,  entire  or 
bristly-toothed  and  generally  deciduous.  The  flowers  when  single  are 
funnel-shaped,  somewhat  lopsided,  with  5  or  10  usually  long  stamens.  The 
fruit  is  a  large  5-valved  many-seeded  capsule.  They  grow  best  in  peaty 
or  sandy  soil  in  moist  and  somewhat  shady  situations. 

[Twig  cuttings  ;  layers ;  seeds ;  grafting  of  named  varieties  on  seedlings 
of  hardy  species.] 


KEY   TO   MANY   OF   THE   AZALEAS 

*  Leaves  and  flowers  from  different  buds,  flowers  in  terminal  clustei"S, 
leaves  deciduous.     (A.) 
A.   Corolla  with  a  slender  tube  about  as  long  as  the  spreading  por- 
tion, hairy  and  glandular  outside,  stamens  (5)  longer  than  the 
lobes.     (B.) 
B.    Flowers  white  (or  tinged  red)  blooming  after  the  leaves  expand, 
very  fragrant.     (C.) 
C.   Flowers  l|-2  inches  long,  very  sticky  or  gummy  outside,  June, 
July;    branchlets  with  stiff  hairs ;   shrub  4-8  feet.     White 
Swamp  Azalea    (437)  —  Rhododendron  viscosum   (Azalea 
visc6sa) . 
C.    Flowers  2  inches  long,  June,  July;  branchlets  about  smooth; 
shrub  8-10  feet  high;  style  and  stamens  red.     SiMOGth  Aza- 
leas (438)  —  Rhododendron  arbor^scens    (Azalea  arbor^s- 
cens). 

C.  Flowers  2-2i  inches  long  with  yellow  on  the  upper  lobe.  May, 
June;  branchlets  generally  smooth;  shrub  2-6  feet.  Cali- 
fornia Azalea  —  Azalea  occidentalis  (Rhododendron  oc- 
cidentale) . 

B.  Flowers  usually  pink  though  sometimes  nearly  white,  blooming 
early,  about  when  the  leaves  expand,  April,  May,  slightly 
fragrant ;  shrub  3-6  feet.  Pink  Azalea  or  Pinxter  Flower 
(430)  —  Rhododendron  nudiflorum  (Azalea  nudiflora). 

B.    Flowers  yellow,  orange,  or  flt^nie  color.     (D.) 

D.  Orange  to  flame  color,  nearly  2  inches  broad,  without  odor 


2G0  DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 

or  nearly  so,  May,  June,  stamens  thickened  near  the  middle; 
shrub  4-10  feet.     Flame   Azalea    (440)  —  l^hodod6ndron 
calendulaceum  (Azalea  calendulacea). 
D.    Yellow  and  very  fragrant,  2-2^  inclies  broad,  May;  branch- 
lets  hairy  ;  shrub  2-6  feet.     Rare  in  cultivation  but  hybrids 
have  been  given  the  name.     Pontic  Azalea  (441)  —  Azalea 
pdntica. 
B.    Elowers  white,  yellow,  orange,  pink,  red,  lilac,  etc.,  blooming 
May-July.     Hybrid   or    Ghent  Azaleas  —  Azalea  ganda- 
v^nsis. 
A.    Corolla  with  a  broader  tube  which  is  pubescent  but  not  glandular 
outside,  stamens  (5)  shorter  than  the  spreading  portion,  flowers 
yellow,   orange,  or  pink  blooming  at  time   of  leaf  expansion, 
April,  May  ;   branches  hairy.     Shrub  3-8  feet.     Chinese  Aza- 
lea —  Azalea  sinensis  (Rhododendron  sin^nse). 
A.    Corolla  with  a  short  tube  and  broadly  spreading  border,  rose- 
inirple    without  spots,    smooth   outside,    stamens    10,    blooming 
before  the  leaves,  April,  May.     (B.) 
B.    Shrub  1-3  feet ;  leaves  glaucous  beneath.    Rhodora  —  Rhodo- 
dendron canad^nse  (Azalea  canadensis). 

E.  Shrub  3-8  feet ;  leaves  j^ellowish  beneath.  Rhombic-leaved 
Azalea  —  Azalea  rhdmbica  (Rhododendron  rhombfcum). 

A.   Corolla  with  a  short  tube,  broadly  spreading  border  and  upper 
lobes  spotted.     (F.) 

F.  Stamens  usually  7  (rarely  5) ;  bloom  before  leaves  ;  shrub  5-15 
feet.  Vasey's  Azalea  (442)  —  Azalea  Vaseyi  (Rhododendron 
Vaseyi) . 

F.    Stamens  10  ;  blooming  with  the  leaves  ;  shrub  2-5  feet ;  branches 
glandular-hairy.     (G.) 
G.    Flowers  purple.     Azalea  (Rhododendron)  Albr^chtii. 
G.   Flowers  pale  rose  color  with  brownish  spots.     Azalea  Schlip- 
pdnbachii. 
*  Leaves  and  flowers  from  the  same  terminal  bud ;  leaves  thick  and  gen- 
erally  evergreen ;    stamens   5-10.     Shrub   1-8   feet.     Evergre1:n 
Azalea  —  Azalea  Indica  (Rhododendron  fndicum)  — and  its  many 
named  varieties  and  hybrids. 

Rhododendron.  The  Rhododendrons  are  among  the  most  beautiful 
of  flowering  evergreens.  In  spring  and  early  summer,  when  in  bloom, 
the  bushes,  entirely  covered  with  great  heads  of  the  large  bright  colored 
flowers  and,  through  the  year,  the  large  thick  glossy  foliage  render  the 
Rhododendrons  objects  of  great  beauty.  There  are  three  or  four  species 
from  which  the  endless  hybrids  have  been  obtained.     One  of  these  is  from 


RHODODENDRON 


261 


India,  Tree  '  Laurel  '  (443)  —  Rhododendron  arboreum,  —  another  from 
Asia  Minor,  Pontic  Rhododendron  (444)  —  Rhododendron  p6nticum,  — 
and  two  are  from  America,  Catawba  Rhododendron  (445) —  Rhododen- 
dron catawbiense  —  and  Great  'Laurel'  (446) — Rhododendron  maxi- 
mum. The  leaves  are  alternate,  often  clustered  at  ends  of  branches,  usually 
large,  thick  and  leathery.  The  flowers  are  large  bell-shaped  and  somewhat 
irregularly  5-lobed.  The  stamens  are  usually  10  and  slightly  projecting 
from  the  corolhx.  The  fruit  is  a  usually  large  capsule  splitting  into  5  or 
10  valves  and  with  many  minute  seeds.  The  terminal  buds  in  winter  are 
large  and  many-scaled.  The  plants  are  generally  from  4  to  8  feet  high, 
though  a  number  of  alpine  and  northern  species  reach  only  to  the  height  of 
1  to  3  feet,  wliile  some  Himalayan  species  grow  to  the  height  of  30  to  60  feet. 


Fig.  443.  —  Tree  '  Laurel. 


Fig.  444.  —  Pontic  Rhododendron. 


A  soil  free  from  clay  or  lime  is  found  best  for  Rhododendrons  and  a 
slightly  shaded  position  is  natural  for  many  species.  The  soil  should  be 
well  drained  but  watering  is  necessary  in  our  dry  summers. 

The  Rhododendrons  vie  with  the  roses  in  the  endless  number  of  species 
and  hybrids.  Though  there  have  been  many  attempts,  no  book  has  made 
practical  the  distinction  of  the  varieties.  A  few  American  wild  species 
and  one  from  Asia  are  here  described. 

Our  northern  wild  species,  Great  'Laurel'   (446) — Rhododendron 


2G2 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


maximum,  —  i;tows  from  0  to  20  (occasionally  40)  feet  hii;h.  It  has  pale 
rose  to  nearly  white  liowers  an  inch  broad  with  some  greenish  in  the 
throat  and  reddish  or  yellowish  spots  on  the  upper  side.  It  blooms  July 
and  August. 

The  Alleghanian  species,  Catawba   Rhododendron  (445)  —  Rhodo- 
dendron catawbi^nse,  —  grows  usually  from  3  to  C  (occasionally  20)  feet 

high.     It  has  lilac-purple  flowers  1^ 
inches  broad  and  blooms  in  June. 

The  Californian  Rhododkx- 
DRON  —  Rhododendron  californicum 
— grows  about  8  (rarely  20)  feet  high. 
It  has  pink  or  purple  flowers  with 
the  lobes  more  frilled  or  crisped  than 
the  above. 

The  species  so  far  given  are  all 
rather  tall  and  without  scurfy  scales 
on  the  lower  sides  of  the  leaves.     A 


Fig.  44 


small  American  species,  Dotted- 
leaved  Rhododendron  (447)  — 
Rhododendron  punctatum,  —  rarely 
grows  more  than  5  feet  high  and 
has  small  leaves  2  to  5  inches  long 
with  glandular  hairs  and  scales  on 
the  lower  sides.  The  flowers  are 
in  small  clusters  more  funnel- 
shaped,  pale  rose  with  greenish 
spots. 

All  the  above  have  flowers  in  clusters  from  large  buds  and  fully  ever- 
green leaves.  There  are  species  from  eastern  Asia  where  each  flower  is 
from  a  separate  bud  and  the  leaves  are  only  half  'evergreen.  They 
are  the  earliest  to  bloom,  March  to  April.  Prol)al)ly  tlie  commonest 
of  these   is   Dahurian   Rhododendron   (448)  —  Rhododendron  dahuri' 


Fig.  4AG.  —  Great  '  T-aurel.' 


LEIOPHYLLUM 


263 


cum  (R.  datiricum), —  with  small  leaves  rolled  at  the  edges  and  brownish 
beneath. 

[Seeds;   twig  cuttings;    layers;   grafting  of  varieties  on  seedlings  of 
hardy  species.] 

Ledum.     The   Labrador   Teas    are    erect 
branching    shrubs    with    alternate    evergreen 
narrow  entire,   rolled-edged,   fragrant  leaves. 
The  small  white  5-petaled  flowers  are  in  ter- 
minal   clusters,    umbels,    in    early    summer. 
There  are  two  species  :  Narrow-leaved  Lab- 
rador  Tea   (449)  — 
LMum      palustre,  — 
with  leaves  less  than  i 
inch  wide  and  10  sta- 
mens to  the  flowers ; 
Broad-leaved    L 
rador  Tea   (450)  — 
Ledum  groenlandicum 

(L.    latifblium),-     ^^^rl\       '^'         F'°-«;-Dotted-leaved 
•  .  ,    ,  ,         "^'  /     {  vfsi  v)  I'l  Rhododendron, 

with  leaves  ^  to  f  nich  _ 

wide  and  5  to  10  sta- 
mens.    The  flowers  of 
both  species  are  from  ^ 
to  f  inch  wide  and  the 
5-celIed    capsules 
nodding,  about  ^  inch 
long,    and     contain 
many     minute     seeds. 
Neither  of  these  plants 
reaches   the   height    of 
over    3    feet,   but    the 
broad-leaved    one    is    somewhat    the    taller. 
There  is  a  taller  California  species.  Glandu- 
lar Labrador  Tea  (451)  —  Ledum  glandul6- 
sum,  —  but  probably  not  in  cultivation. 

[Seeds  ;  layers;  'divisions.] 


Fig.  448.  —  Dahurian 
Rhododendron. 


Leiophyllum     (Ddndrium)     buxifblium. 
Sand  'Myrtle'  (452)  is  a  hardy  small,  1  to 
3  feet,  densely  branched  evergreen  shrub  sim- 
ilar to  the  Ledums,  with  small  thick  oval  rolled- 
edged  leaves  (|  inch  long).     The  5-petaled  flowers  are  only  about  i  inch 


Fig. 


449.  —  Narrow-leaved 
Labrador  Tea. 


264 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


broad,  white  or  pinkish  in  color,  with  10  purple  anthers  to  the  stamens, 
April  to  June.  The  seed  pod  (capsule)  is  small,  erect,  5-valved,  many- 
seeded.  To  thrive  it  needs  a  sandy  soil  but  grows  well  in  either  shade 
or  sun.     Goocl  for  rockeries  or  as  a  border  plant. 

[Seeds  ;  layers,  in  autumn.] 


Fig.  450.  —  Broad-leaved  Labrador 
Tea. 


Fig.  451.  —  Glandular  Labrador 
Tea. 


fM/M 


Fig.  452.  —  Sand  Myrtle. 


Fig.  453.  —  Sweet  Clethra. 


CHIMAPHILA    AND    TYROLA 


265 


Clethra.  The  Clethras  or  Sweet  Pepperbusiies  are  beautiful  sweet- 
scented  shrubs  with  white  flowers  in  terminal  slender  ereCt,  or  slightly 
nodding,  clusters  in  late  summer  and  fall.  The  leaves  are  alternate, 
sharp-pointed,  feather-veined  and  serrated.  The  flowers  have  the  5  petals 
slightly  united  at  base  and  10  stamens.  The  fruit  is  a  3-angled  3-valved 
capsule  with  numerous  seeds,  remaining  on  through  the  year. 

The  best  and  most  hardy  species,  3  to  10  feet  high.  Sweet  Clethha  or 
Sweet  Pepperbusii  (453)  —  C16thra  alnifolia,  —  has  the  leaves  wedge- 


Spotted  Wintergreen. 


Fig.  455.  —  Pipsissewa. 


shaped  at  base  and  widest  beyond  the  middle.  The  next  in  hardiness  is 
found  wild  from  Virginia  south.  Southern  Clethra  or  Mountain  Pep- 
perbusii—  Clethra  acuminata,  —  a  taller  plant,  to  15  feet,  with  larger 
leaves,  2  to  7  inches  long,  widest  about  the  middle  and  the  flowers  more 
nodding  and  more  hairy.  Besides  these  two  Sweet  Pepperbushes  there  are 
other  and  more  tender  species  found  wild  in  the  Gulf  states  and  Mexico 
which  might  be,  but  probably  are  not  yet,  in  cultivation.  The  tallest 
species,  to  30  feet,  is  from  eastern  Asia,  Philippine  Clethra  —  Clethra 
can^scens;  it  has  such  compound  clusters  as  alnifolia  but  is  probably 
not  hardy  North.  *     [Seeds  ;  twig  cuttings  ;  layers  ;  divisions.] 


Chimaphila  and  Pyrola.     The  Wintergreens  and   Pipsissewas  are 
woody  plants  hardly  tall  enough  to  be  included  in  a  book  of  shrubs,  but 


266 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


Fig.  456.  —  Greenish-flowered  Fig.  457.  — Cape  Plumbago. 

Wintergreen. 


Fig.  458.  — Rosy  Plumbago. 


Fig.  459.  —  Red-berried  Ardisia. 


CHIMAPHILA    AND    PYROLA 


2G7 


some  have  such  beauty  of  evergreen  foliage  and  of  blossom  as  to  induce 
me  to  mention  and  figure  them.     The  one  with  the  most  beautiful  foliage 


Fig.  4G0.  — Southern  Buckthorn. 


Fig.  461.  — Oleander. 


is  the  Spotted  Wintergreen  (454) — Chimaphila  maculata, — with 
notched  dark  green  leaves  mottled  with  white  along  the  veins.  A  slightly 
taller  plant  with  similar  flowers  but 
with  unmottled  bright  green  leaves 
is  the  PiPsissEWA  (455)  —  Chima- 
phila umbellata.  Still  other  winter- 
greens  are  occasionally  cultivated 
belonging  to  the  genus  Pyrola ; 
they  are  practically  stemless  plants 
with  clusters  of  nodding  flowers 
on  stalks  4  to  20  inches  tall.  All 
form  5-valved  many-seeded  pods. 
Two  of  these  Pyrola  wintergreens 
worthy  of  mention  are  Round- 
leaved  Wintergreen  —  Pyrola 
americana  —  and  Greenish-flow- 
ered Wintergreen  (456) — Pyrola 
chlorantha.  The  Pyrolas  and  Chi- 
maphilas  are  difficult  to  cultivate 
and  succeed  only  in  shady  places 
in    peaty    soil.      When    removing     Fig.  462.  — Sweet-scented  Oleander. 


268 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


them   from  the  woods,  where  found,  care  should   be  taken  to  secure  a 
large  ball  of  earth.  [Divisions.] 


Plumbago.     The    Plumbagos    are    generally  blue    or   violet-colored 
flowering  plants  hardy  only  South  but  often  cultivated  outdoors  North  in 

summer.  The  flowers  have  a  slender 
tube  and  broadly  spreading  5-lobed 
border,  salvt-r-shaped,  growing  in 
terminal  clusters.  The  leaves  are 
simple,  entire-edged,  smooth,  usually 
in  alternate  clusters  along  the  stems. 
This  clustering  of  the  leaves  and  the 
slender-tubed  flowers   will  separate 


Fig.  403.  — Broad-leaved  Storax. 

the  Plumbagos  from   other  shrubs. 

The  different  varieties   of  shrubby 

forms  have  blue,    violet,    rose,    and 

white  flowers  blooming  continuously 

from  spring  to  fall  in  the  North.     All 

the  species  are  more  or  less  climbing 

in  habit ;  they  show  this  especially 

in  the  extreme  South  where  they  are 

hardy.     The  fruit  is  a  thin-coated  one-seeded  pod.     The  one  species  in 

most  general   cultivation   has   azure-blue   flowers,    except   in   the  white 

variety,  and  blunt-tipped  tapering-based  leaves.  Cape  Plumbago  (457)  — 

Plumbago  cap^nsis,  —  from   South   Africa.      Another  species,  with  red 

flowers,  from  South  Asia,  Rosy  Plumbago  (458)  —  Plumbago  ros6a,  —  has 

larger  leaves  somewhat  clasping  at  base.  [Twig  cuttings.] 


Fig.  4G4. — Japanese  Storax. 


Ardlsia.     This  is  a  large  genus  of  tropic  trees  and  shrubs  with  thick 
evergreen  leaves;  one  of  these  is  hardy  in  the  extreme  South  and  another 


bump:lia 


2(39 


probably  hardy  farther  north.  They  have  small  broadly  spreading  4-  to  6- 
parted  flowers  and  1-seeded  berry-like  drupes  which  remain  on  the  plants 
over  a  year. 

Red-berried  Ardisia  (459)  —  Ardisia  crenulata  —  is  a  neat  compact 
shrub  with  peculiar  wavy-margined  alternate  leaves  and  drooping  clusters 
of  very  ornamental  coral-red,  berry-like  drupes  which  hang  on  for  a  year 
or  more.     The  small  flowers  are  red  or  rose-colored. 


Fig.  465. — American  Storax 


Four-winded  Silver  Bell. 


White-berried  Ardisia  —  Ardisia  japdnica — has  whorled  serrated 
leaves,  white  flowers  on  red  stems,  and  drooping  white  berry-like  drupes. 
While  more  hardy  than  the  former,  it  is  not  nearly  so  beautiful.    [Seeds.] 


Bumelia.  The  Bumelias  are  popularly  called  Buckthorns  and  are 
thorny  shrubs  or  trees  with  alternate  clustered  entire-edged  nearly  or  quite 
evergreen  leaves.  This  genus  contains  no  species  of  any  great  ornamental 
value  and  is  rarely  found  in  cultivation.  The  species  most  frequently 
met  with,  False  Buckthorn  —  Bumelia  lanuginosa,  —  has  densely  hairy 
evergreen  leaves  1  to  2^  inches  long.  The  fruit  is  a  black  berry  nearly 
I  inch  long  usually  with  one  shining  seed.  The  flowers  are  minute,  white, 
clustered  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  in  summer.  This,  though  usually 
shrubby,  can  grow  to  the  height  of  50  feet.  South krv  Buckthorn 
(400)  —  Bumelia  lycioides  —  differs  in  having  less  hairy,  thinner,  more 


270 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


veiny,  deciduous  leaves.    These  are  the  only  species  which  can  be  culti- 
vated north  to  Massachusetts,  and  even  these  need  protection.      [Seeds.] 

Nerium.  The  Oleanders  have  been  very  popular  in  the  past  as  tub 
plants  North  and  hardy  plants  in  the  extreme  South.  They  are  so  well 
known  that  a  full  description  is  scarcely  necessary.  The  leaves  are  ever- 
green, long,  slender,  entire,    opposite  or  in   whorls  of  3's  or  4's.    The 


Fig.  467.  —  Two-winged  Silver  Bell. 


Fig.  468.  —  Sweet-leaf. 


flowers  are  salver-shaped,  an  inch  or  more  broad  and  often  double,  bloom- 
ing through  the  whole  summer.  There  are  many  colors,  white,  light 
pink,  dark  pink,  scarlet,  and  buff.  When  grown  outdoors,  they  reach  the 
height  of  15  feet.  The  difficulty  in  their  culture  is  due  to  scale  insects 
which  prefer  Oleanders  to  almost  any  other  plants.  The  common  Ole- 
ander (461)  — Nerium  Oleander  —  is  without  odor  to  the  flowers.  There 
is  Sweet-scented  Oleander  (462)  — Nerium  od5rum,  —  which  does  not 
grow  so  tall.  [Twig  cuttings.] 

Styrax.  This  is  a  large  group,  70  species,  of  mainly  tropic  trees 
and  shrubs.  A  few  are  both  hardy  and  beautiful  enougli  to  be  in  cultiva- 
tion in  the  United  States.  T'here  are  several  wild  American  species. 
The  first  three  below  are  hardy,  if  somewhat  protected,  north  to  Massa- 
chusetts ;  the  fourth,  to  Philadelphia  ;  the  last,  only  South,  They  all 
have  alternate  simple  usually  notched  leaves,  and  clustered  drooping  some- 


STYRAX 


271 


Fig.  4G9.  — Common  White 
Jasmiue. 


what  bell-shaped  white  flowers.     The  petals  are  somewhat  united  at  base. 

The  fruit  is   a   one-   or  two-sided   dry 

drupe  I  to  nearly  1   inch   long  in  the 

different  species.     All  the  species  are 

loose  and  spreading  in  habit. 

Broad-leaved   Storax  (463)  —  Sty- 
rax     Obassia  —  has      broad      rounded 

abruptly  sharp-pointed   leaves  6  to  10 

inches  long  with  coarse  notches  beyond 

the   middle.       The    fragrant    drooping 

flowers  are  f  inch  long  in  clusters  5  to  7 

inches  long,  May.     The  pointed  fruit  is 

f  inch  long. 

Japanese     Storax     (464)  —  Styrax 

jap6nica  —  has  smaller  leaves,  1   to  3 

inches,    and    the    smaller    flowers,    | 

inch    long,    are    in   fewer    (3-    to    6-) 

flowered  clusters,  June,  July.     Both  of 

these  species  from  Japan  form    occa- 
sionally small  trees    gro\ving    to    the    height    of    30    feet.     The    other 

species,  given  below,  are  only  shrubs  usually  less  than  8  feet  high. 

American  Storax  (465) — Styrax 
americana  —  has  small,  1  to  3  inches 
long,  slightly  notched  smooth  leaves  and 
often  solitary  flowers  in  the  axils,  April 
to  June .  The  rounded  fruit  is  only  about 
I  inch  in  size. 

Large-leaved  American  Storax  — 
Styrax  grandifoiia  —  has  large  leaves,  2 
to  6  inches  long,  with  the  lower  surface 
light  colored  and  velvety  with  hairs,  and 
the  fragrant  flowers  in  loose  clusters  3 
to  6  inches  long.  May;  the  individual 
flowers  are  fully  i  inch  long  with  broadly 
spreading  petals. 

California  Storax — StjTax  calif 6r- 
nica.  The  species  so  far  described  have 
their  petals  almost  always  5  in  number, 
but  this  California  species  has  5  to  8  nar- 
row petals  forming  blossoms  f  inch  long, 
April.  The  leaves  are  usually  notched 
has  small,  1  to  2i  inches  long,  entire- 
[Fresh  seeds  ;  layers.] 


Fig.  470.  —  Royal  Jasmine. 

in   the   other  species,  but  this 
edged  leaves. 


272 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


Halesia  (Mohrod^ndron).  Tlie  Silver  Bells  or  Snowdrop  Trees 
are  large  shrubs  or  suiall  trees  with  beautiful  white  bell-like  hanging 
flowers  with  4  lobes,  in  spring  before  the  leaves  are  fully  expanded.  They 
grow  well  in  the  shade,  but  are  not  fully  hardy  north  of  Philadelphia 
except  with  some  protection.  The  hardiest  species  is  the  first  one  given 
below  ;  there  are  but  three  species,  all  American.  The  fruit  is  elongated, 
ridged,  dry,  1-  to  3-seeded  ;  the  leaves  are  simple,  alternate,  deciduous, 
feather-veined,  notched. 


Fig.  471.  — Sweet  Yellow  Jasmine. 


Fig.  472.  —  Italian  Yellow  Jasmine. 


FouR-wixGEi)  Silver  Bell,  Snowdrop  Tree,  or  Opossum  Wood 
(466)  —  Halesia  Carolina  (H.  tetraptera,  Mohrodendron  carolinum) .  Fruit 
4-ridged  or  winged  (1^-2  inches  long),  the  ridges  not  extending  down 
the  stalk.  Flowers  about  an  inch  long.  Leaves  2  to  7  inches  long,  oval, 
finely  notched.  This  is  the  largest,  most  hardy,  and  most  tree-like  species, 
reaching  the  height  of  50  feet  or  more. 

Two-winged  Silver  Bell  ^467)  —  Halesia  dfptera.  Fruit  2-winged 
(1^-2  inches  long),  the  ridges  or  wings  extending  down  the  stalk. 
Flowers  about  an  inch  long.  Leaves  somewhat  larger  and  more  coarsely 
notched.  A  smaller  and  less  hardy  tree,  seldom  over  20  feet,  usually 
a  shrub. 

Small-flowered  Silver  Bell  —  Halesia  parviflora.  Always  shrubby 
with  flowers  less  than  l  inch  long  and  2-winged  fruit  like  the  last  but  only 
about  an  inch  long. 

Meeuan's  Silver  Bell  —  Halesia  Carolina  Meehani  —  is  a  variety  of 


KEY    TO    THE    SPECIES    OF    JASMINUM  273 

the  first,  above,  with  thicker  leaves  and  more  erect  and  bushy  growth 
which  seemingly  does  not  produce  good  seeds  and  is  propagated  only  by 
grafting  on  the  same,  H.  Carolina.  [Fresh  seeds  (except  Meehan's).] 

Symplocos,  Sweet-leaf.  These  constitute  a  large  group,  150  species, 
of  mainly  tropic  trees  with  alternate  simple  thick  usually  evergreen 
leaves ;  generally  white,  5-lobed  flowers  in  clusters  and  berry-like  black, 
red,  or  blue  fruit.  Only  one  species  (possibly  two)  is  either  shrubby, 
hardy,  or  beautiful  enough  to  need  description  here. 

Himalayan  Sweet-leaf  — Symplocos  crataegoides,  —  3  to  40  feet,  has 
obovate  leaves  1  to  2|  inches  long,  closely  notched  towards  the  tip  and 
compound  clusters,  panicles  (2-5  inches  long),  of  small  white  fragrant 
flowers,  May,  June.  The  dry  drupes  ripen  in  September  and  last  through 
the  fall  and  winter,  are  bright  blue  in  color  and  constitute  the  most  beau- 
tiful feature  of  the  plants. 

An  American  species,  Sweet-leaf,  Horse  Sugar  (408)  —  Symplocos 
tinctoria  —  to  18  feet,  is  almost  evergreen  with  orange-brown  fruit ;  the 
leaves  are  nearly  entire,  4  to  6  inches  long ;  the  flowers  yellow,  small, 
fragrant  in  dense  clusters,  April ;  the  fruit  ripe  in  September. 

[Seeds,  needing  2  years  to  grow;  twig  cuttings.] 

Jasminum.  The  true  Jasmines  are  popular  shrubs  and  vines  of  easy 
culture,  with  white  or  yellow  sweet-scented  flowers.  The  corolla  has  a 
long  tube  and  a  spreading  4-  to  9-lobed  border.  The  leaves  are  either 
opposite  or  alternate  and  generally  compound  (odd-pinnate)  of  3  to  9 
blades  (some  of  the  climbing  species  have  but  1  blade,  and  thus  apparently 
have  simple  leaves) .  Most  of  the  species  need  support  even  if  not  specially 
climbing  in  habit.  Only  the  diffuse-growing  and  thus  bushy  jasmines 
are  here  given.  Hardy  only  South,  though  two  species,  J.  officinale 
and  J.  nudiflbrum,  can  be  grown  successfully  north  to  Washington  and, 
with  protection,  to  Philadelphia  and  New  York.  The  fruit  is  2-celled, 
2-seeded,  2-lobed,  a  twin  berry.  [Twig  cuttings  ;  layers.] 


KEY   TO   THE   SPECIES   OF   JASMINUM 

*  Flowers  wliite  ;  leaves  opposite  and  compound.     (A.) 
A.   Leaves  glossy,  5-7-bladed  ;  stems  grooved  ;  flowers  very  fragrant 
in  terminal  clusters,  in  summer.     This  is  the  Jessamine  or  Jas- 
mine of  the  poets.     Common  White  Jasmine  or  Jessamine  (469) 
—  Jasminum  officinale. 
A    Leaves  glossy,  7-9-bladed  with  about  3  of  the  end  blades  partially 
grown  together  ;  branches  angular  and  drooping ;  flowcis  larger 
a.pgar's  shrubs — 18 


274 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


than  the  last  and  apt  to  be  tinged  with  red  outside,  summer  to 
fall.  l.NDiA.v  or  RovAL  Jasmine  (470)  (called  by  many  names) 
—  Jasminum  grandifl6rum. 

*  Flowers  yellow  ;  leaves  alternate  and  compound.     (B.) 

B.  Leaves  glossy  with  3-5  Llunt  blades;  branches  nearly  round  and 
stiff;  flowers  in  small  terminal  clusters,  summer.  Common 
Sweet  Yellow  Jasmine  (471)  — Jasminum  odoratissimum. 

B.  Leaves  thick,  evergreen  with  3-7  acute  blades  (rarely  1  blade), 
edges  more  or  less  rolled ;  flowers  bright  in  open  clusters,  sum- 
mer and  fall.  Italian  Yellow  Jasmine (472) — Jasminum 
humile. 

*  Flowers  yellow  ;    leaves  opposite,  deciduous,  of  3  rounded  blades  ; 

branches  green,  4-angled,  stiff,  twiggy.  Where  hardy,  Washing- 
ton and  South,  it  blooms  well  through  most  of  the  winter. 
Naked-flowered  Jasmine  —  Jasminum  nudifl6rum. 


Forsythia.  The  Forsythias  or  Golden  Bells  are  very  ornamental 
early-flowering  hardy  deciduous  shrubs  which  burst  into  bloom  as  the 
winter  is  leaving,  the  bright  yellow  ;^,^ 

bell-  or  star-shaped  flowers  fairly 
cover  the  naked  branches  before  the 
hard  frosts  are  over.  The  corolla 
has  four  long  slender  lobes. 

The  tallest  and  most  erect  grow- 
ing species,  Erect  Forsythia  (473) 
—  Forsythia  viridissima,  — to  10  feet, 
has  always  simple,  narrow,  dark  green  leaves  with 
sharp  notches  from  the  center  to  the  tip  and  some- 
what 4-sided  gi-een  branches  with  the  pith    in 
plaits. 

The  other  species  in  common  cultivation, 
Weeping  Forsythia  (474)  —  Forsythia  sus- 
p^nsa,  —  has  broader  and  shorter  leaves  which  are 
frecjuently  3-lobed  and  occasionally  3-bladed,  and 
weak  almost  trailing  branches  hollow  in  the  center, 
instead  of  with  the  plaited  pith  of  the  other 
species.  This  has  two  well-marked  varieties  :  the 
trailing  variety  is  called  Siebold's  Forsythia  — 
Forsythia  Si^boldi ;  the  more  erect  and  vigorous 
growing  variety  with  many  3-bladed  leaves  is 
Fortune's  Forsythia  —  Forsythia  Fortuuei.  The  first,  Forsythia  Si6- 
boldi,  is  well  fitted  to  trail  over  arbors  or  fences,  as  its  slender  branches 
grow  12  feet  or  more  in  length. 


Fig.  473.  — Erect 
Forsythia. 


SYRINGA 


There  is  a  hybrid  of  the  two  species  with  arching  or  erect  branches, 
the  leav^  much  like  F.  viridfssima  thougli  occasionally  3-lobed  or 
3-bladed,  the  flowers  like  F.  Fdrtunei,  Hybrid  Forsytiiia  —  Forsythia 
intermedia. 

A  species  from  Europe  with  small  entire-edged  leaves,  European  For- 
sythia (475)  — Forsythia  europtea,  —  may  be  in  cultivation. 

[Twig  cuttings ;    seeds.] 


Fig.  474.  —  Weeping  Forsythia. 


Fig.  475.  —  European  Forsythia. 


Syringa.  The  Lilacs  are  among  the  most  popular  groups  of  hardy 
shrubs  in  cultivation.  (It  is  very  unfortunate  that  Linnaeus,  the  father 
of  modern  botany,  did  not  leave  the  name  Syringa  where  it  belonged, 
with  what  he  called  Philaddlphus.  He  it  is  who  gave  the  name  Syringa 
to  the  lilacs,  although  long  usage  still  makes  the  name  cling  to  the  white 
4-petaled  flowers,  his  Philadelphus.)  The  Lilacs  came  from  Asia,  and 
were  introduced  into  America  at  about  the  time  of  its  first  settlement  by 
the  Whites.  There  are  about  a  dozen  species  in  cultivation  with  scores 
of  named  varieties,  including  a  number  of  hybrids.  Tlie  color- word, 
lilac,  indicates  the  general  color  of  the  flowers  but,  by  cultivation,  all 
shades  and  tints  of  lilac  are  found,  in  one  direction  towards  red,  in 
another  towards  blue,  and  in  a  third  towards  white.  There  are  three 
species  which  have  so  nearly  white  flowers  that  they  have  been  called 
privets,  mainly  because  of  this  color  of  blossoms  ;   the  difference  between 


276 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


Fig.  476.  —  Persian  Lilac. 


Fig.  477.  — Common  Lilac. 


Fig.  478.  —  Himalayan  Lilac. 


Fig.  479. —Thick-leaved  Lilac. 


SYRINGA 


277 


these  two  closely  related  groups  of  plants  is  in  the  fruit ;  lilacs  form 
rather  large,  I  inch  or  more  long,  2-valved,  often  flattened,  few-seeded 
capsules,  while  privets  form  rounded  1-  to  3-seeded  berries.  All  lilacs 
have  opposite  entire-edged  leaves  (except  the  Persian,  which  in  one  vari- 
ety has  lobed  leaves) . 

The  violet-colored  lilacs  in  cultivation  have  the  two  stamens  almost 
within  the  tube  so  that  they  show  where  the  spreading  border  begins. 


-.^jji'c;-. -J.  '"Sj; V^ 


Fig.  480.  —  Japan  Tree  Lilac. 


Fig.  481.  —  Rouen  Lilac. 


The  yellowish-white  (privet)  lilacs  have  longer  stamens  projecting 
beyond  the  tube.  The  violet-colored  lilacs  have  larger  flowers  with 
comparatively  longer  tubes.  These  differences  must  be  known,  as  there 
are  white  varieties  of  several  of  the  other  species. 

The  smallest  and  narrowest  leaves  and  the  only  lilac  with  notched 
leaves  is  found  on  Persian  Lilac  (476)  —  Syringa  p^rsica.  The  one  with 
leaves  next  in  size,  Rouen  Lilac  —  Syringa  chinensis,  —  belongs  to  a 
hybrid  of  this  species  and  the  Common  Lilac  (477)  —  Syringa  vulgaris. 
The  Rouen  lilac  has  a  number  of  varieties  differing  mainly  in  the  color  of 
the  flowers  :  white  flowers,  alba  ;  pale  purplish,  Met^nsis ;  purplish-red, 
Sougeana ;  double  flowers,  duplex. 

Many  species  and  varieties  have  the  characteristic  lilac  leaves,  with 
a  broad,  nearly  square  base,  tapering  sides,  and  a  sharp   point.     The 


278  DESCRIPTIONS    OF   THE    SHRUBS 

Privet  Lilacs,  with  rather  creamy  flowers,  have  oval  leaves,  and  in  the 
case  of  the  Tree  Lilac  they  are  very  large  —  often  0  or  7  inches  long. 

[Seeds  ;  suckers  ;  divisions  ;  twig  cuttings.] 

KEY   TO   THE   LILACS 

*  True  Lilacs,  with  the  larger  flowers,  longer  tube  (much  longer  than 

the   border),  and   short    stamens    hardly   ijrojecting   beyond  the 

corolla.     (A). 

A.    Clusters  of  flowers  with  leaves  at  base  ;   leaves  whitish  beneath 

and  acute  at  both  ends,  edge  of  leaves  with  fine  hairs ;   branches 

round.     (B.) 

B.    Stamens    attached    near    middle    of    tube;    clusters  narrow, 

blooming  late,  June.     Hungarian   Lilac  —  Syringa  Josiktea. 

B.  Stamens  attached  near  upper  end  of  tube.  Himalayan  Lilac 
(478)  —  Syringa  vill6sa. 

A.   Clusters  of  flowers  without  leaves  at  base,  growing  from  lateral 
buds,  the  terminal  bud  suppressed.     (C.) 

C.  End  of  anthers  not  reaching  the  mouth  of  the  very  slender 
tube  ;  leaves  dark  green  above,  grayish  green  below,  1-3  inches 
long.     Small  Tinghiang  —  Syringa  pub^scens. 

C.   Anthers  longer,  tube  broader.     (D.) 
D.   Leaves  green  and  smooth  on  both  sides,  square  or  cordate  at 
base.     (E.) 
E.   Leaves  almost  reniform,  often  broader  than  long.     Earliest 
Lilac    to    bloom,    May.     Thick-leaved    Lilac    (479)  — 
Syringa  oblata. 

E.  Leaves    ovate,    very    variable ;    many    named    varieties. 
Common  Lilac  (477)  —  Syringa  vulgaris. 

D.   Leaves  narrowed  at  base,  l|-4  inches  long.     (F.) 

F.  Leaves  over  half  as  wide  as  long.     Rouen  Lilac  (481)  — 
Syringa  chin^nsis. 

F.    Leaves  less  than  half  as  wide  as  long.     (G.) 

G.   Flowers    pale    lilac.     Persian    Lilac    (470)  —  Syringa 

p^rsica. 
G.   Flowers  white.     White  Persian  Lilac  —  Syringa  p^r- 
sica  dlba. 
F.   Leaves   with    notched   and   lobed   edges ;    clusters  small. 
Fern-leaved  Lilac  —  Syringa  p^rsica  laciniata. 

*  LiGusTRiNA    Lilacs,    with    yellowish-white    flowers    and    stamens, 

extending  beyond  the  border  of  the  short  tube,  little  longer  than 
the  calyx.     (H.) 
H.    Base   of  leaf  usually  narrowed,  2-4  inches  long,    1-U    broad; 


LIGUSTRUM 


279 


stamens  about  as  long  as  the  lobed  border.     Chinese  Lilac  — 
Syringa  pekin^nsis. 
H.    Base  of  leaf  usually  rounded.     (I.) 
I.   Stamens  about  twice  as  long  as  the  border ;   leaves  2-6  inches 
long,  11-2 1  broad.      Shrub  to  12  feet.     Amur  Lilac  —  Syringa 
amurdnsis. 
I.    Stamens  about  as  long  as  the  border ;  leaves  3-7  inches  long; 
flowers  in  large  clusters,  often  a  foot  long.     Tree  to  30  feet. 
Japan  Tree  Lilac  (480)  —  Syringa  japdnica. 

Ligustrum.  The  Privets  are  closely  related  to  the  lilacs  but  when 
they  form  seeds  have  them  inclosed  in  rounded  usually  black  berries  in- 
stead of  in  dry  pods.  They  have  smooth  bright  opposite  entire-edged 
leaves,  4-lobed  white  flowers  in  clusters,  June  to  Aug. ,  and  rounded  1-  to  3- 


FiG.  482.  —  California  Privet. 


Fig.  483.  —  Common  Privet. 


seeded  berries  lasting  through  much  of  the  winter.  All  the  species  retain 
their  leaves  well  into  the  fall  and  in  the  South  there  are  a  number  of 
species  with  evergreen  leaves. 

The  so-called  California  Privet  (482)  —  Ligustrum  ovalif61ium,  —  is 
now,  beginning  of  the  20t]i  century,  the  most  popular  of  the  hedge  plants 
in  the  North.  It  is  a  handsome  smooth  dark  green  plant  with  somewhat 
stiff  erect  branches. 


280 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


Common'  Privkt  (48o)  —  liii^ustrum  vulgarc  —  grows  to  about  the  same 
height,  to  15  feet.  This  has  flowers  with  a  shorter  tube  and  more  spread- 
ing border.  Both  have  varieties  with  variegated  foliage.  The  Commox 
Privet  has  one  variety  with  weeping  branches,  Ligustrum  vulgare 
pendukim. 


Fig.  484.  — Wax  Privet. 


Fig.  485.  —  Thick-leaved  Privet. 


There  are  a  dozen  or  more  privets  in  cultivation  with  scores  of  named 
varieties.  The  (^ne  with  the  narrowest  leaves,  evergreen  and  hardy 
South,  is  Ligustrum  INIassalongianum.  It  has  warty  and  haiiy  twigs. 
Others,  with  hair-covered  twigs,  are,  Ib6ta,  amur^nse,  and  nepalense. 

[Seeds — a  year  or  two  to  grow  ;  twig  cuttings.] 


KEY   TO   THE   PRIVETS 

*  Slender-flowered    Privets,   tube  2—3    times  as  long  as  the  4-lobed 
border.     (A.) 
A.   Branches  hairy  or  velvety.     (B.) 
B.    Leaves  slender  and  tapering  at  both  ends,  evergi-een  ;  to  3  feet ; 
hardy  South  ;  blooming  July,  Aug.   Ligustrum  Massalongi^num. 
B.    Leaves  broader,   oval  to   ovate,  1-2.1   inches  long,   deciduous. 
(C.) 


KEV   TO    THE    I'ltlVETS 


281 


In™'',,'"  "''*  '™''-'™S  '='"«*<'>•'  ^-itl.  the  flowers  practi- 
c^  y  wthout  ste,„s,  June  ;  leaves  hairy  at  edges.     Shrub  to 
6  feet.     BRionT-FRuiTEDPHivET-Ligustrumciliitum. 
C.    Flowers  ■„  erect  1-2^  inch  long  clusters  with  the  flowers  on 

^'ort^'ems.June.July.  AMnRFR.vET-Ligustrumamur<;nse 

Branches  smooth;    leaves  half-evergreen.     Cal,.ok»ia  Pnn-Er 
(482)— Ligustrum  ovalifolium 

D.    Branches  more  or  less  hairy      (E  ) 

^'    ir^ZT 7'  '-'  ""^^  ^^^-^^  flower-chisters  large,  July, 

Aug.     :Nepal  Privet -Ligustrumnepalduse. 
E.    Leaves  half-evergreen  or  deciduous,     (r.) 


A. 


F. 


July. 


F. 


Shrub  to  15  feet  with  many  named  varieties.     June 
Common  Privet  (483)  or  P«iM^Ligustrum  vul^are 
S^irub  to  8  feet  with  stemmed  flowers  in  the  loose  4-i;ch  lon.^ 
clusters.     Chixese  PRivKx-Ligustrum  sinense.  "^ 

F.    Shrub  to  6  feet  with  about  sessile  flowers  in  small  clusters 
^f^^-^^«^VERixG  Privet -LigustrumQuihoui. 
D.    Branches  smooth  ;  leaves  evergreen,  at  least  South.     (G  ) 

G.    Bushy  shrub  to  10  feet ;  bloom  July,  Aug. ;  leaves  2-4  inches 
long.    Japak  PRiVET-Ligustrum  jap6nicum. 
Large  shrub  or  tree  to  20  feet  with  spreading  branches  ;  leaves 

DwarT    h    Tf   ^r  "^"^^^^  (484)  -Ligustrum  luc'idum 
Dwarf  shrub  to  6  feet,  very  leafy,  leaves  li-2i  inches  long. 
Thick-leaved  Privet  (485)  -  Ligustrum  coriaceum. 


G. 


G. 


Fig.  486.  — Fragrant  Olive. 


Fig.  487.  —  Holly-leaved  Olive. 


282 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


Olea.  The  true  Olives  are  hardy  only  South,  where  they  are  cultivated 
for  tlie  usef id  fruit  and  beautiful  flowers ;  but  there  are  a  number  of  so- 
called  olives  belonging  to  other  families  of  plants,  some  of  which  are  cul- 
tivated in  all  portions  of  the  country.  All  true  olives 
have  opposite  thick,  evergreen,  usually  entire-edged 
leaves  and  small  white  4-lobed  flowers  in  clusters. 
The  stamens,  as  in  the  privets  and  lilacs,  are  two  in 
numl)er.  The  fruit-bearing  olives  are  trees  rather  than 
shrubs,  and  are  successfully  grown  only  in  southern 
California,  etc.  There  are  two  species  in  culti- 
vation :  the  European,  Olea  europaa,  and  the 
African,  Olea  chrysophylla.  The  African  can 
be  known  by  the  golden  color  to  the  sides  of  the 
leaves. 

There  are  several  species  cultivated 


Fig. 


488.  —  Common  Matrimony 
Vine. 


for  their  fragrant  flowers  but  produce 
little  or  no  fruit.  These  arc  more  prop- 
erly thrown  into  another  genus,  Os- 
manthus.  The  technical  distinction  be- 
tween the  two  genera  is  found  in  the 
arrangement  of  the  four  lobes  of  the 
flower.  The  true  Oleas  have  the  lobes 
just  touching  at  their  edges,  like  the 
lilacs,  while  the  Osmanthus  flowers  have 
their  lobes  more  or  less  lapping.  The 
finest  of  these  i^lants  and  the  one  often 
cultivated  North  in   hothouses   is  Fua- 

GKANT  Olive  (480)  —  Osmanthus  fragrans,  — an  almost  continual  bloomer 
with  small  deliciously  scented  white  flowers  and  opposite  sliari)ly  toothed 
evergreen  leaves.  When  planted  out  in  the  South,  where  it  is  hardy,  it 
needs  a  somewhat  shaded  position,  at  least  free  from  midday  sun. 

There  is  one  species,  and  the  most  hardy  of  all,  which  has  spiny-toothed 


Fig.  489.  — Chinese  Matrimony 
Vine. 


OLEA 


283 


Fig.  490.  —  Leucopbyllum. 


Fig.  491.  — Yellow 'Elder. 


Fig.  492.  — Dwarf  Catalpa. 


Fig.  493.  —  Desert '  Willow, 


284 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


holly-like  evergreen  leaves  2  to  4  inches  long,  IIolly-leaved  Olive  (487) 
—  Osmantlms  Aquifolium,  While  the  foliage  looks  like  the  holly,  the 
arrangement  on  the  stem  shows  at  once  the  difference.  All  true  hollies 
have  alternate,  this  has  opposite,  leaves.  The  plant  can  be  successfully 
cultivated  with  but  little  protection  north  to  Philadelphia  and  has  a 
number  of  varieties:  some  with  variegated  foliage,  as  aiireum,  yellow- 
blotched  ;   arg^nteum,  white-blotched. 

[Seeds  (slow  in  germination)  ;  twig  cuttings  ;  suckers.] 


Fig.  4i)4.  —  Friuge-tree. 


Fig.  495.  —  Chinese  Fringe-tree. 


Lycium.  The  Matrimony  Vines  or  Box  Thorns  are  spiny  plants 
often  found  in  cultivation  because  of  the  beautiful  red  or  orange  berries. 
They  are,  as  the  name  indicates,  vines  rather  than  shrubs  and  sometimes 
are  useful  as  arbor  coverings.  The  flowering  season  is  a  long  one,  May 
to  September.  The  leaves  are  mostly  small,  thick,  nearly  evergi-een, 
alternately  clustered  on  the  drooping  spiny  branches.  The  many-seeded 
berries  are  red  or  reddish,  hanging  on  through  the  fall.  The  European 
species,  Common  Matiumony  Vine  (488)  —  Lycium  halimifolium,  —  is 
most  frequent  in  cultivation  though  not  so  fine  as  the  Chinese  Matri- 
mony Vine  (480)  —  Lycium  chinense.  Both  of  these  are  hardy  North;  the 
European  has  ornnge  to  yellow  berries  about  a  half  inch  long,  while  the 
Chinese  has  brighter  and  more  distinctly  red  oblong  berries  nearly  an  inch 
long.  Besides  tliese  two  hardy  species,  there  are  a  dozen  or  more  species 
which  may  be  in  cultivation  in  the  South  ;  and  they  are  wild  in  Europe, 


TECOMA 


285 


Asia,  Africa,  North  and  South  America.  These  species  cannot  be  accu- 
rately distinguished  without  a  close  observation  of  the  flowers  w  ith  magni- 
fying glass. 

All  the  species  sucker  extensively  and  so  should  not  be  planted  where 
they  will  interfere  with  other  useful  plants.  The  slender  climbing  or  trail- 
ing branches  sometimes  grow  to  the  length  of  25  feet. 

[Twig  cuttings  ;  suckers;  layers;  seeds.] 

Leucophyllu'm  texanum.  Leucophyllum  (490)  is  a  loose-growing 
straggling  shrub  (1  foot)  with  alternate  simple  small,  under  1  inch,  entire 


Fig.  496.  — Japan  Buddleia. 


Fig.  497.  — Lindley's  Buddleia. 


leaves  covered  below  with  silvery-white  w^ool.  It  has  axillary  sho^^y  pur- 
ple bell-shaped  5-lobed  flowers,  an  inch  across,  with  4  included  stamens, 
spring  and  summer.  The  fruit  is  a  2-celled  many-seeded  pod.  Hardy 
only  in  the  Gulf  states  but  of  great  beauty  and  ought  to  be  generally  culti- 
vated as  soon  as  the  needed  treatment  is  understood.  [Seeds.] 

T^coma.  The  Trumpet  Creepers  are  mainly  climbing  or  t^^1ning  in 
their  habits  but  two  species  in  cultivation  are  upright  shrubs.  All  the  Teco- 
mas  have  large  trumpet-shaped  flowers  and  the  shrubby  forms  have  these 
flowers  yellow^  and  of  great  beauty,  but  unfortunately  they  are  hardy  only 


286 


DESCRirTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


in  the  extreme  South.     The  fruit  is  a  long  capsule,  5  to  7  inches,  with 
^^^nged  seeds. 

Yellow  'Eldeu'  (491)  —  Tecoma  stans  —  grows  in  Florida  to  the  height 
of  20  feet  or  more  and  spreads  in  dense  masses.  The  leaves  are  opposite, 
odd-pinnate  with  5  to  11  lanceolate  coarsely  toothed  blades  1^  to  4  inches 
long.  The  flowers  are  fragrant,  1^ 
inches  long,  and  bloom  from  spring 
to    September    in    great    clusters. 

The      capsules 

are  5  to  7  inches 

long  ^\1th  many 

winged  seeds. 


Fig.  498.  —  Chinese  Buddleia. 


Fig.  499.  —  Madagascar  Buddleia. 


Soft  '  Elder  '  —  Tecoma  m611is  ^—  is  less  hardy  and  decidedly  more 
hairy  and  the  flowers  are  not  fragrant.  [Seeds.] 

Catalpa.  The  Catalpas  are  usually  trees,  but  one  variety  is  of  low 
growth  and  could  be  used  as  a  shrub  ;  it  is,  however,  usually  grafted  on 
the  stem  of  another  species  to  produce  a  weeping  or  a  round-headed  tree. 
This  is  the  extensively  cultivated  Chinese,  Dwarf,  or  Rol-nd-headed 
Catalpa  (492)  —  Catalpa  Bungei.  In  reality  it  is  a  dwarf  variety  of  our 
commonest  American  species  of  Indian  Bean  —  Catalpa  bignonioides. 
All  the  Catalpas  have  opposite  (or  whorled  in  3's)  heart-shaped  leaves, 
large  beautiful  nearly  white  clustered  flowers,  and  long  capsules  filled  with 
winged  seeds  which  hang  on  through  the  winter.  [Seeds.] 


Chil6psis  linearis.    The  so-called  Desert  '  Willow  '  (493),  from  Texas, 
is  a  beautiful  continuously  blooming  straggling  shrub  or  small  tree  with 


BUDDLEIA 


287 


slender  willow-like  leaves  and  nearly  white  catalpa-like  flowers.  The 
capsules  are  about  6  inches  long.  The  leaves  are  whorled  in  3's,  opposite 
and  alternate  on  the  same  twigs ;  near  the  tips  where  the  flowers  occur 
they  are  generally  alternate.  Hardy  in  the  Gulf  states  and  begins  to 
bloom  when  only  a  few  feet  high,  though  it  sometimes  reaches  the  height 


of  30  feet. 


[Seeds ;  twig  cuttings.] 


Fig.  500.  — Colvill'sBuddleia. 


Fig.  501.  —  Globe-tlowered  Buddleia. 


Chionanthus.  Fringe-tree  or  Old  Man's  Beard  (494)  —  Chionan- 
tl^us  virginica  —  is  a  handsome  shrub  or  small  tree  with  large  opposite  (occa- 
sionally alternate)  entire-edged  deciduous  leaves  and  fringe-like  drooping 
white  flowers  in  May  and  June.  The  fruit  is  a  dark  blue  oval  drupe 
I  inch  long,  ripe  in  the  fall.  There  is  a  Chinese  species  with  broader  and 
less  fringe-like  petals  to  the  flowers,  which  are  not  so  pendent  on  the 
branches,  Chinese  Fringe-tree  (405)  —  Chionanthus  retusa. 

[Seeds  (in  the  fall);  layers  ;  twig  cuttings  (under  glass).] 


Buddleia.  The  Buddleias  are  a  group,  70  species,  of  beautiful 
shrubs  (and  trees,  in  the  tropics)  of  rather  warm  climates.  The  leaves 
are  opposite,  simple,  deciduous  (or  evergreen  in  the  tropics),  entire  or 
notched.  The  flowers  are  tubular  or  bell-shaped  with  a  4-lobed  border 
and  4  stamens  included  in  the  tube.  The  fruit  is  a  2-celled  many-seeded 
capsule.     The  stems  are  more  or  less  4-sided.     Only  a  few  of  the  hardier 


288  DESCRIPTIONS    OF   THE    SHRUBS 

species  are  in  cultivati(jii  and  but  one,  Japax  Buddleia  (496)  —  Buddleia 
jap6nica, —  can  Le  grown  in  Massachusetts  in  sheltered  places,  though 
Lindley's  Buddleia  (497)  —  Buddleia  Lindleyana,  —  and  IIyhkid  Budd- 
leia—  Buddleia  intermedia,  —  (killed  to  the  ground)  are  apt  to  grow  up 
and  bloom  in  the  middle  states.  Most  of  them  bloom  through  the  sum- 
mer. All  are  best  fitted  for  the  southern  states.  They  should  have  Avell- 
dj-ained  soil  and  sunny  position.  [Seeds;  twig  cuttings.] 


KEY   TO   THE   SPECIES   OF   BUDDLEIA 

*  Flowers  in  elongated  terminal  clusters  with  long  slender  tube  and 

spreading  border.     (A.) 
A.   Flowers  violet  or  lilac  with  no  orange- yellow.     (B.) 

B.    Leaves  3-G  inches  long  and  slightly  notched ;   flower-clusters 
4-8  inches  long  and  somewhat  pendulous  at  the  tips ;   stems 
winged  at  the  4  edges.      Japan   Buddleia    (490)  —  Buddleia 
jap6nica. 
B.  Leaves  2-4  inches  long,  pale  beneath,  slightly  notched  ;  clusters 
3-5  inches  long  and  erect ;  stem  4-sided.    Lindley's  Buddleia 
(497)  —  Buddleia  Lindleyana. 
B.   Leaves  4-5  inches  long,  dark  green  above  ;  clusters  10-20  inches 
long  and  arching.     Hybrid  Buddleia— ^Buddleia  intermedia. 
B.   Leaves  often  whorled   in   3"s ;   branches    distinctly  4-winged ; 
clusters   4-6   inches  long   and   erect  with   rosy  violet  flowers. 
Buddleia  intei-media  insfgnis. 
A.    Flowers  violet  with  orange-yellow  mouth  in  dense  erect  clusters 
4-6   inches  long.      Chinese    Buddleia  (498)  —  Buddleia   vari- 
abilis. 
A.    Fh)wers  yellow,  in  winter  ;  leaves  dark  above,  whitish  or  yellojv- 
ish  below.     Hardy  only  in  extreme  South.     Madagascar  Budd- 
leia (499)  — Buddleia  madagascari(5nsis. 

*  Flowers  large,  1   inch  wide,  with  a  broad  tube  purple   or  crimson 

with   white   mouth.        Colvill's    Buddleia    (500)  —  Buddleia 
Colvillei. 

*  Flowers    in    globular,    head-like,    axillary,    long-stemmed    clusters, 

orange-yellow.       Globe-flowered   Buddleia    (501)  —  Buddleia 
glob5sa. 

Cary6pteris  Mastacanthus.  Blue  '  Spirea  '  or  Chinese  Beardwort 
(502)  is  a  beautiful,  late-flowering  plant,  August  to  November,  shrubby 
only  at  base.  It  is  fully  hardy  South,  and  in  the  North,  if  cut  back  in 
the  spring,  it  will  grow  vigorously  and  bloom  in  the  fall.    It  has  opposite 


VITEX 


289 


deeply-notched  leaves,  and  axillary  clusters  of  blue  (or  white)  flowers  in 
stalked  clusters.  The  leaves  are  2  to  3  inches  long.  The  flowers  have  a 
5-lobed  oblique-edged  border,  and  4  protruding  stamens.  The  fruit  sepa- 
rates into  4  seed-like  nutlets.  (Called  Blue  '  Spirea  '  by  the  nursery- 
men.) [Twig  cuttings ;  seeds.] 

Callicdrpa.     The  Callicarpas  are  opposite-leaved  shrubs,  with  axil- 
lar}'  clusters   of    small,  usually  blue  berries,  which   remain   on   bright 


Fig.  502.  —  Blue  'Spirea. 


Fig,  503.  —  American  Callicarpa. 


through  the  late  fall.      The  simple  leaves  are  serrated  and  deciduous. 
These  interesting  i^lants  are  hardy  with  a  little  protection. 

The  tallest,  to  6  feet,  and  in  fruit  the  handsomest  species,  is  the 
American  Callicarpa,  the  so-called  French  Mulberry  (503)  (504)  — 
Callicarpa  americana.  It  grows  wild  in  Virginia  and  south,  but  is  not 
so  hardy  North  as  either  of  the  species  from  Eastern  Asia.  Of  these  the 
taller  growing,  2  to  5  feet,  is  Japan  Callicarpa  —  Callicarpa  jap6nica, — 
and  the  smaller.  Beauty  Fruit  or  Small  Callicarpa  (505) — Calli- 
carpa purpiu'ea.  [Twig  cuttings  (under  glass)  ;  layers  ;  seeds.] 


Vitex.      The  Chaste-trees  are  shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  compound 
leaves   having   5   to  7  blades  all  fastened  to  the  end  of  the  leaf-stalk 
apgar's  shrubs  — 10 


290 


DESCRIPTIONS   OF   THE    SHRUBS 


Fig.  504.  —  American  Callicarpa. 


Fig.  505.  —  Small  Callicarpa. 


(palmate).  The  flowers  are  lilac  (sometimes  white),  in  clusters  at  the  tii^s 
of  the  branches.  The  individual  flowers  are  small  and  lopsided,  July  to 
September.  The  whole  plant  has  a  spicy  odor  when  bruised.  The  spe- 
cies most  common  in  cultivation  has  nearly  entire-edged  blades  to  its 


Fig.  50C.  — Chaste-tree. 


Fig.  507.  — Cut-leaved  Chaste-tree 


CLERODENDRON 


291 


leaves,  and  is  hardy,  with  some  protection,  to  Massachusetts,  Chaste- 
tree  (506)  —  Vitex  Agnus-castus.  Another  species  about  as  hardy, 
though  not  so  beautiful  in  flower,  has  the  leaf-blades  deeply  and  irregu- 
larly cut,  or  in  some  cases  divided,  Cut-leaved  Chaste-trkk  (507)  — 
Vitex  incisa.  There  are  other  species  of  the  genus,  but  probably  these 
are  the  only  ones  in  cultivation. 

[Seeds,  in  spring  ;  twig  cuttings  ;  layers.] 


Fig.  508.  —  Japan  Clerodendron.  Fig.  509.  —  Chinese  Clerodeudrou. 


Clerodendron.  The  Clerodendrons  are  mainly  tropic  plants  with 
beautiful  flowers.  Some  are  climbing,  others  shrubby  and  erect,  still 
others  are  herbaceous  ;  none  are  fully  hardy  North.  The  most  hardy 
species  in  cultivation  is  a  hairy,  somewhat  woody  plant,  4  to  12  feet  high, 
with  mainly  opposite,  soft,  nearly  entire-edged  leaves.  The  flowers  are 
in  large  terminal  clusters,  with  a  reddish-brown  calyx  surrounding  a 
white  corolla,  and  long  stamens,  Japan  Clerodendron  (508)  — Cleroden- 
dron trichotomum.  All  the  Clerodendrons  can  be  known  by  the  5-toothed 
usually  inflated  calyx  of  one  color,  and  a  broadly  spreading,  5-lobed, 
slightly  irregular  corolla,  often  of  a  different  color.  The  corolla  has  a 
slender  and  usually  long  tubular  portion,  with  4  very  long  stamens. 

There  are  many  species  in  cultivation  in  Florida  and  California.  One, 
Turk's  Turban  —  Clerodendron  Siphonanthus,  —  has  very  showy  red 


292 


DP:SCRirTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


drupes,  which  remain  on  the  erect  shrub,  2  to  0  feet  high,  a  long  time,  and 
give  the  plant  its  value,  as  the  white  flowers  are  small  and  inconspicuous. 
The  only  shrubby  species  with  brilliant  scarlet  flowers,  Chinese  Clero- 
DENDRON  (509) — Clerodendron  squam^tum,  —  grows  4  to  10  feet  high 
and  has  opposite,  round-lieart-shaped,  long-pointed,  entire-edged  leaves. 
This  is  hardy  in  the  open  only  in  southern  Florida  and  southern  California, 
but  is  frequent  in  cultivation  in  warm  greenhouses  North.  A  more  hardy 
species,  Spiny    Clerodendron  (510)  —  Clerodendron   fcetiduin,  —  with 


Fig.  510.  —  Spiny  Clerodendron. 


Fig.  511.  —  Sweet  Clerodendron. 


lilac-purple  flowers  and  spiny  branches,  can  be  grown  as  far  north  as  Phila- 
delphia, though  it  kills  to  the  ground  every  winter.  It  sprouts  up  every 
summer,  and  is  in  bloom  in  August,  The  bruised  leaves  have  a  disa- 
greeable odor,  whence  the  specific  name.  The  opposite  leaves  are  long- 
stalked  and  coarsely  toothed  ;  the  flowers  form  a  broad  cluster,  4  to  8 
inches  broad. 

Another  species  with  ill-scented  leaves,  toothed,  opposite,  but  with 
the  tube  of  the  corolla  very  much  shorter  than  in  the  above  (about  the 
length  of  the  large  calyx),  is  Sweet  Clerodendron  (511)  —  Cleroden- 
dron fragrans.  The  fragrance  is  in  the  flowers,  which  are  nearly  white, 
often  double  and  close-clustered,  somewhat  hydrangea-like.  Hardy 
only  in  Florida  and  California.  [Twig  cuttings;  seeds.] 


CLERODENDRON 


293 


Fig.  512.  —  Shrubby  Germander. 


Fig.  513.  —  Rosemary. 


Fig.  514.  — Swamp  Bay. 


Fig.  515.  —  Alligatur  '  Pear. 


294 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF   THE    SHRUBS 


Teucrium  fruticans.  The  Shrubbt  Germander  (512)  is  a  wide-branch- 
ing, shrubby  plant,  2  to  3  feet  high,  with  opposite,  entire-edged,  ovate 
leaves,  and  small  blue  lopsided  flowers,  forming  terminal  and  lateral 
clusters.  The  flowers  seem  to  have  all  the  lobes  turned  down,  and  the  4 
stamens  projecting  from  a  notch  on  the  upper  side.  The  fruit  is  like 
4  seeds  (nutlets)  on  the  bottom  of  the  5-lobed  green  calyx.  This  is  a 
plant  recommended  for  dry  places  South.     It  has  a  long  blooming  season. 

[Seeds.] 


Fig.  516.  —  Sassafras. 


Fig.  517. —Caper-bush. 


Rosmarinus  officinalis.  The  Rosemary  (513)  or  Old  Man  is  an 
aromatic  plant,  with  opposite  linear  leaves  rolled  at  the  edges.  The 
2-lipped  light  blue  flowers  are  in  axillary  clusters  in  early  spring,  the 
stamens  are  2,  projecting  from  the  flower.  It  is  nearly  hardy  North,  and 
grows  to  the  height  of  2  to  4  feet.  The  fruit  is  a  collection  of  nutlets  in 
the  calyx.  It  is  recommended  for  hedges  in  the  extreme  South.  The 
leaves  are  used  for  making  Hungary  water  and  the  oil  of  rosemary. 

[Seeds.] 


Persea.  The  Perseas  are  aromatic  trees  or  shrubs  with  alternate 
simple  thick  entire  evergreen  leaves,  small  regular  white  or  greenish 
flowers  (i-^  inch),  and  1-seeded  drupe-like  fruit.  The  species  in 
cultivation  are  small  trees  rather  than  shrubs,  and  none  are  fully  hardy 
North. 


PERSEA 


295 


Fig.  518.  —  Spice  Bush. 


Fig.  519.  —  Leatherwood. 


Red  or  Bull  Bay  —  Persea  Borbonia  (P.  carolinensis)  —  is  wild  from 
Virginia  south,  grows  to  the  height  of  40  feet,  and  has  blue  berries,  |  inch 
long,  on  red  steins. 


Fig.  520.  —  Common  Mezereou. 


Fig.  521.— Pink  Garland 
Daphne. 


296 


DKSCRH'TIOXS    OF    THH    SHIU US 


Swamp  Bay  (o14)  —  Tersea  pubdsceiis,  —  wild  from  North  Carolina 
south,  is  a  small  tree  or  shrub  with  the  branchlets  and  other  parts  hairy, 
creamy  white  flowers  (-\  inch),  and  dark  blue  drupes  |  inch  long. 

Alligator  'Pear'  (515) — Persea  gratfssima, —  of  California,  and 
Florida,  has  a  slightly  pear-shaped  green  fruit,  several  inches  long,  used 
as  a  salad  and  very  palatable.     A  tree  20  to  30  feet  high. 

[Layers  ;  twig  cuttings,] 


Fig.  522.  —  White  Garland  Daphne. 


Fig.  523.  —  Silky  Daphne. 


Sassafras.  Sassafras  (516)  — Sassafras  variifoliuin  (S.  officimile)  — 
is  an  aromatic  shrub  or  tree  growing  in  some  cases  to  the  height  of  100 
feet.  It  has  alternate  simple  entire  to  3-lobed  leaves  without  notches  or 
serrations.  As  the  plant  is  dioecious,  only  those  with  pistillate  flowers  have 
the  blue  l-seeded*  fruit,  ^  inch  long,  on  red  stems.  The  flowers  bloom  be- 
fore the  leaves  are  expanded.  The  bark  on  young  twigs  is  green  with  a 
purplish  shade  on  the  light  side.  The  bark  of  the  roots  is  peculiarly 
aromatic,  and  is  often  used  in  beer  making. 

[Seeds  ;  suckers  ;  root  cuttings.] 


Capparis.  This  genus  of  over  100  mostly  tropic  plants  is  here  repre- 
sented by  the  one  species  fiom  which  the  genus  is  named.  Caper-bush 
(517)  or  Caper-tree  —  Capparis  spin6sn, — from  which  capers  are  made 


DIRCA 


297 


by  preserving  the  dried  flcnver-buds.  This  spiny  shrub  (3  feet)  is  sometimes 
cultivated  in  greenhouses  North.  Leaves  deciduous,  roundish,  entire. 
The  white  wavy-petaled  flowers  (2  inches  broad)  with  numerous  stamens 
are  borne  singly  in  the  axils  of  the  alternate  leaves. 

[Seeds ;  twig  cuttings.] 

Benzbin.    Spice  Bush  or  Benjamin  Bush  (518)  —Benzoin  pestivale  (B. 
Benzoin  B.  odorif erum) ,  —  is  a  very  aromatic  smooth  shrub,  to  15  feet, 


Olive-like  Daphne. 


Fig.  525.  —  Hybrid  Daphne 


with  alternate  simple  entire  deciduous  leaves  and  oblong  red  1-seeded  fruit 
a  half  inch  long.  The  oval  leaves  are  3  to  5  inches  long.  The  small  yellow 
flowers  expand  in  very  early  spring.  This  is  practically  the  only  species 
of  the  genus  in  cultivation,  and  it  is  not  often  found  in*shrubberies.  The 
bark  is  peculiarly  spicy.  [Fresh  seeds  ;  layers ;  twig  cuttings.] 

Dirca  paliistris.  Leatherwood,  Moosewood,  or  Wicopy  (519)  is  a 
small  tree-like  shrub,  2  to  6  feet  high,  with  yellowish  green  twigs, 
tough  bark,  and  alternate.simple  oval  entire  deciduous  leaves.  The  fruit 
is  an  oblong  red  drupe  ^  inch  long.  The  flowers  are  small  in  umbel-like 
clusters  in  early  spring,  April.  May.  It  is  rare  in  cultivation,  but  grows 
wild  in  shady  places  from  Canada  south.  [Seeds  ;  layers.] 


298 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF   THE    SHRUBS 


Ddphne.  The  Daphnes  are  very  interesting  small  shrubs  with  clus- 
tered bright  colored  sweet-scented  small  flowers,  in  winter  and  early  spring. 
The  blossoms  are  4-lobed,  lilac-shaped,  with  8  stamens  included  in  the 
tubular  portion.  The  fruit  is  a  leathery  1-seeded  drupe.  Only  four  or 
live  species  are  hardy  North  but  many  are  or  conld  be  cultivated  out- 
doors South.  Most  species  have  alternate  simple  entire-edged  leaves,  a 
few  have  opposite  leaves.  All  have  thick  or  thickish,  and  more  than  half 
the  species  evergreen,  leaves.  The  best  method  for  determining  Daphnes 
from  other  plants  with  tubular  4-lobed  flowers  is  to  notice  that  the  bright 


Fig.  520.  —  Wood  Daphne. 


Fig.  527.  —  Pontic  Daphne. 


flower  part  in  such  shrubs  as  the  lilac,  the  privet,  and  the  true  olives  has 
a  green  calyx  at  base  with  2  stamens  at  the  mouth  of  the  corolla  ;  the 
Bouvardias  have  the  same  kind  of  calyx  at  base  and  4  stamens  at  mouth 
of  flow^er ;  the  Buddleias  have  a  calyx  at  base  and  4  stamens  included 
in  the  tube  about  halfway  down  ;  while  the  Daphnes  have  no  outside 
part  (in  this  case  the  bright  part  is  a  calyx  and  there  is  no  corolla) 
and  there  are  8  small  stamens  in  the  tube. 

Most  Daphnes  grow  well  in  either  shade  or  sun. 

[Seeds  —  slow  to  germinate;  layers;  twig  cuttings.] 


KEY    TO    THE    DAPHNES  299 


KEY   TO   THE   DAPHNES 

*  Leaves  deciduous  ;   flowers  lilac  to  purple  in  axillary  clusters  Feb. 

to  April,  before  the  leaves.     (A.) 
A.    Leaves  alternate,  wedge-shaped  ;  shrubs  erect,  to  4  feet.     (B.) 
B.    Flowers  usually  3  without  stalks  ;    leaves  green   above,  gray 
below.     Common  Mezereon  or  Daphne  (520) — Daphne  Mez6- 
reum. 
B.    Flowers  2-4  with  short  stems  ;  leaves  purple,  almost  evergi'een. 
Daphne  Houtte^na. 
A.    Leaves  opposite,  oblong,  li-2  inches  long ;  flowers  3-7  in  short- 
stalked  clusters.     Japanese  Daphne  —  Daphne  G^nkwa. 

*  Leaves  evergreen,  alternate  (2d  B  above  might  be  looked  for  here). 

(C.) 
C.   Trailing  or  creeping  plants  with  many-flowered  terminal  clusters 
(April-June)  and  wedge-shaped  leaves;  flowers  fragrant.     (D.) 
D.   Flowers  pink ;  leaves  i-l  inch  long.     Pink  Garland  Daphne 
(521)  —  Daphne  Cneorum. 

D.  Flowers  white  or  creamy ;  leaves  1-1|  inch  long.    White  Gar- 
land Daphne  (522)  —Daphne  Blagayana. 

C.    Erect,  1-5  feet  high.     (E.) 

E.  Flowers    densely    hairy    outside    in    few-flowered    terminal 
heads.     (F.) 

P.  Flowers  purple,  f  inch  long,  with  bracts  ;  leaves  1-2  inches 
long.     Silky  Daphne  (523)  — Daphne  sericea. 

F.  Flowers  white  or  nearly  so,  i  inch  long,  no  bracts.  Olive- 
like Daphne  (524)  —  Daphne  oleoides. 

F.  Flowers  reddish  purple,  very  fragrant,  large.  Hybrid  Daphne 
(525)  — Daphne  hybrida. 

E.   Flowers  smooth  outside  or  nearly  so.     (G.) 

G.  Flowers  in  dense  terminal  clusters,  white,  red  to  purple,  very 
fragrant.     Sweet  Daphne  —  Daphne  odora. 

G.   Flowers  in  5-10-flowered  axillary  clusters,  odorless,  March- 
May.     Wood  Daphne  (526)  — Daphne  Laur^ola. 
G.   Flowers  in  1-3-flowered  axillary  clusters,  fragrant,  April- 
May.     Pontic  Daphne  (527)  — Daphne  pontica. 
Daphne  Mezereum,  D.  Cneorum,  D.  Blagayana  are  hardy  to  Massachu- 
setts, D.  Laureola,  D.  pontica  to  New  York,  others  only  South. 

Polygonum.  The  Poltgonums  form  a  large  genus,  200  species,  of 
mainly  herbaceous  plants,  but  two  of  them  appear  so  like  bushy  shrubs 
they  are  introduced  here,  though  they  die  down  to  the  ground  in  winter. 


300 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


The  plainest  peculiarity  of  the  plants  is  the  sheath  around  the  stem  above 
the  attachment  of  the  alternate  simple  leaf.  The  small  4-  or  5-parted 
tiowers  are  generally  in  spike-like  clusters.  The  species  here  given  grow 
up  from  the  roots  each  spring  and  show  abundant  nearly  white  small 
tiowers,  in  summer.  [Seeds;  divisions.] 


Fig.  528.  —  Siebold's  Polygonum. 


Fig.  529.— Saealine. 


*  Bushy-growing  plant  with  graceful  curving  stem  3-5  feet  high  ;  leaves 

large,  about  as  wide  as  long,  and  peculiarly  square  at  base  ;  white 
flowers  abundant.  Siebold's  Polygonum  (528)  —  Polygonum 
cuspidatum  (P.  Si^boldi). 

*  Larger  and  more  vigorous  plants  8-12  feet  high  with  larger  and  pro- 

portionally narrower  leaves,  sometimes  a  foot  or  more  long,  dis- 
tinctly heart-shaped  at  base.  This  plant  is  too  luxuriant  and  with 
such  a  tendency  to  spread  as  to  become  a  pest.  Sacaline 
(529)  —  Polygonum  sachalin^nse. 

Elaeagnus.^  The  El?eagnus  genus  are  shrubs  or  small  trees  with  alter- 
nate leaves  covered  on  one  or  both  sides  with  silvery  scales.  These  leaves 
are  either  entire-  or  crisped-edged.  The  fruit  is  olive-like,  1-seeded. 
There  are  many  species  in  cultivation  for  the  silvery  foliage  and  the  edible 


1  For  general  key  to  plants  with  silvery  scales  on  their  leaves  see  p.  304. 


EL^AGNUS 


301 


Fig.  530.  —  Oleaster. 


Fig.  531.  — Oleaster. 


fruit.  The  tallest  growing  species  is  the  so-called  Russian  'Olive' 
or  Oleaster  (530)  (531)  —  Elseagnus  angustifolia,  —  growing  to  the  height 
of  25  feet.     This  is  a  spiny  plant  with  light  green  leaves  2  to  3  inches 


Fig.  532.  —  Spiny  Oleaster. 


Fig.  533.  —  Small-leaved  Elseagnus. 


302 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


Fig.  534.  —  Japanese  Oleaster. 


Fig.  535. — Japanese  Goumi. 


long  and  oval  silvery-scaled  yellow  fruit  a  half  inch  or  more  long.     A 
variety  still  more  spiny  is  Spiny  Oleaster  (532)  —  El?eagniis  spinosa. 
Another  similar  spiny  tall-growing  species,  to  18   feet,  with  broader 

leaves  and  nearly  globular  pink  fruit 


Nus  (533)  —  Elseagnus  parvifolia. 

A  brownish -twigged  spreading 
species,  to  12  feet,  with  deciduous 
leaves  and  red  juicy  late-ripening 
fruit  is  Japanese  Oleaster  or 
El/eagxus  (534)  —  Elseagnus  umbel- 
lata.     This  is  frequently  spiny  with 


Fig.  5;36,  — Sea  Buckthorn. 


Fig.  537.  —  Buffalo  Berry. 


SHEPHERDIA  303 

the  leaves  crisped  at  edge  and  no  brown  scales  beneath.  A  similar  spread- 
ing shrub,  to  8  feet,  witli  no  spines  but  with  some  brown  scales  on  tlie 
lower  sides  of  the  crisped  leaves  is  Elajagnus  multitlora. 

A  still  smaller  shrub,  to  G  feet,  with  brown  branches  and  many 
bro^vn  scales  on  the  lower  sides  of  the  oval  leaves  is  Japanese  Goumi 
(535)  —  Eleeagnus  16ngipes.  'I  his  is  common  in  cultivation  and  ripens 
its  ornamental  fruit  very  early,  June,  July. 

The  above  are  all  hardy  North  and  well  worthy  of  cultivation.  There 
are  two  or  more  evergreen  species  in  cultivation  South ;  of  these  the  one 
with  silvery-white  twigs  and  no  spines  is  Elaagnus  macrophylla ;  while 
the  shrub  vnth  brown  and  usually  spiny  ,twigs  is  Ekeagnus  pungens. 
This  last  is  a  very  variable  species,  several  named  varieties  having  varie- 
gated foliage.  [Seeds;   twig  cuttings  ;    layers;    root  cuttings.] 

Hipp6phae.i  The  Sea  Buckthorn  (536)  — Hippophae  rhamnoides — 
is  an  alternate  leaved  spiny  shrub  or  small  tree  yvith  foliage  covered  with 
silvery  scales,  like  the  last  genus.  It  is  cultivated  mainly  for  the  clustered 
bright  orange-red  berries  the  size  of  peas,  which  remain  through  the  winter. 
The  almost  linear  leaves,  grayish-green  above  and  silvery  below,  give 
variety  and  beauty  in  summer  to  a  shrubbery.  As  the  plant  is  somewhat 
dioecious,  care  must  be  taken  to  have  stamen-bearing  plants  enough  to 
fertilize  those  with  pistils,  so  that  the  ornamental  fruit  may  be  formed  in 
abundance.  The  small  yellowish  flowers  are  clustered  in  2's  and  3's  in 
May,  and  the  berries  ripen  in  September. 

The  Hippophae  flower  is  2-lobed  or  2-parted,  while  those  in  Elfeagnus 
are  4-lobed.  [Layers;    twig  cuttings  ;    root  cuttings ;    seeds.] 

Sheph6rdia.2  Shepherdias  are  silvery-scaled  plants  similar  to  the 
last  genus,  but  the  leaves  are  opposite  instead  of  alternate  on  the  stems. 
They  are  not  nearly  so  frequent  in  cultivation.  The  only  species  fairly 
in  the  trade  is  the  Buffalo  Berry  (537) — Shepherdia  argentea,  —  a 
thorny  shrub  or  tree  reaching  the  height  of  18  feet  with  the  foliage  silvery 
on  both  sides  and  with  small  (i  inch)  globular  red  or  yellow  fruit. 
Another  species  is  a  spreading  twiggy  shrub  3  to  7  feet  high  without 
thorns,  but  Mith  brownish-scurfy  twigs  and  leaves,  and  oval  hardly  edible 
fruit,  Canadian  Buffalo  Berry  —  Shepherdia  canadensis,  —  very  rare  in 
cultivation.  These  two  species  are  deciduous.  There  is  a  small  evergreen 
species  from  I'^tah,  Shepherdia  rotundifolia,  with  round-oval  silvery 
leaves  and  stalked  scurfy  berries  ripe  in  July.  All  the  species  are  more 
or  less  dioecious,  and  so  need  staminate  and  pistillate  forms  in  order  to 
produce  fruit.  *  [Seeds.] 

1  For  general  key  to  plants  with  silvery  scales  on  their  leaves,  see  p.  304. 


304  DESCRIPTIONS    OF   THE    SHRUBS 

KEY  TO  THE  SILVERY-SCALED  SHRUBS  — EL^  AG- 
NUS, HIPPOPHOE,  AND    SHEPHERDIA 

*  Leaves  alternate,  deciduous  ;  hardy  ;  flowering  in  the  spring,  April- 
June.     (A.) 
A.    Branchlets  and  under  sides  of  the  leaves  silvery-white  without 
any  brown  or  reddish  scales ;   shrubs  or  trees  to  20  feet  with 
le'aves  2-3  inches  long.     (B.) 
B.    Leaves  entire  and  not  crisped  at  edges ;  berries  usually  large, 
oval,  yellow  coated  with  silvery  scales,  axillary,  1-3  in  a  clus- 
ter.    Often  spiny  (the  most  spiny  form  is    Spiny    Oleaster 
(532),  var.   spin6sa)  :  Russian   'Olive,'    Garden    El^agnus 
or  Oleaster  (530)    (531)  —  Elaeagnus  angustifolia. 

B.  Leaves  crisped  at  edges  ;  flowers  and  fruit  crowded  on  short 
side  shoots  ;  berries  nearly  globular,  silvery  when  young,  pink 
in  summer  when  ripe  (^  inch  long).  Small-leaved  Ela:ag- 
Nus  (533)  —  Elseagnus  parvif61ia. 

A.  Branchlets  with  reddish  or  bro\\Tiish  scales,  sometimes  with 
some  silvery  scales ;  leaves  silvery  below  but  frequently  with 
brownish  scales.     (C.) 

C.  Fruit  decidedly  juicy,  some  shade  of  red  or  scarlet,  edible.     (D.) 
D.   Fruit  nearly  globular,  short-stalked,  erect,  i  inch  long,  ripe 

Sept.  or  Oct.;    leaves    crisped  at  edge  and  without  brown 
scales  beneath.     Shrub  to  12  feet,  often  spiny.     Japanese 
Oleaster  (534)  —  Elseagnus  umbellata. 
D.   Finiit  oval,   erect  or  nodding,  ripe  July  or  Aug.  on  stems 
about  as  long  as  the  fruit,  ^  inch;  leaves  with  a  few  broMii 
scales  beneath,  not  crisped  at  edges.     Spreading  shrub  to 
8  feet.     El.bagnus  —  Ela^agnus  multifl5ra. 
D.   Fruit  pendulous,  oblong,  |  inch  long  on  stems  over  an  inch 
long,  ripe  June  or  July.     Shrub  to  0  feet.     Japanese    Goumi 
(535)  —  Elaagnus  16ngipes.  ' 
C.    Fruit  rather  dry,  silvery  white,  oval,  ^-^  inch  long  on  short 
steins,  ripe  July,  Aug.     Erect  spineless  shrub  to  12  feet;    leaves 
silvery  on    both   sides    and    with    brownish    scales    beneath. 
El.icagnus  or  Silverrerry  —  Eheagnus  arg^ntea. 
C.   Fruit  somewhat  poisonous,  though  eaten  by  birds,  bright  orange, 
globular  (\  inch),  in  clusters,  found  in  abundance  but  only  on 
a  portion  of  the  plants  as  the  flowers  are  dioecious  ;  leaves  very 
slender,  grayish  green  above  and  silvery  below.     Br.^nches  end- 
ing   in    sharp    spines.     Sea  Buckthorn  (530)  —  Hippophae 
rhamnoides. 


KEY    TO    THE    SILVEKY-SCALED    SHRUBS,    ETC. 


305 


*  Leaves  alternate,  evergreen  ;    usually  flowering  in  the  fall ;    hardy 

only  South,  small  shrubs  to  G  feet.     (E.) 

E.  Branchlets  silvery-white ;  no  spines  ;  leaves  broad,  silvery  be- 
neath. Large-leaved  Evergreen  El^agnus  —  Elseagnus 
macrophylla. 

B.  Branchlets  brovm  ;  usually  very  spiny ;  leaves  oval,  undulate, 
2-4  inches  long,  silvery  beneath  with  some  brownish  scales;  fruit 
short-stalked,  |  inch  long,  covered  with  silvery  and  brown  scales; 
leaves  often  variegated  with  blotches  and  lines  of  white,  yellow, 
or  pink,  giving  rise  to  several  named  varieties.  Thorny  Ever- 
green El.eagnus  —  Elseagnus  pungens. 

*  Leaves  opposite,  deciduous,  entire,  1-2  inches  long,  densely  silvery 

beneath.  Hardy  American  plants  sometimes  cultivated  for  the  sil- 
very foliage  or  edible  fruit ;  more  or  less  completely  dioecious. 
(F.) 

F.  Without  thorns  ;  twigs  brOwn-scurfy ;  leaves  oval ;  shrub  4-8 
feet  high,  rarely  cultivated ;  fruit  red  or  yellow,  oval,  ^  inch 
long,  hardly  edible.  Shepherdia  or  Canadian  Buffalo  Berry 
—  IShepherdia  canadensis. 

F.  With  numerous  thorns  ;  young  twigs  silvery ;  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate  ;  berries  globular,  red  or  yellow  (\  inch),  sour,  edible, 
ripe  July,  Aug.  Upright  tall  shrub  to  18  feet.  Buffalo  or 
Rabbit  Berry  (537)  —  Shepherdia  argentea. 

*  Leaves  opposite,  evergreen,  entire,  round-oval 
and  somewhat  cordate  at  base.  Dioecious  bush 
from  Utah.     Shepherdia  rotundifolia. 


Fig.  5;}8.  —  Grevillea. 
apgar's  shrubs  —  20 


Fig.  539.  —  Aiuericaii  Mistletoe. 


306 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


Grevillea  robusta.  Gkkvillea  (5.'>8),  the  so-called  Silk  'Oak,'  is  a 
beautiful  fern-leaved  plant  which  in  the  open  in  the  extreme  South  forms 
a  tall  tree.  It  is  usually  cultivated  as  a  pot  plant,  and  in  this  condition 
has  its  greatest  beauty  when  less  than  10  feet  hiyh,  so  it  is  raised  each 
year  from  seeds.  The  flowers  and  fruit  are  small  and  inconspicuous,  and, 
of  course,  do  not  appear  on  these  youni^  plants.  Very  ornamental  as 
a  foliage  plant.  [Seeds.] 


Phoradendron  flavlscens.    The  American  Mistletoe  (5.39)  grows  wild 
as  a  parasitic  plant  on  several  deciduous  trees,  more  frequently  on  the  SoUr 

Gum  and  the  Red  Maple,  and  is  gathered 
for  Christmas  decorations.  It  grows  in 
large  dense  bunches,  with  opposite,  entire, 
fleshy,  yellowish-green  evergreen  leaves  and 
stems,  and  small  white  globular  berries. 

[Seeds.] 


Fig.  541.  — Chinese  Ehn. 


540.  —  Common  Boxwood. 

Biixus.  The  Boxwoods  or  Box 
Trees  are  extensively  cultivated  ever- 
green shrubs  or  small  trees  with  small 
opposite  entire  leaves.  They  are  dense 
but  slow  growing  plants,  frequently 
used  for  pruning  into  fantastic  shapes  and  as  borders  to  flower  beds  and 
paths.  There  are  a  score  of  named  varieties  differing  in  size  of  leaves  and 
tallness  of  growth.     The  flowers  and  fruit  are  inconspicuous. 

The  tallest  growing  form  sometimes  reaches  the  height  of  25  feet.  Tree 
Box  or  Common  Boxw^ood  (540)  —  Buxils  semp^rvirens,  —  with  square, 
and  somewhat  hairy  stems  and  rounded  leaves  |  to  1  ]  inch  long.  This 
species  has  several  forms  with  variegated  foliage  :  arg^nteo-marginata, 
white-edged;  aiireo-marginata,  yellow-edged  ;  aiirea,  yellow-leaved.  The 
smallest  gi'ovving  form  of  this  Chinese  species  is  suffruticosa  (nana).  A 
less  hardy  species  growing  to  the  height  of  0  feet  with  more  wedge-shaped 
leaves  is  the  Japan  Box  —  Buxus  japonica,  —  this  also  has  several  color 


BUXUS 


307 


4^U 


Fig.  543.  — India  Rubber  Plant. 


Fui.  r)44.— Variable-leaved  Rubber 
Plant. 


Fig.  545.  — Fiddle-leaved  Rubber 
Plant. 


308 


dp:scriptioxs  or  the  shrubs 


varieties.   A  smooth  and  almost  prostrate  .shrub  with  leaves  J  to  1  inch  long 
is  the  Small-leaved  Box  —  Buxus  microphylla.     'Ihe  lea^t  hardy  species 

is  the  Spanish  Box  — Buxus  bale- 
arica,  —  with  lighter-colored  and 
larger  leaves,  1  to  2  inches  long. 
[Twig  cuttings ;  divisions ; 
seeds.] 


Ulmus.  The  Elms  are  almost 
entirely  tall  trees,  tut  there  are 
two  small  and  somewhat  shrubby 
species  from  eastern  Asia  some- 
times cultivated.  These  are 
Weeping  Elm — Ulmus  pumila — 
and  Chinese  Elm  (541)  —  Ulmus 
parvifolia.  The  latter  has  thicker 
leaves  and  the  former  more  of  a 
weeping  habit.  Tlie  leaves  of 
both  are  alternate,  small,  usually 
about  an  inch  long,  and  some- 
what oblique  at  base  and  straight- 
veined,  like  other  elms. 

[Seeds;  twig  cuttings.] 


Fig.  546.  —  Rusty-leaved  India  Rubber 
Plant. 


Ficus.  This  genus  is  a  very  large  one,  000  species,  of  mainly  tropic 
plants,  many  of  them  climbing  and  more  or  less  parasitic  and  including 
the  noted  Banyan  Tree,  the  India  Rubber  Plant,  the  Fig  (hardy  from 
Virginia  south),  and  many  conservatory  creepers,  etc.  They  all  have 
abundant  milky  juice  and  all  except  one  in  cultivation  in  the  United 
States  have  alternate  simple  leaves.  The  fig  has  large  deeply  3-  to  5- 
lobed  rough  leaves  and  solitary  axillary  pear-shaped  luscious  fruit.  The 
India  rubber  plant  has  oblong  smooth  entire  leaves  with  many  parallel 
side- veins.  [Layers.] 

KEY   TO   THE    SHRUBBY   AND   TKEE-LIKE   FORMS 

OF   FICUS 


*  Cultivated  for  the  fruit;  with  radiately  3-7-lobed  wavy-edged  leaves  ; 

growing  15-30  feet  high.     Fig  (542)  —  Ficus  Carica. 

*  Cultivated   for   ornament  indoors  in  the  North,    hardy  only  in  the 

extreme  South.  (Many  species  are  omitted  because  of  creeping  or 
climbing  habits  or  because,  when  grown  outdoors,  they  become 
great  trees.)     (A.) 


KEY    TO    THE    SHRUBBY    AND    TREE-LIKE    FIGS 


309 


A.    Leaves  alternate.     (B.) 

B.    Leaves  thick  and  leathery,  green  and  smooth  below.     (C.) 
C.    Leaves  large,  oLlong,  entire,  Avith  many  side-veins.     India 

IUbber  Plant  (543)  —  Ficus  elastica. 
C.    Leaves  entire  or  somewhat  lobed  w^ith  about  10  pairs  of  side- 
•     veins.      Yakiable-leaved    Rubber     Plant  (544)  —  Ficus 
erecta. 
C.    Leaves  with  5-7  side-veins  and  usually  lobed  like  the  white 

oak.     Oak-leaved  Fio  —  Ficus  quercifolia. 
C.    Leaves  with  5-7  side-veins,   with  ear-like  lobes  at  base,  a 
foot  or  more  long.     Fiddle-leaved  Rubber  Plant  (545)  — 
Ficus  pandurata. 
B.    Leaves  thick  and  rusty  below  and  more  or  less  notched  at  tip 
and   base.      Rusty-leaved    India    Rubber    Plant    (546)  — 
Ficus  rubiginosa. 
B.    Leaves  rounded  (3  inches  long),  thick  and  densely  covered  with 
woolly  hairs  below.    Palmer's  Rubber  Plant —  Ficus  Palmeri. 
B.    Leaves  thin  and  membranous,  light  green  blotched  with  white. 
Parcell's  Rubber  Plant  —  Ficus  Parc^Ui. 
A.    Leaves  usually  opposite,  entire   or  somewhat  toothed.     Rough 
Rubber  I'lant  —  Ficus  hispida. 


Fig.  547.  —  Osage  '  Orange.' 


Wax  '  Myrtle.' 


310 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


Fig.  549.  —  Sweet  Gale. 


Fig.  550,  —  Waxberry. 


Fig.  5r»l. —  Sweet  'Fern. 


Madura.  Osage  '  Oraxge  * 
(547)  — Madura  (Toxylon)  pomf- 
fera  —  is  a  thorny  shrub  or  tree 
with  alternate  entire  glossy  leaves 
having  milky  juice.  The  large 
orange-like  fruit  gives  name  to 
the  plant.  In  the  past  it  was 
extensively  used  for  hedges ;  for 
this  it  was  well  fitted,  because  of 
its  thorns  and  dense  growtli. 
The  introduction  of  wire  fences 
has  lessened  its  value  to  the  hor- 
ticulturist and  now  it  is  generally 
seen  as  a  tree  from  30  to  50  feet 
high.  The  short  sharp  thorns 
about  an  inch  long  just  above  the 
bases  of  the  ovate  entire  leaves 
(4  inches  long)  together  with 
the  abundant  milky  juice  will 
enable  the  reader  to  separate 
this  from  other  plants.      [Seeds.] 


BETULA 


311 


Myrica  and  Comptbnia.  Wax  '  Myrtle  '  (548j  —  Myiica  cerifera,— 
Sweet  Gale  (549)  —  Myrica  Gale,  —  Waxberky  ofBayijerry  (550)  — 
Myi-ica  carolin^nsis, —  and  Sweet  '  P'ern  '  (551)  — Myrica  (Comptonia) 
asplenifolia,  —  are  fragrant  plants  with  alternate  simple  leaves,  inconspic- 
uons  flowers,  and  waxy  or  bur-like  dry  globular  fruits.  They  are  wild 
shrubs  rare  in  cultivation.  The  Sweet  Tern  '  receives  its  name  from  the 
fern-like  appearance  (  f  its  leaves  and  is  useful  to  cover,  with  its  dense 
foliage,  rocky  barren  and  shady  places.        [Seeds ;  layers ;  twig  cuttings.] 

*  Leaves  narrow   and   notched   like   a   fern  ;   fruit  bur-like.     Sweet 

'  Fern'  (551)  —  Myrica  (Comptonia)  asplenifolia. 

*  Leaves  entire  or  with  few  notches  ;  fruit  globular,  waxy.     (A.) 

A.    Low  shrubs  always  less  than  10  feet  high ;  leaves  usually  blunt  at 
tip.     (B.) 
B.    Twigs   dark    brown ;    leaves  small,  1-2|  inches  long.     Sweet 

Gale  (541))  —  Myrica  Gale. 
B.    Twigs    gray  ;    leaves    larger,  2-4    inches     long.      Waxberry 
(550)  or  Bayberry  —  Myrica  carolinensis. 
A.    Tall  shrub,  sometimes  a  small  tree  to  40  feet ;  leaves  generally 
with  acute  tips.     Wax  'Myrtle'  (548)  —  Mjrrica  cerifera. 

Betula.  The  Bircues  are  mainly  tall  hardy  trees  but  there  are  several 
species  shrubby  in  growth  and  frequent  in  cultivation.  The  birches  have 
alternate  simple  straight-veined  notched  leaves,  sometimes  cut  into  lobes. 


Fig.  552.  —  European  White  Birch. 


Fig.  553.  —  Scrub  Birch. 


312 


D?:SCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


The  species  seen  Avith  chalky  bark  is  generally  the  White  Biucn  — Betula 
alba  — of  Europe,  which  grows  to  the  height  of  80  feet  in  its  regular  form. 
There  are  a  score  of  named  varieties  some  of  which  are  low  trees  and  some 
only  shrubs,  as  European  White  Birch  — Betula  p^ndula  (552), 

The  four  si)ecies  always  shrubby  in  growth  are  :  Scrub  or  Dwarf  Birch 
(553)  — Betula  glaiidulosa,— 1  to  4  feet  high  with  rounded  small  leaves, 
\  to  1  inch  long,  and  brown  glandular  warty  twigs;    Dwarf  Birch  (554) 

—  Betula  nana,  —  a  low  spreading 
smooth  shrub  rarely  4  feet  high 
with  small  rounded  notched  leaves 
broader  than  long ;  Low  or  Swamp 


Fig.  554.  —  Dwarf  Birch. 


Fig.  555.  —  Low  Birch. 


Birch  (555)  —  Betula  pumila,  —  2  to  15  feet  high  with  longer  and  less 
rounded  leaves  having  dense  brownish  hairs  below  when  young;  and 
Shrubby  Birch  (556)  —  Betula  humilis,  —  2  to  0  feet  high,  with  glandular 
twigs  and  crenately-serrate  smooth  leaves  ^  to  1|  inches  long.       .  [Seeds.] 


Alnus.  The  Alders  are  generally  shrul)by  plants  growing  alnindantly 
along  streams  and  in  damp  places.  They  have  alternate  simple  straight- 
veined  notched  deciduous  leaves  and  dry  rounded  cones  which  remain  on 
the  bushes  throughout  the  year ;  these  cones  are  the  best  test  of  the 
alders.  Most  have  catkin  flowers  opening  in  early  spring.  The  species 
with  fall  catkins  is  usually  a  tree  to  30  feet,  Seaside  Alder' (557)  —  Alnus 
marftima,  —  which  has  shining  foliage  and  yellow  catkins  in  August  to 
September. 


CORYLUS 


313 


The  smallest  species  is  the  Greex  or  Mountain  Aldkr  (558)  —  Alnus 
crispa  (A.  viridis),  —  which  never  grows  to  over  10  feet.  It  can  be  sui'ely 
known  by  the  winged  nuts  or  seeds, 
in  the  cones,  nearly  i  inch  wide. 
The  other  two  American  species  are  : 
Speckled  or  Hoary  Alder  (559)  — 
Alnus  incana,  —  with  leaves  hairy  be- 
neath, at  least  on  the  veins  j  and 
Smooth  Alder  (5G0) — Alnus  ni- 
gosa,  —  with  leaves  green  and  smooth 
on  both  sides.  The  tallest  species  and 
the  only  one  which  grows  well  in  dry 
places  is  Black  Alder  (561) — Alnus 
glutinosa  —  of  Europe,  with  gummy 
twigs,  sometimes  reaching  the  height 
of  70  feet.  The  figures  given  illus- 
trate the  great  variety  of  foliage  in 
the  forms  of  this  species. 

[Seeds;  twig  cuttings ;  suckers.] 


Fig.  556.  — Shrubby  Birch. 


C6rylus.  The  Hazelnuts  and 
Filberts  are  shrubby  plants  with 
rounded  hard-shelled  nuts  inclosed 
more  or  less  in  green  leaf-like  bracts. 
The  leaves  are  alternate,  simple,  straight-veined  with  notched  edges.  The 
three  common  species  can  be  best  separated  by  means  of  the  difference  in 
the  bracts  which  surround  the  nuts  :  in  the  Beaked  Hazelnut  (502)  — 
Corylus  rostr^ta,  —  2  to  6  feet  high,  the  bracts 
are  not  very  leaf-like  and  project  beyond  the 
nut  into  a  beak  ;  in  the  eastern  Hazelnut  (503) 
—  Corylus  americana,  —  3  to  8  feet  high,  these 
bracts  form  a  fringe-like 
border  generally  hiding 
the  nut ;  the  European 
Filbert  (564)  —  Cory- 
lus Avellana  —  grows 
much  taller,  to  15  feet, 
and  never  has  the  bracts 
fully  hiding  the  nut. 
Of  this  last  species, 
which  has  been  culti- 
vated for  centuries,-  there  are  many  named  varieties :  aurea,  yellow 
leaves ;  laciniata,  deeply  cut  leaves ;  p^ndula,  weeping ;  etc.    The  other 


Fig.  557.  —  Seaside  Alder. 


314 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF   THE    SHRUBS 


species  of  filberts  are  so  rare  in  cultivation  that  none  need  be  mentioned  in 
this  book  except  ruKi-LE-LEAVEi)  FiLuiiKT  —  Corylus  maxima  purpurea,  — 
which  is  cultivated  for  its  deep  purplish  red  leaves  rather  than  for  fruit. 

[Seeds ;  suckers.  ] 

Quercus.     The  Oaks  are  nearly  all  tall  trees  and  the  few  shrubby  forms 
are  practically  never  cultivated  and  so  this  book  of  ornamental  shrubs 

needs    no    place    for    them.     The 


acorn  fruit  is  distinctive  and  sepa- 
rates oaks  from  all  other  plants. 

Beau  or  Black  Sckub  Oak  (5G5) 
—  Quercus  ilicifolia  —  is  a  spread- 
hvj;  shrub  5  to  10  feet  high  with 
tangled  branches  and  3-  to  7-lobed 
leaves,  the  lobes  ending  in  bristles 
and  the  lower  side  covered  with 
whitish  hairs.  Chinquapin  Oak  — 
Quercus  prinoides — is  rarely  over 
8  feet  high  with  wavy-edged  leaves 
having  4  to  8  blunt  teeth  on  each 
side.  [Acorns.] 

Castanea.  This  genus  includes 
the  Chestnut  trees  and  the  Chin- 
quapin shrubs  and  may  be  known 
by  the  alternate  simple  .straight- 
veined  leaves  and  the  large  spiny- 
coated  fruit  with  more  or  less 
rounded  nuts.  Chinquapin  (566)  — 
Castanea  i^umila  —  is  a  handsome  shrub  or  tree  6  to  50  feet  high  with  a 
single  (rarely  2)  nut,  ^  inch,  in  a  prickly  bur.  The  leaves  are  whitish-downy 
below.  Japan  Chestnut  (567) — Castanea  crenata  —  is  a  hardy  shrub 
or  tree  to  30  feet  which  begins  to  bear  chestnuts  when  only  a  few  years  old 
and  but  a  few  feet  higli ;  the  leaves  are  smooth  below  when  mature. 

[Seeds.] 


Fig.  558.  — Green  Alder. 


Salix.  The  "Willows  form  a  large  genus,  nearly  200  species,  of 
hardy  shrubs  and  trees  abundant  in  all  cold  countries.  A  number  of  trees 
are  in  cultivation  and  many  of  those  which  are  only  shrubby  are  con- 
sidered worthy  of  ornamental  use.  There  is  no  genus  of  plants  more 
difficult  to  separate  into  species  than  the  willows.  All  are  dicecious, 
meaning  that  the  pollen-bearing  catkins  are  on  one  plant,  the  seed-form- 
ing catkins  on  another,  and  thus  many  hybrids  are  found. 


THE    ALDERS 


315 


Fig.  559.  —  Speckled  Alder. 


Fig.  560.  —  Smooth  Alder. 


Fig,  561.  — European  Black  Alder.  Fig.  5G2.  — Beaked  Hazelnut. 


310 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF   THE    SHRUBS 


Fig.  503.  -  Hazelnut 


In      •  ■' 


^ 


k,««f>H 


f  *nr  W 


Fig.  5G5.  —  Bear  Oak. 


Fig.  5GG. — Chiuquapiu. 


THE    WILLOWS 


317 


Fig.  567.  —  Japan  Chestnut. 


Fig.  568.  —  Dwarf  Gray  Willow. 


Fig.  569.  —  Rosemary  Willow. 


Fig.  570.  —  Osier  AVillow. 


318 


DESCRirXlONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


Fig.  571.— Bog  Willow. 


Fig.  572.  — Hoary  Willow. 


Fig.  573.  — Prairie  Willow. 


Fig.  574.  —  Broad-leaved  Willow. 


THE    WILLOWS 


319 


Fig.  575.  — Balsam  Willow. 


Fig.  576.  — Goat  Willow. 


Fig.  577.  —  Slender  Willow. 


Fig.  578.  — ShiuiDjr  Willow. 


320 


DESCRIPTIONS    O^   THE    SHRUBS 


Fig.  581.  —  Heart-leaved  Willow. 


Fig.  582.  —  Purple  Willow. 


KEY    TO    THE    COMMON    SHRUBBY    WILLOWS  321 

They  are  so  easily  raised  from  slips  placed  in  the  ground  that  they  are, 
in  cultivation,  raised  only  that  way.  So,  any  sport  or  variety  found  any- 
wliere  is  introduced  into  cultivation  and  perpetuated  w^ithout  the  origin 
being  known.  The  soft  wood,  alternate  simple  leaves,  and  flowers  of  both 
sorts,  always  in  catkins  in  spring  or  summer,  are  enough  to  enable  any 
one  to  separate  willows  from  all  other  plants. 


KEY  TO  COMMON   SHRUBBY  WILLOWS,  BASED  ON 
LEAF   PECULIARITIES 

*  Leaves  about  entire-edged  and  more  or  less  conspicuously  whitened 

below.    (A.) 
A.    Leaves  under  i  inch  wide.     (B.) 
B.   Leaves  under  2  inches  long  and  almost  sessile.     Dwarf  Gray 

Willow  (5(38)  —  Salix  tristis. 
B.   Leaves  2-5  inches  long.     One  of  the  willows  used  to  graft  on 

goat  willow  stock  to   produce   an  umbrella  tree.     Rosemary 

Willow  (5(39)  —  Salix  incana. 

B.  Leaves  4-10  inches  long  and  beautifully  silvery.  One  of  the 
willows  used  in  basket  work.  Osier  Willow  (570)  —  Salix 
viminalis. 

A.   Leaves  ^-|  inch  wide  and  more  or  less  rolled  at  the  edges.     (C.) 

C.  Leaves  rarely  over  2  inches  long ;  twigs  slender,  smooth,  pale 
brown.  A  low  willow  1-3  feet  high  gi'owing  in  bogs.  Bog 
Willow  (571)  —  Salix  myrtilloides. 

C.    Leaves  2-4  inches  long ;  twigs  and  leaves,  when  young,  densely 
covered  with  white  woolly  substance.     Like  the  last,  a  low  wil- 
low 2-5  feet  high,  in  wet  bogs.    Sage  Willow  or  Hoary  Wil- 
low (572)  —  Salix  Candida. 
C.    Leaves  2-4  inches  long,  grayish  and  peculiarly  veined.     A  wil- 
low 3-8  feet  high   growing  in   dry  soil.     Prairie    Willow 
(573)  —  Salix  hiimilis. 
A.    Leaves  |-li  inches  wide.     Glaucous  Willow  —  Salix  discolor. 
(Placed  here   as  it  sometimes  has  entire-edged  leaves,  though 
usually  with  notched  ones.) 

*  Leaves  notched  at  the  edges.     (D.) 

D.   Leaves  conspicuously  of  two  colors,  decidedly  whitened  below. 

(B-) 
E.    Leaves  frequently  2   inches  wide,  shining  dark  green  above, 
glaucous  below*;   twigs  light  gray.     A  willow  2-0  feet  high, 
abundant  on  the  sands  of  the  shores  of  the   Great  Lakes. 
Broad-leaved  Willow  (574)  —  Salix  glaucophylla. 

APGAIl's     SHRUBS — 21 


322  DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 

E.  Leaves  1-11  inches  wide,  bright  but  not  glossy  green  above, 
white  below;  buds  very  large  and  nearly  black ;  shrub  or  tree 
to  25  feet.     Glaucous  Willow  —  Salix  discolor. 

E.  Leaves  1-1^  inches  wide,  smooth  dark  green  above,  whitened 
and  very  net-veined  below.  A  willow,  4-10  feet  high,  of 
the  North  (Labrador,  etc.).  Balsam  Willow  (575) — Salix 
balsam  if  era. 

E.  Leaves  1-8  inches  wide,  rough  above,  thickish  and  with  stout 
stems  -^--^  inch  long.  A  plant  often  used  as  stock  upon  which 
to  graft  other  willows  to  make  such  weeping  trees  as  the  Kil- 
marnock willows.     Goat  Willow     (576)  —  Salix  Caprea. 

E.  Leaves  less  than  an  inch  wide,  dark  green  above  and  glaucous 
below,  leaf-stems  nearly  ^  inch  long.  A  slender-growing  plant 
5-12  feet  high  found  in  the  swamps  of  the  North  and  West. 
Slender  Willow  (577)  —  Salix  petiohiris. 

D.    Leaves,  though  lighter  below,  are  green  on  both  sides.     (F.) 

F.  J^eaves  glossy  green  on  both  sides,  fragrant  when  bruised, 
usually  over  1  inch  wide,  leaf-stalk  with  conspicuous  glands. 
These  two  are  among  the  finest  willows  in  cultivation  and  grow 
from  8-20  feet  high.     (G.) 

G.    Catkins  large  and  conspicuous  appearing  AVith  the  leaves. 

Shining  Willow  (578)  —  Salix  lucida. 
G.    Catkins  rather  small  and  appearing  after  many  of  the  leaves 
are  fully  grown.     Bay-leaved  or  Laurel-leaved  Willow 
(579)  —  Salix  pentandra. 
F.    Leaves  rough  above,  soft  with  hairs  below,  1-3  inches  wide, 
blunt  at  tip.     A  willow  often  used  for  stock  for  grafting,  12-25 
feet  high.     Goat  Willow  (576)  —  Salix  Caprea, 
F.    Leaves  smooth,  silky  and  dark  green  above  at  least  when  young, 
|-|  inch  wide ;   shrub  or  tree  6-12  feet  high  growing  along 
streams.     Silky  Willow  (580)  —  Salix  sericea. 
.    F.   Leaves  under  ^  inch  wide ;  plants  generally  5-15  feet  high.    (H. ) 
H.    Leaves  2-3  inches  long,  about  i  as  wide,  sometimes  heart- 
shaped  at  base ;    stipules  large  and   usually  persistent.     A 
very  variable  small  willow  of  the  watercourses,  spreading  at 
base  into  long  flexible  branches.     Heart-leaved    Willow 
(.581)  —  Salix  cordata. 
H.    Leaves  3-6  inches  long  and  about  i  as  wide,  often  appearing 
opposite .    Plant  spreading  at  base  with  long  flexible  branches, 
so  sometimes  used  as  a  basket  willow.     There    is  a  variety, 
pendula,    with  drooping  branches.    Purple  Willow  (582) 
—  Salix  purpurea. 
H.    Leaves  2-6   inches  long  and  very  narrow,  usually  less  than 


KEY    TO    THE    DWARFS    OF    THE    PINE    FAMILY 


323 


^L  as  wide  as  long,  midrib  yellow.  A  willow  with  slender 
erect  branches  forming  broad  thickets  on  sand  bars  in  the 
streams.  Sand  Bar  Willow  —  Salix  longifolia  (S.  fluvi- 
atilis).  [Twig  cuttings.] 

Ruscus  aculeatus.  The  Butcher's 
BuooM  (583)  is  a  peculiar  evergreen 
shrub,  1  to  4  feet,  with  alternate 
sessile  ovate  leaves  J  to  1^  inches  long ; 
these  are  not  true  leaves  but  flat  leaf- 
like branches  ending  in  sharp  points 
and  having  on  their  lower  sides  the 
small  flowers  in  spring  and  the  red 
berries  (|  inch  thick)  later  in  the  sea- 
son. It  is  hardy  only  in  the  extreme 
South.  [Suckers.  ] 

Coniferous  Evergreens.  The  shrubby 
plants  with  narrow-linear,  needle- 
shaped,  and  scale-shaped  leaves  are 
still  to  be  described.  They  include 
Pines,  Spruces,  Arborvit^,  Juni- 
pers, etc.     These  ornamental  shrubs 

are  included  in  key  9,  small-leaved  plants,  but  for  convenience  the 
following  key  is  devoted  to  the  Pine  family  alone.  In  this  family  there 
are  no  compound  leaves ;  each  green  scale  or  needle-shaped  part  is  a 
whole  leaf. 


Fig.  583.  —  Butcher's  Broom. 


KEY  TO   GENERA  WITH   DWARF   FORMS  BELONG- 
ING  TO   THE   PINE   FAMILY 

*  Leaves  elongated  four  or  more  times  as  long  as  wide  and  spreading 
away  from  the  twigs.     (A.) 
A.    Leaves  not  flattened  but  rather  needle-like  so  that  they  can  be 
rolled  between  thumb  and  finger.     (B.) 
B.    Leaves  in  clusters  or  bundles  of  2-3-5  surrounded  at  base  by  a 
sheath.     Pinus. 

B.  Leaves  separated  from  each  other,  spirally  arranged  and 
attached  to  short  browTiish  projections  on  grooved  twigs. 
Picea. 

A.   Leaves  decidedly  flat  and  linear  in  shape.     (C.) 

C.  Leaves  with  distinct  more  or  less  greenish  stems  spirally  fas- 


324  DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 

tened  to  the  twigs,  usually  so  twisted  as  to  spread  out  flat  from 
the  twigs.     (D.) 
D.   Leaves  blunt  or  rounded  at  tips  and  whitened  below.     Tsiiga. 

D.  Leaves  sharp  or  acute  at  tips  and  green  below.     Taxus. 

C.    Leaves    without    stems    and    opposite     or    whorled    on    the 
twigs.     (E.) 

E.  Leaves  with  1  or  2  silvery  lines  on   the  upper  side  ;    fruit 
berry-like.    Junfperus. 

E.    Leaves   with   no    silvery  lines    above,   but    sometimes    be- 
low.    (F.) 
F.   Fruit  elongated  cones  with  lapping  scales  (|-1  inch  long). 

Thiija. 
F.   Fruit  rounded   cones  with   scales  widening   at   ends   and 
touching  edge  to  edge.     Chamsecyparis. 
*  Leaves  scale-like  and  so  pressed  to  the  twigs  as  to  cover  them.     (These 
plants  often  have  flat  linear  spreading  leaves  as  well,  especially  on 
young  growths.)     (G.) 
G.   Branchlets  flattened  out  like  a  fan  ;    fruit  a  dry  cone  of  G-12 
scales.     (H.) 
H.    Cone  elongated  with  lapping  scales.     Thuja. 
H.   Cone  nearly  globular  with  the   scales  widening  at  tips   and 
touching  edge  to   edge;   seeds  2  under  the  scales.     Chamie- 
cyparis. 
G.    Branchlets  not  flattened  like  a  fan  but  extending  irregularly  in 
all  directions.     (I.) 
I.   The  linear  leaves  with  silvery  lines  on  the  upper  side  ;  fruit  a 
berry  bluish  or  brownish  when  ripe,  often  covered  with  a  glau- 
cous bloom.     Juniperus. 
I.   The  leaves,  if  elongated  and  spreading  enough  to  show,  will  be 
found  without  silvery  lines  on  the  upper  side  ;  fruit  a  globular 
cone  with  the  scales  ^^idening  at  tip  and  touching  edge  to  edge, 
seeds  many  under  the  scales.     (These  trees  probably  have  no 
ornamental  dwarf  forms,  and  so  are  omitted.)     Cuprc^ssus. 

It  is  well  to  remind  the  reader  here  that  new  forms  of  the  entire  Pine 
family  are  constantly  appearing,  and  that  those  mentioned  below  are 
merely  suggestive  of  the  variation  of  forms. 

Pinus.  The  Pines  are  in  almost  all  cases  tall  trees  ^^ith  an  elongated 
central  trunk.  The  evergreen  leaves  are  needle-shaped  and  clustered  in 
bundles  of  2  to  5  with  an  inclosing  sheath  at  their  base.  The  fruit  is  a 
woody  cone  with  2-winged  seeds  above  each  scale. 

There  is  one  variety  of  the  Swiss  Mountain  Pine  —  Pinus  montana,  — 


PINUS 


325 


MuGHO  PixE  (584)  — Pinus  mont^na  Mughus,  —  which  is  always  a  low 
spreading  shrub  with  crooked  gnarled  stems  and  branches.  The  rigid 
leaves  are  in  twos,  1  to  3  inches 
long,  inclosed  in  a  much  wrinkled 
The  cones  are 


Fig.  584.  — Mugho  Pine. 


Fig.  585.  — Dwarf  White  Pine. 


ovoid,  1  to  2  inches  long,  nearly  ter- 
minal to  the  branches.  This  moun- 
tain pine  grows  to  the  height  of  2  to 
5  (rarely  10)  feet,  but  spreads  so  as 
to  be  broader  than  high.  It  is  an  ex- 
cellent plant  for  the  lawn. 

Besides  this  pine  with  stiff  leaves 
two  together  in  a  cluster,  there  are 
a  few  dwarf  forms  of  the  White  Pixe 
-^  Pinus  Strobus  —  with  rather  soft 
leav'cs  five  together  in  elongated 
sheaths.  The  finest  of  these  is  prob- 
ably Dwarf  White  Pine  (585),  var. 
brevifolia,  also  called  nana.  It  is  a 
dwarf  cushion-shaped  little  bush 
rarely  over  4  feet  high  but  spreading 
out  in  a  broad  flat  compiict  tuft  of 
glossy  green  spray.  This  is  splendid 
for  the  lawn. 

[Seeds ;  twig  cuttings.] 


Fig.  586.  —  Gregory's  Dwarf  Spruce. 


320 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


Picea.  The  Spri-cks  are  in  the  main  tall  tree-like  evergreens  with 
needle-like  4-angled  leaves  usually  ^  to  1|  inches  long,  attached  to  a 
grooved  twig  on  brownish  projections.  The  readiness  with  which  the 
leaves  fall  from  the  severed  twigs  and  the  roughness  of  the  twigs,  due  to 
these  projecting  points,  are  the  best  distinctions  for  separating  spruces 
from  other  cone-bearing  plants.  The  commonest  species  in  cultivation 
in  this  country  is  the  Norway  Spruce — Picea  Abies  (P.  exc^lsa),  — and  of 


L'•»^ 


a^f*^':\^ 


Fig.  587.  —  Sargent's  Weepin^ 
Hemlock, 


Fig.  588.  —  Hovey's  Arborvitae. 


the  many  varieties  sold  there  are  several  that  grow  more  like  a  shrub  than 
a  tree.  Among  these  varieties  are  :  Gregory's  Dwarf  Spri-ck  (58(5)  — 
Gregoryana, — seldom  more  than  1  to  2  feet  high  with  numerous  small, 
spreading  branches  densely  clothed  with  short  stiff  spreading  leaves; 
Small  Norway  Sprlxe  —  pumila,  —  a  dwarf  with  a  more  conic  form  and 
with  glaucous  leaves  spreading  in  all  directions  from  the  branches;  Pigmy 
Spruce  —  pygmsea,  —  with  leaves  very  small,  close  set  and  sharp-pointed; 
and  Lord  Clanbrasil's  Spruce  —  Clanbrasiliana,  —  a  dense  globose  or 
rounded  shrub  seldom  5  feet  high,  all  parts  much  shortened  and  close  set. 

[Seeds ;  twig  cuttings  ;  layers.] 


Tsuga.  The  Hemlocks  are  generally  trees  with  short,  I  inch,  flat, 
blunt  leaves  having  two  silvery  lines  on  the  lower  side.  These  leaves  are 
so  twisted  on  the  twigs  as  to  extend  in  two  directions  from  them,  giving 


TSUGA 


327 


Fig.  589.  —  Golden  Dwarf  Arborvitae. 


Fig.  5*J0.  —  Dwarf  Dolabrata 
Arborvitae. 


Fig.  591.  —  Lawson's  Cypress. 


Fig.  502.  —  Heath-leaved  ArborvitR\ 


328 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THIO    SHRUBS 


an  arrangement  that  is  called  2-ranked.  The  cones  are  short,  under  1  inch, 
pendulous  with  smooth  scales,  found  at  the  tips  of  the  branches.  Of  the 
Common  Hemlock  —  Tsuga  canadensis, — Sakgent's  Weeping  Hemlock 
(587)  —  var.  Sargentiana,  or  Sargenti  pendula  —  rarely  grows  over  3  feet 
high  and  has  short  drooping  branchlets  forming  a  dense  flat-topped  mass 
of  foliage;  Dwarf  Hemlock  —  mina  —  is  a  dwarf  with  spreading  branches 
and  short  branchlets  forming  a  depressed  shrub  under  3  feet  high.  There 
is  also  a  variety  n^na  of  the  Japanese  Hemlock,  Tsuga  Si^boldi.  The 
latter  can  be  separated  from  the  common  American  one  by  a  close  exami- 
nation of  the  leaves  with  a  lens  ;  the  edge  of  the  American  is  somewhat 
notched,  while  the  Japanese  is  entire.     [  Seeds  ;  twig  cuttings  ;  grafting.] 


Fig.  59o.  —  Juniper-leaved 
Arborvitae. 


Fig.  594.  —  Silver  Retinospora. 


Thuja  and  Chamaecyparis.  The  Arborvit?e  group  of  evergreens  are 
among  the  most  difficult  class  of  plants  to  classify.  The  greatest  confu- 
sion of  names  both  common  and  scientific  occurs  with  reference  to  them 
in  books  and  catalogues.  They  have  two  very  distinct  forms  of  leaves ; 
these  are  properly  called  the  "juvenile"  and  the  "adult."  All  of  this 
group  have  opposite  sessile  leaves  ;  but  the  seedlings  begin  with  linear 
spreading  ones  about  a  half  inch  long ;  these  are  the  juvenile  leaves  ;  later 
these  change  to  scale-shaped  leaves,  appressed  to  and  completely  covering 
the  stems,  the  adult  leaves.     Some  of  the  bushy  forms,  the   only  ones 


THUJA    AND    CHAM^CYPARIS 


329 


Fig.  595, -r  Juvenile  Cypress. 


Fig.  596.  — Tom  Thumb. 


^1 


Fig.  597.  — Intermediate  Cjqiress. 


Fig.  598.  —  Feathery  Pea-fruited 
Retinospora. 


330  DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 

we  have  to  consider,  retain  the  juvenile  form  ;  others  have  both  forms  on 
different  parts  of  tlie  i  lants  ;  while  still  others  have  only  the  scale  leaves. 
The  two  genera  above  given  can  be  surely  separated  only  by  an  examina- 
tion of  the  cones  ;  and  small  plants  rarely  show  these.  The  cones  of 
Thuja  are  elongated  with  8  to  12  lapping  scales,  and  those  of  Chamie- 
cyparis  are  nearly  globular  of  G  to  10  scales  touching  edge  to  edge.  All 
these  cones  mature  in  one  season  and  are  small,  always  less  than  an 
inch  and  usually  ^  to  |  inch  in  diameter. 

When  the  scale  leaves  appear,  the  branches  on  both  genera  so  form  as 
to  produce  flat  fan-like  growths.  Tliis  plan  of  branching,  called  2-ranked, 
separates  the  Arborvit?e  from  all  the  Junipers  —  Juniperus  —  and  the 
true  Cypresses  —  Cupressus. 

These  plants  will  be  found  in  books  and  nursery  catalogues  under  the 
names  of  Thuja,  Thuydpsis,  Biota,  Cuprdssus,  Chamsecyparis,  and 
Retin6spora ;  but  they  will  not  all  be  spelled  as  here  given.  The  first 
is  often  spelled  Thtiia  and  Thuya  in  modern  books,  and  the  last 
Retinispora. 

KEY  — BASED  ON  THE  CONES  — EOR  SEPARATING 
THE  DWARF  FORMS  OF  THUJA  AND  CHAMiE- 
CYPARIS 

*  Cones  elongated,,  with  elongated  lapping  scales,  Thuja.     (A.) 

A.  Cone  scales  thin,  8-10  in  number ;  cones  J  inch  long  and  some- 
what pendulous.  Common  Arborvit.e  (588)  —  Thuja  occi- 
dentalis. 

A.  Cone  scales  G-8,  thickened,  and  having  a  horn-like  process  on 
each.  Cones  nearly  erect,  and  about  an  inch  long.  Eastern 
or  Chinese  Arborvit.e  (580)  —  Thuja  orientalis. 

A.  Cone  scales  8-10,  thickened  and  reflexed,  witli  3-5  seeds  under 
each  ;  cones  somewhat  pendulous.  Dwarf  Dolabrata  Arbor- 
viT^  (590)  —  Thuja  (Thuyopsis)  dolabrata. 

*  Cones  globular,  of  6-12  scales,  which  touch  edge  to  edge.     Chamrc- 

cyparis.     (B.) 

B.  Cones  about  I  inch  in  diameter,  of  8-10  brown  scales..  Hinoki 
Retinospora  —  Chamaecyparis  obttisa. 

B.  Cones  about  i  inch  in  diameter,  of  10-12  brown  scales.  Sawara 
Retinospora  —  Chamaicyparis  pisffera. 

B.  Cones  about  ^  inch  in  diameter,  of  8  reddish  brown  scales.  Law- 
son's  Cypress  (5*.»1)  —  Chamaecyparis  Lawsoniiina. 

B.  Cones  about  J  inch  in  diameter,  of  G  glaucous-green  or  purplish 
scales.  White  Cedar  —  Chamaecyparis  thyoides  (C.  spha- 
roidea). 


KEY    TO    DWARF    THUJA    AND    ClIAM^fiCYrAKlS  331 


KEY  — BASED  MAINLY  OX  THE  LEAVES  — EOR  THE 
DWARF  VARIETIES  OF  THUJA  AND  CHAM^- 
CYPARIS 

*  Leaves  about  linear,  and  spreading  -well  from  the  stems.     (A.) 
A.   Leaves  sharp-pointed  and   rather  stiff,   dull  green  above,    and 

graj'ish  below,  changing  to  brcfwnish  in  winter.     (B.) 
B.   Bush  globose  or    broadly  pryamidal;   leaves  rather  distantly 
arranged  on  slender  branches.      Heath-leaved    ArborvityE 
(692)  —  Thuja  occidentalis  ericoides. 
B.   Bush  of  several  erect  stems,  and  branches  also  erect ;  leaves 
not  so  distantly    arranged.       Juniper-leaved     Arborvit^ 
(593)  —  Thuja  orientalis  decussata. 
A.   Leaves  less  sharp,  soft  rather  than  stiff,  and  with  a  somewhat 
silvery  appearance  ;  low  tree,    but   sometimes  shrub-like,  with 
branches  much  divided.     Silver  Retinospora     (594)  —  Cha- 
msecyparis  pisifera  squarrosa. 
A.   Leaves  as  in  the  last,  but  more  spreading  ;  silvery  only  on  lower 
side.      Juvenile     Cypress      (595)  —  Chamaecyparis    thyoides 
ericoides. 

*  Leaves   of  two  kinds    on    different  branchlets,    some    linear    and 

spreading,  others  scale-like ;  branches  with  scale  leaves  flattened, 
fan-form.     (C.; 

C.  Low,  compact,  and  broadly  spreading,  with  somewhat  silvery 
foliage.    Tom  Thumb    (59(3)  — Thuja  occidentalis  EUwangeriana. 

C.  Similar  to  the  last  but  of  more  erect  growth,  leaves  bluish  green. 
Intermediate  Cypress  (597)  —  Chamaecyparis  thyoides  (C. 
sphaeroidea)  Andely^nsis. 

C.  Similar  (to  first  C),  but  the  upper  branchlets  slender  and  spar- 
ingly divided.  Spaeth's  Arborvit^  —  Thuja  occidentalis 
Spaethii. 

C.  Most  leaves  elongated  and  slightly  spreading;  conic  bush  with 
erect  branchlets  having  a  feathery  appearance.  Feathery  Pea- 
fruited  Retinospora    (598)  —  Chamaecyparis  pisffera  plumosa. 

*  Leaves  all  shortened  and  scale-like  ;  spray  fan-like. 

There  are  so  many  varieties  in  cultivation  under  this  third  *  that  it 
will  probably  be  better  to  give  them  under  the  names  of  the  species, 
allowing  for  the  fuller  descriptions. 

Hatchet-leaved  Arborvit^  —  Thuja  dolabrata —  Is  one  of  the  finest 
of  the  Japanese  trees,  and  is  especially  good  for  lawn  planting  in  single 


332 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


specimens.  The  common  dwarf  form,  Dwarf  Dolabrata  Arborvit.k 
(590) — n^na  —  is  a  very  liglit  glossy  green  bush,  with  slender  branch- 
lets.  There  is  a  form  of  this  with  creamy  tips  to  the  branchlets,  varie- 
gata. 


Fig.  599.  —  Globe  Arbor vitae. 


Fig.  600.  —  Little  Gem  Arborvitae. 


Common  Arborvit^  —  Thuja  occidentalis  —  has  the  largest  number  of 
dwarf  forms;  most  of  them  have  fan-shaped  spray,  many  having  colored, 
other  than  green,  and  variegated  foliage.  Only  a  few  of  the  30  or 
more  can  here  be  mentioned.  One  of  the  smallest,  Dwarf  Arborvit^ 
—  dumosa,  —  rarely  grows  over  3  feet  high,  and  is  a  spreading,  irregularly 
branching  shrub,  with  crowded  and  tufted  fan-shaped  parts;  Globe  Ar- 
borvit^  (599) — glob5sa  —  is  a  bright  green  somewhat  open  rounded 
shrub  with  slender  branches;  Hovey's  Arborvit^ — Hoveyi — is  sim- 
ilar to  the  last  but  more  dense  and  ovate  in  shape  ;  Little  Gem  Arbor- 
viT^  (600)  is  a  spreading  dark  green  very  dwarf  shrub,  broader  than 
high;  Baby-yellow  Arborvit^  —  liitea  nana  —  is  a  dwarf  compact 
bush  with  golden  foliage. 

Eastern  or  Chinese  Arborvit^  —  Thuja  orientalis  —  also  has  a 
number  of  dwarf  forms  with  light  green,  dark  green,  and  colored  foliage, 
having  fan-shaped  spray:  Golden  Dwarf  Arborvit.e  (601) — aurea- 
nana  —  is  very  dwarf  and  compact,  with  golden  foliage  ;  Ever-golden 
Arborvit.*: — semperaur^scens  —  is  more  globose,  and  the  yellow  color 


ARBORVIT^ 


333 


lasts  throughout  the  year  ;  Thread-branched  Arborvit^  —  filif ormis 
stricta  —  is  a  round-headed  dwarf  bush  with  upright  slender,  almost 
thread-like,  branches  ;  Whipcord  Weeping  Arborvit^  (602)  — p^ndula 
— is  a  weeping  bush  with  tufted  cord-like  branchlets ;  Juniper-leaved 
Arborvit^  —  decussata  —  is  a  bright  bluish  green  low  compact  rounded 
form,  with  linear  spreading  leaves,  similar  to  Chamaecyparis  squarrosa, 
very  useful  for  window  boxes. 

The  so-called  '  Japanese  Retinosporas  '  furnish  a  number  of  dwarf 
forms  with  fan-like  spray.  They  belong  to  Hinoki  Retinospora  or  Cy- 
press —  Chamaecyparis  obtusa  —  and  Sawara  or  Pea-fruited  Retino- 
spora —  Chamaecyparis  pisif era ;  the  latter  with  the  smaller  cones,  pea- 
like, as  is  indicated  by  the  specific  name.  These,  as  well  as  the  Thujas, 
have  forms  with  golden  and  silvery  foliage.  Both  the  species  occasionally 
grow  in  their  native  country  to  the  height  of  100  feet  or  more.  The 
smallest  of  the  varieties  of  Chamaecyparis  obtusa,  Pigmy  Hinoki  Reti- 
nospora (603) — pygmtea,  —  has  almost  creeping  branches,  rarely  reach- 


FiG.  601.  —  Golden  Dwarf  Arborvitse. 


Fig.  602.  —  Whip-cord  Weeping 
Arborvitae. 


ing  a  foot  in  height,  and  is  very  useful  for  rockeries;  Dwarf  Hinoki 
Retinospora  —  nana — is  a  low  form  with  short  deep  green  branchlets; 
Club  Moss-leaved  Hixoki  Retinospora  — lycopodioides — is  low  with 
spreading  rigid  branches  having  4-sided  branchlets;  Fern-like  Hinoki 


334 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 


Fig.  603.  — Pigmy  Hinoki  Retinospora. 


Fig.  004.  —  Fern-like 
Hiuuki  Retiuospora. 


Fig.  605.  —  Sander's  Retinospora. 


Fig.  goo.  —  Thread-branched  Pea- 
fruited  Retinospora. 


RETINOSPORA 


'^So 


Retinospora  (604) — filicoides  —  is  of  slow  growth,  wi^>^  aense,  fern- 
like  branchlets.  The  most  peculiar  of  all  the  Hinoki  Cypresses  is  San- 
der's Retinospora  (605) — ericoides;  it  is  a  small  dense  shrub  with 
blunt  stiff  spreading  leaves  forming  four  rows  on  the  stems;  in  color  it 
is  the  brightest  bluish  green  of  any  of  the  coniferous  plants. 

Chamiecyparis  pisifera  has  but  few  dwarf  forms  with  fan-shaped  spray; 
the  tendency  is  more  apt  to  be  toward  linear  spreading  leaves.  Thread- 
branched  Retinospora  (606)-r-filifera — has  peculiar  elongated  thread- 
like growth  of  twigs  with  distant  sharp-pointed  leaves ;  a  low  tree  or 
subprostrate  shrub  ;  of  this  there  is  a  glaucous-leaved  form,  glaiica. 


Fig.  607.  —  Common  Juniper. 


Fig.  608.  —  Curved-branched  Juniper. 


The  varieties  of  Pea-fruited  Retinosporas  with  longer  and  more 
spreading  leaves  are  among  the  moat  popular  and  beautiful  of  the  ever- 
greens of  Japan.  Feathery  Pea-fruited  Retinospora  —  Chamgecyparis 
pisifera  plumosa  —  has  awl-shaped  spreading  leaves  dark  green  in  color  and 
is  often  called  Green  Retinospora.  The  colored  forms  of  this  are: 
Speckled  Retinospora  —  plumosa  albo-picta,  —  with  the  tips  of  the 
branchlets  cream-white;  Creamy  Retinospora — plum6sa  arg^ntea, — 
with  the  whole  of  the  young  spray  cream-white,  becoming  green  the  fol- 
lowing season ;  and  Golden  Retinospora — plumosa  aurea, —  with  all 
the  terminal  shoots  light  golden  yellow  in  the  spring  and  changing  to  a 
deep  green  later.  Besides  the  Feathery  Retinosporas,  there  is  a  variety 
with  linear  loaves  in  pairs  spreading  squarely  from  the  stems,  of  almost  a 
silvery  color,  Silver  Retinospora  —  Chamiecyparis  pisifera  squarrosa. 


33G 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF   THE    SHRUBS 


Fig.  609.  —  Chinese  Juniper. 

mJii 


ft 


1      H 


m 


m 


FiG.  oil.  —  "Waukeyan  Juniper.  Fk;.  V)\2.  —  Tamarisk-leaved  Juniper. 


KEY    TO    THE    JUNIPERS  337 

This  is  a  tree  or  a  large  shrub  of  irregular  outline,  and  is  in  its  leaf  form 
and  arrangement  so  like  some  of  the  Thujas  as  to  lead  to  much  confusion 
of  names  in  nurseries.  [Seeds  ;  twig  cuttings ;  grafting.] 

Junlperus.  The  Junipers  are  trees  or  shrubs  with  evergreen  sessile 
opposite  or  whorled  leaves.  These  are  either  linear,  flattened,  sharp- 
pointed  and  spreading  or  small  scale-like  and  pressed  to  the  twigs  which 
they  cover.  In  these  respects  they  are  much  like  the  genera  Thuja  and 
Chamsecyparis.  The  junipers  have  berry  fruits  instead  of  cones,  but  as 
the  junipers  are  quite  generally  dioecious,  therefore  usually  found 
without  fruit,  there  must  be  some  other  method  for  separating  them. 
When  there  are  present  the  elongated  leaves,  the  junipers  show  one  or 
two  silvery  lines  on  the  upper  side.  This  fact  will  separate  them  also 
from  the  genus  Cupressus,  which  may  have  silvery  lines  but  always  on  the 
lower  side.  The  junipers,  when  with  scale  leaves,  never  so  branch  as  to 
form  fan-shaped  growths,  as  do  the  Thuja  and  the  Chamsecyparis  bushes, 
but  the  branching  extends  irregularly  in  all  directions. 

KEY   TO   THE   JUNIPERS 

*  Plants  with   only  the   spreading,   linear,    stiff,  sharp-pointed  leaves 

generally  arranged  in  3\s  around  the  stem,  though  sometimes  oppo- 
site.    (A.) 
A.    Leaves  with  one  silvery  line  on  the  upper,  concave  side ;  fruit 
globular,  i  inch  wide.     (B.) 
B.    Leaves  broadly  spreading;  fruit  axillary,  almost  sessile,  dark 
glaucous-blue,    ripening  the   third   year,    3-seeded.      Common 
Juniper    (607)  —  Juniperus  communis. 

B.  Leaves  only  slightly  spreading ;  fruit  oblong,  terminal,  1-seeded ; 
not  hardy  North.  Curved-branched  Juniper  (608) — Juni- 
perus recurva. 

A.  Leaves  with  two  silvery  lines  on  the  upper  side  ;  fruit  globuiar. 
usually  8-seeded  and  dark  brown ;  shrub  to  12  feet,  not  hardy 
North  and  probably  not  cultivated  South.     (C.) 

C.  Fruit  nearly  i  inch  and  glaucous.  Large-fruited  Juniper 
—  Juniperus  macrocarpa. 

C.  Fruit  less  than  ^  inch,  shining  and  but  slightly  glaucous. 
PuicivLY  Juniper  — Juniperus  Oxyc^drus. 

*  Phints   with   both   the  linear  spreading  leaves   and  the   scale  ones 

scattered  on  different  parts  of  the  bush.      (D.) 
D.    Fruit  globular,    shining  reddish  brown,    .S-6-seeded;    leaves  mi- 
nutely  notched    at    edges.       Phcenician     Juniper  —  Juniperus 
phoenicea. 

apgar's  shrubs  —  22 


338 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF   THE    SHRUBS 


Fruit  globular,  glaucous  brownish-violet  with  2-3  seeds  ;  the  scale 
leaves  without  notches  and  blunt  at  tip.  Cuinese  Jlniplk  (009) 
—  Juniperas  chinensis. 

Fruit  small,  glaucous,  brownish,  1-2-seeded  on  short  straight 
stems  ripening  the  first  year ;  leaves  very  small  and  sharp-pointed. 
ViRGiNiAX  Jumper  or  Rei>  Ceuau  —  Juniperus  virginiana. 
Fruit  larger,  light  blue,  pendulous,  borne  on  curved  stems,  1-4- 
seeded,  ripening  the  second  year ;  low  spreading  shrubs  with 
strong  disagreeable  odor  when  bruised.  Savin  or  Shrubby  Red 
Cedar  or  Juniper  (CIO)  or  Waukegan  Juniper  (Oil)  or 
Tamarisk-leaved  Juniper  (012)  —  Juniperus  Sabina. 


Of  the  above  species,  com- 
munis, chinc^'usis,  virginiana,  and 
Sabina  have  most  of  the  dwarf 
varieties.  AVith  the  fruit  there 
w  ill  be  but  little  difficulty  in  cor- 
rectly naming  them,  but  without 
the  fruit  there  will  be  much 
trouble.  Sabina  can  be  readily 
separated  by  its  odor  from  virgin- 
iana, which  it  most  resembles. 
Below  are  given  most  of  the  va- 
rieties that  are  shrubby. 


—  Prostrate  Juniper, 


Curved-branched      Jun 

(()08)  — Juniperus  recurva  — 
shrub  or  tree  to  30  feet.  It  has  dwarf  varieties  of  which  the  lowest 
Prostrate  Juniper  (013)  — 
scjuamata,  — has  prostrate  or  trail- 
ing branches,  leaves  straight  and 
slightly  spreading,  of  a  glaucous 
bluish     green     color;      Dense- 

BRAN<"HED  JuNIPER d^IlSa liaS 

short    crowded    branchlets     and 
curved  grayish  green  leaves. 

Common  Juniper  (007)  — Juni- 
perus communis  —  in  its  tree  form 
ranges  from  20  to  30  feet  but  is 
often  a  shrub  of  4  to  5  feet; 
Rounded  Juniper  —  hemi_ 
sph.erica  —  is,  as  its  name  indi- 
cates, a  rounded  shrub  with  many 


I  PER 

-  is  a 
one. 


Spreading  Juniper, 


JUNIPER 


339 


branches  and  crowded  brancblets,  the  leaves  whitish  above  and  distinctly- 
ridged  below  ;  Spreading  Juniper  (614)  — nana  —  is  an  almost  prostrate 
shrub  with  thickish  inucli-divided 
brancblets  sometimes  forming  circu- 
lar patches  10  feet  in  diameter,  the 
leaves  short,  incurved,  almost  cover- 
ing the  stems,  often  considered  a 
separate  species  —  Juniperus  nana; 
Douglas"  Golden  Juniper  (015)  — 
canadensis  aurea — is  similar  to  var. 
nana,  but  more  erect  and  the  leaves 
longer  and  narrower,  with  tips  of 
brancblets  golden  yellow;  Oblong 
Juniper  —  obl6nga  —  is  a  large  shrub  or  small 
tree  with  slender  somewhat  pendulous  branches 
having  longer  and  more  spreading  bright  green 
leaves;  Weeping  Common  Juniper  —  pendula — 
is  a  lower  bush  with  still  more  pendulous  branch- 
lets.. 

Virginian  Juniper  or  Red  Cedar  —  Juniperus 
virginiana  —  is  the  tallest  of    the  junipers,  some- 
times reaching  the  height  of  100  feet,  but  it  has 
a  number  of  dwarf  varieties  of   which   Dwarf  Virginian  Juniper  — 
dumosa — is  about  the  lowest,  growing  into  a  rounded  or  pyramidal  bush, 

it  has  many  close-set  ascending  branches 
with  generally  linear  bright  green  leaves  ; 
Weeping  Virginian  Juniper  —  pendula 
—  has  weeping  brancblets  with  many 
bright  green  scale  leaves;  Creeping  Vir- 
ginian Juniper  —  r^ptans — is  bright  green 
with  horizontally  spreading  branches  and 
more  erect  brancblets. 

Savin  Juniper  (610) — Juniperus  Sa- 
bina  —  is,  like  the  last,  one  of  the  native 
American  species,  but  instead  of  growing 
tall  is  always  a  low  shrub,  rarely  reaching 
the  height  of  10  feet.  Almost  all  of  the 
dwarf  forms  of  Juniperus  virginiana  are 
duplicated  in  this  species.  The  one  test 
that  will  separate  them  is  the  very  strong 
and,  to  many,  disagreeable  odor  of  the 
Among  the  named  varieties  are  :  Procum- 
a  nearly  prostrate  shrub  with  numerous  erect 


Fig.  (115. — Douglas' 
Golden  Juniper. 


"^m- 


Fig.  gig.  —  Golden  Japan 
Juniper. 

bruised   leaves  of  Sabina. 
bent  Juniper  —  himiilis  — 


340 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF   THE    SHRUBS 


Fig.  617.  —  Euglish  Yew. 


Fig.  618.  —  American  Yew. 


Fig.  619.  —  Goldeu  Yew. 


Fig.  620.  —  Short-leaved  Yew. 


TAXUS 


341 


branchlets  and  peculiarly  bright,  sharp-pointed  leaves;  Waukegan  or 
Trailing  Juniper  (611) — J.  horizontalis  (J.S.  prostrata  ), —  a  procumbent, 
trailing  or  rarely  ascending  shrub,  the  long  branches  being  much  divided 
into  short  branchlets,  the  leaves  bluish;  Tamarisk-leaved  Juniper  (012) 

—  tamariscifolia  —  has  more  ascending  branches  with  many  linear  slightly 
curved  dark  green  leaves  usually  in  3's  ;    Speckled  Juniper — variegata 

—  is  a  dense  dwarf  with  the  tips  of  the  youngest  growths  cream-white, 
which  gives  it  a  specklea  appearance,  the  leaves  are  mostly  scale-like, 

Chinese  Juniper  —  Juniperus  chi- 
n^nsis  —  is  usually  a  tree  to  50  feet  but 
is  often  shrub-like,  among  which  latter 
Golden  Chinese  Juniper  (009)  — 
atirea  —  has  the  whole  growth  of  the 
year  a  golden  yellow,  especially  bright 
if  growing  in  the  sun,  this  changes 
to  a  green  the  second  year ;  Procum- 
bent Chinese  Juniper  —  procumbens 

—  is  often  procumbent  with  elongated 
branches  and  short  branchlets,  in  the 
young  gro^vths,  the  leaves  are  linear 
and  spreading,  but  in  the  older  parts 
scale-like.  The  dwarf  golden  ever- 
green —  aurea  —  is  acutely  pyrami- 
dal, and  according  to  the  nurserymen, 
more  erect  and  vigorous  than  the  so-' 
called 

Golden   Japan    Juniper   (616)  — 

Juniperus    japdnica     (J.     chin^nsis) 

aurea.    These  both  retain  their  deep 

1,  1  ^,  1   ^1         •   ^          Fig.  621.  — Spreading  English  Yew. 

golden  color  even  through  the  winter.  ^  &      & 

[Seeds,  2-3  years  to  germinate  ;   twig  cuttings  under  glass.] 


T^xus.  The  Yews  are  desirable  evergreens  for  park  and  cemetei^ 
planting,  and  are  of  slow  growth.  They  are  densely  clothed  with  dark 
green  linear  leaves,  and  the  pistillate  plants  are  especially  beautiful  in  the 
fall  with  their  scarlet  berry-like  fruit.  (Yellow-berried  Yew  —  Taxus 
bacc^ta  fructu  liiteo  —  has,  as  the  name  shows,  yellow  berries.)  The 
leaves  are  linear  and  sharp-pointed,  in  shape  and  attachment  much  like 
the  hemlocks,  but  the  undersides  of  the  leaves  of  the  yews  are  a  lighter 
though  bright  green,  while  the  hemlock  leaves  are  whitened  by  silvery 
lines. 

The  two  species  in  cultivation  with  dwarf  forms  are  the  English  Yew 
(617)  —  Taxus  baccata  —  and  the  American  Yew  or  Ground  Hemlock 


342  DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    SHRUBS 

(618)  —  Taxus  canadensis.  The  latter  is  the  more  hardy,  doing  well  even 
in  Canada,  while  the  former  needs  protection  in  Massachusetts.  T.  baccata 
is  much  the  taller  and  tree-like,  sometimes  reaching  the  height  of  60  feet, 
while  T.  canadensis  is  generally  a  prostrate  shrub  rarely  reaching  the 
height  of  5  feet.  The  first  is  generally  dioecious,  while  the  last  is  rarely 
so,  and  therefore  nearly  all  plants  old  enough  will  have  berries.  The 
leaves  of  T.  canadensis  are  narrower,  shorter,  and  of  a  more  yellowish 
green,  and  its  fruit  ripens  a  month  or  two  earlier  than  the  European 
species. 

The  English  Yew  —  Taxus  baccata  —  has  many  cultivated  forms  with 
variegated  foliage  or  less  erect  growth,  among  which  may  be  mentioned: 
Silvery  Yew  —  arg^ntea,  —  with  whitish-striped  leaves;    Golden  Yew 

(619)  —  aurea,  —  with  golden-yellow-edged  leaves;  Fisher's  Yew  —  Eish- 
eri,  — with  some  of  the  leaves  deep  yellow  throughout ;  Jackson's  Yew  — 
Jacksoni  or  pendula,  —  with  weeping  tips  to  the  branches  ;  Short-leaved 
Yew  (620) — adjjr^ssa,  —  with  long  spreading  branches  and  short  leaves 
1  inch  or  less  long;  Spreading  English  Yew  (021) — procumbens, — 
prostrate. 


Library 
N.   C.   State    College 


GLOSSARY   OF   BOTANICAL  TERMS 

Abruptly  pinnate.     Pinnate  without  an  odd  leaflet  at  the  end ;    even-pinnate. 

Acuminate.     Taper-pointed. 

Acute.     Terminating  in  a  well-defined  angle,  usually  less  than  a  right  angle. 

Alternate.  Not  opposite  each  other;  as  the  leaves  of  a  stem  when  arranged  one 
after  the  other  along  the  branch. 

Anther.  The  essential  part  of  a  stamen  of  a  flower;  the  part  which  contains  the 
pollen. 

Axil.     The  upper  angle  between  the  leafstalk  and  the  twig. 

Axillary.  Situated  in  the  axil;  as  a  bud,  branch,  or  flower-cluster  when  in  the 
axil  of  a  leaf. 

Berry.  Used  in  this  work  to  include  any  soft,  juicy  fruit  with  several  (at  least 
more  than  one)  readily  separated  seeds  buried  in  the  mass. 

Bipalmate.     Palmately  branched  with  the  branches  again  palmated. 

Bipinnate.     Twice-pinnate. 

Blade.     The  thin,  spreading  portion,  as  of  a  leaf. 

Bract.  A  more  or  less  modified  leaf  subtending  a  flower  or  fruit;  usually  a  small 
leaf  in  the  axil  of  which  the  separate  flower  of  a  cluster  grows. 

Capsule.  A  dry,  pod-like  fruit  which  has  either  more  than  one  cell,  or,  if  of  one 
cell,  not  such  a  pod  as  that  of  the  pea  with  the  seeds  fastened  on  one  side  on  a  single 
line. 

Catkin.     A  scaly,  usually  slender  and  pendent  cluster  of  flowers. 

Ciliate.     Fringed  with  hairs  along  its  edge. 

Cordate.     Heart-shaped,  the  stem  and  point  at  opposite  ends. 

Corymb.  A  flat-topped  or  rounded  flower-cluster;  in  a  strict  use  it  is  applied 
only  to  such  clusters  when  the  central  flower  does  not  bloom  first.     See  cyme. 

Crenate.     Edge  notched  with  rounded  teeth. 

Cym,e.     A  flat-topped  flower-cluster,  the  central  flower  blooming  first. 

Deciduous.  Falling  off;  said  of  leaves  when  they  fall  in  autumn,  and  of  floral 
leaves  when  they  fall  before  the  fruit  forms. 

Dentate.     Edge  notched,  with  the  teeth  angular  and  pointing  outward. 

Dioecious.     With  stamens  and  pistils  on  different  plants. 

Drupe.  A  fleshy  fruit  with  a  single  bony  stone.  In  this  book  applied  to  all 
fruits  which,  usually  juicy,  have  a  single  seed,  even  if  not  bony,  or  a  bony  stone,  even 
if  the  stone  has  SBveral  seeds. 

Elliptical.     Having  the  form  of  an  elongated  oval. 
Emarginate.     With  a  notched  tip. 
Entire.     With  an  even  edge;    not  notched. 

Evergreen.     Retaining  the  leaves  (in  a  more  or  less  green  condition)  through  the 
winter  and  until  new  ones  appear. 
Exstipulate.     Without  stipules. 

Feather-veined.     With  the  veins  of  a  leaf  all  springing  from  the  sitlcs  of  the  midrib. 
Filament.     The  stalk  of  a  stamen ;    any  thread-like  body. 

Head.     A  compact,  rounded  cluster  of  flowers  or  fruit. 

Key.     A  fruit  furnished  with  a  wing,  or  leaf-like  expansion. 

Lance-shaped.     Lanceolate.     Like  a  lance-head  in  shape. 

Legume.     A  pea-like  pod. 

Linear.     Long  and  narrow,  with  the  edges  about  parallel. 

Lobe.     The  separate,  projecting  parts  of  an  irregularly  edged  leaf  if  few  in  number. 

Lobed.     Having  lobes  along  the  margin. 

Mucronate.     Tipped  with  a  short  abrupt  point. 

343 


344  GLOSSARY  OF  BOTANICAL  TERMS 

Nerved.     Parallel-veined,  as  the  leaves  of  some  trees. 
Nut.     A  hard,  unspiitting,  usually  oiie-seeded  fruit. 
Nutlet.     A  small  nut. 

Obcordate.     Heart-shaped,  with  the  stem  at  the  pointed  end. 

Oblanceolate.      Lanceolate,  with  the  stem  at  the  more  poifited  end. 

Oblona.     Two  to  four  times  as  long  as  wide,  with  the  sides  somewhat  parallel. 

Obovale.     A  reversed  ovate. 

Odd-pinnate.     Pinnate,  with  an  end  leaflet. 

Opposite.      With  two  leaves  on  opposite  sides  of  a  stem  at  a  node. 

Orbicular.     Circu'pr  in  outUne. 

Oval.     Broadly  ellipiical. 

Ovary.     The  part  of  the  pistil  of  a  flower  containing  the  ovules  or  future  seeds. 

Ovules.     The  parts  within  the  ovary  which  may  form  seeds. 

Palmate.  A  leaf  with  the  veins  on  the  leaflets  all  starting  from  the  end  of  the 
petiole. 

Palmately  veined.  With  three  or  more  main  ribs,  or  veins  of  a  leaf,  starting  from 
the  base. 

Panicle.     An  open,  much  branched  cluster  of  flowers  or  fruit. 

Parallel-veined.     With  the  veins  of  the  leaf  parallel;    nerved. 

Parted.  Edge  of  a  blade  separated  three  fourths  of  the  distance  to  the  base  or 
midrib. 

Pedicel.     The  stem  of  each  flower  of  a  cluster. 

Peduncle.     The  stem  of  a  solitary  flower,  or  the  main  stem  of  a  cluster. 

Petal.     A  leaf  of  the  corolla  of  a  flower. 

Petiole.     The  stalk  or  stem  of  a  leaf. 

Petiolate.     Said  of  a  leaf  which  has  a  stalk. 

Pinnce.     The  first  divisions  of  a  bipinnate  or  tripinnate  leaf. 

Pinnate  leaf.  A  compound  leaf  with  the  leaflets  arranged  along  the  sides  of  the 
stem. 

Pistil.     The  central  essential  organ  of  a  flower. 

Pod.     A  dry  dehiscent  fruit  hke  that  of  the  pea. 

Pollen.     The  dust  or  light  powdery  grains  contained  in  the  anther. 

Polypetalous.     Having  a  corolla  of  separate  petals. 

Pome.     An  apple-like  fruit  with  the  seeds  in  horny  cells. 

Raceme.     A  flower-cluster  with  one-flowered  stems  arranged  along  tlie  peduncle. 

Samara.     A  winged  fruit;    a  key  fruit. 

Scape.     A  peduncle  rising  from  the  ground  or  from  a  subterranean  stem. 

Serrate.     Having  a  notched  edge,  with  the  teeth  pointing  forward. 

Sessile.     Without  stem. 

Shrub.     A  bush-like  plant;    one  branching  from  near  the  baso. 

Spike.     An  elongated  cluster  of  flowers  with  the  separate  blossoms  about  sessile. 

Stamen.     One  of  the  pollen-bearing  or  fertilizing  parts  of  a  flower. 

Stifjma.     That  part  of  a  pistil  which  is  fitted  to  receive  the  pollen. 

Stipe.     The  stalk  of  a  pistil. 

Stipules.     Small  blades  at  the  base  of  a  leafstalk. 

Suckers.     Shoots  from  a  subterranean  part  of  a  plant. 

Tree.     A  plant  with  a  woody  trunk  which  does  not  branch  near  the  ground. 

Umbel.  A  cluster  of  flowers  or  fruit  having  stems  of  about  equal  length,  and 
starting  from  the  same  point. 

Veinlets.     The  most  minute  framework  of  a  leaf. 
Veins.     The  smaller  lines  of  the  framework  of  a  leaf. 

Whorl.     In  a  circle  around  the  stem,  as  the  leaves  of  a  plant. 


INDEX 


The  Numbers  in  Parenthesis  refer  to  the  Illustrations.    All  Other 
Index  Numbers  refer  to  the  Pages. 


Aaron's  Beard  (41),  78. 
Abelia,  237. 

Chinese  (398),  240, 

Entire-leaved  (392),  239. 

Hybrid  (395),  239. 

Mexican  (393),  239. 

Serrate-leaved         (396), 
239. 

Two-flowered,  240. 

Yellow-throated      Rosy 
(397),  240. 

Yellow-throated     White 
(394),  239. 
Acacia,  132. 
.Beautiful  (193),  142. 

Blunt-leaved  (175),  140. 

Drummond's  (197),  142. 

Fern-leaved  (196),  142. 

Fragrant  (185),  141. 

Knife-leaved  (178),  140. 

Long-leaved  (172),  140. 

Meissner's  (176),  140. 

Myrtle-leaved         (182), 
141. 

Narrow-leaved,  140. 

Needle-leaved        (170), 
140. 

Oleander-leaved     (184), 
141. 

Oswald's,  141. 

Pale-flowered  (190),  141. 

Rose  (141),  119. 

Scythe-leaved,  141. 

Shining  (177),  140. 

Short-bunched         (181), 
141. 

Short-leaved,  141. 

vSilkv,  141. 

Small-leaved  (174),  140. 

Spatulate-leaved     (183), 
141. 

Trapezoid-leaved    (179), 
140. 

Willow-leaved,  141. 
Acanthopanax,  212. 
Acer,  103. 
Achenes,  32. 
^sculus,  102. 
Albizzia,  131. 

Evergreen  (169),  132. 
Alder.  812. 

Black  (561),  313. 

Dwarf  (321),  203. 

Green  (558),  313. 

Hoary  (559),  313. 


Mountain  (558),  3^3. 

Seaside  (557),  312. 

Smooth  (560),  313 

Speckled  (559),  313. 
Allspice,     Carolina     (287), 

186,  188. 
Almond,  145. 

Japan  (201).  145. 

Russian,  145. 
Alnus,  312. 
Alternate  Leaves,  21. 
Althaea,  Shrubby,  82. 
Amelanchier,  180. 
Amorpha,  117. 

Downy,  119. 
Andromeda,  249. 

Marsh  (422),  253. 

Privet  (424),  253. 
■  Scurfy  (417),  252. 
Angelica-tree,  211. 

Chinese,  211. 
Anther,  29. 
Appalachian     Tea     (361), 

225. 
Apple,  182. 
Apricot,  142. 

Siberian,  145. 
Aralia,  2il. 

Five-bladed,  212. 

Formosa  Rice-paper 

(337),  214. 

Japan  Rice-paper,  214. 

Rice-paper,  212. 

Sessile-flowered,  212. 
Arborvitse,  323,  328. 

Baby-yellow,  332. 

Chinese  (589).  330,  332. 

Common  (588),  330,  332. 

Dwarf,  332. 

Dwarf  Dolabrata  (590), 
330   332. 

Eastern,  330,  332. 

Ever-golden,  332.       " 

Globe  (599),  332. 

Golden  Dwarf  (601),  332. 

Hatchet-leaved,  331. 

Heath-leaved  (592),  331. 

Hovey's,  332. 

Juniper-leaved        (593), 
331,  3.33. 

Little  Gem  (600),  332. 

Spaeth's,  331. 

Thread-branched.  333. 

Whip      Cord      Weeping 
(602),  333. 

345 


Arbutus,  249. 
Arctostaphylos,  246. 

Bicolored  (415),  248. 

Bristly  (413),  248. 

Downy  (410),  248. 

Pale-leaved  (412),  248. 

Pringle's  (414),  248. 

Viscid,  248. 
Ardisia,  268. 

Red-berried.  (459),  269. 

White-berried,  269. 
Aronia,  1S4,  186. 
Arrangement    of     Leaves, 
19. 

of  Flowers.  31. 
Arrowwood  (359),  224. 

Downy  (357),  224. 

Soft-leaved  (360),  225. 
Aruncus,  154,  161. 

Astilbe-Hke  (240),  161. 
Ascyrum,  74. 
'Ash,'    Prickly,  83. 
Asimina,  64. 
Astilbe,  154,  160.  161. 

Japan  (239).  160. 
Aucuba,  218. 
Azalea,  21,  257. 

California,  259. 

Chinese,  260. 

Evergreen.  260. 

Flame  (440),  260. 

Ghent,  260. 

Hybrid.  260. 

Pink  (439).  259. 

Pontic  (441),  260. 

Rhombic-leaved,  260. 

Smooth  (438),  259. 

Vasey's  (442),  260. 

White     Swamp      (437), 
259. 

Baccharis   241. 
Banana  Shrub  (9),  61. 
Banyan  Tree,  308. 
Barbadoes     Pride      (167), 

131. 
Barberry,    American    (16"), 
66. 

Bearded  (19).  6'i. 

Box-leaved  (17).  66. 

Common  (13),  65. 

European,  65. 

Holly-leaved  (18\  66. 

Jameson's.  66. 

Persian,  66. 


346 


i\i)i:x 


Small-leaved.  66. 

Thunberg's  (12),  64. 

Turkestan,  66. 
Bauhinia.  128. 

Green-and-white     (161), 
128. 

Purple-flowered      (160). 
128. 

Ked-flowered  (162),  12S. 

Variegated-flowered,  1 28. 

White-flowered        (159), 
128. 
Bav.  Bull.  295. 

Red.  295. 

Swamp  (514).  296. 
Bavberry  (550).  311. 
Beach  Plum  (199).  144. 
liean  Tree  (135),  116.  117. 
Beardwort,  Chinese  (502), 

288. 
Beauty  Fruit  (505),  289. 
Benjamin  Bush  (518),  297. 
Benzoin,  297. 
Berberis,  64. 
Berries,  32. 
Betula,  31 1; 
Bilberry,  Bog  (405),  245. 

Dwarf,  245. 

Great  (405),  245. 

Oval-leaved,  245. 

Thin-leaved,  245. 
Bipinnate  Leaves,  22. 
Birch.  311. 

Dwarf  (553,  554),  312. 

Low  (555).  312. 

Scrub  (553),  312. 

Shrubby  (5.56),  312. 

Swamp  (555),  312. 

White.  312. 
Blackberry,   164. 

Cut-leaved     (248),     165, 
166. 

Evergreen     (248),     165, 
166. 

Sand,  166. 
Blackcap,  166. 
Blackthorn  (198),  144. 
Bladder     Nut,      American 
(111),  106. 

California,  106. 

Caucasus  (113),  106. 

European  (114),  106. 

Japan,  106. 
Bladder  Senna,  123. 
Blueberry,     Black,     High, 
245. 

Early  Sweet,  246. 

Evergreen    Vine    (407), 
246. 

High-bush,  245. 

Late  Low,  246. 

Low,  245. 

Low  Black,  246. 

Mountain,  246. 

Swamp.  245. 

Velvet-leaf,  246. 
Blue  '  Myrtle,'  99. 
Blue  Tangle,  245. 
Bottle-brush,  207. 

Lance-leaved,  208. 


Rigid-leaved,  20S. 

Showy  (330).  208. 

Slender-leaved,  208. 
Box  'Elder.'  103. 
Box,  Japan,  306. 

Small-leaved,  308. 

Spanish,  308. 
Box  Thorn,  284. 
Box  Tree,  306. 
Boxwood.  306. 

Common  (540),  306. 
Bramble,  164. 
Brasiletto  Shrub.  129, 
Bridal  Wreath  (294),  192. 
Broom,  113. 

Black-rooted,  116. 

Butcher's  (583),  323. 

Hairy  (130),   115. 

Portugal.  115. 

Scotch  (128).  113,  115. 
Buckberry  (408).  246. 
Buckeve,  21,  102. 

Red  (101).  102. 

Smooth-fruited.  102. 
Buckthorn.  91,  214,  269. 

Alder-leaved  (87),  96. 

Carolina  (89).  96. 

Common  (83),  96. 

Dahurian,  96. 

False,  269. 

Fern-leaved  (91).  96. 

Lance-leaved  (88),  90. 

Lebanon  (86),  96. 

Mountain,  96. 

Red-fruited  (84),  96. 

Sea  (533),  303.  301. 

Southern  (460),  263. 
Budding,  11. 
Buddleia,  287. 

Colvill's  (500),  288. 

Globe-flowered        (501), 
288. 

Hybrid,  288. 

Japan  (496),  288. 

Madagascar  (499),  288. 
Buffalo  Berry  (537).  303. 

Canadian.  303,  305. 
Bull  Bay,  295. 
Bumelia.  269. 
Burning  Bush.  91. 

American  (76).  91. 

Narrow-leaved.  92. 
Bush    Clover    (152),     124, 
125. 

Japanese,  125. 

Siebold's  (153),  125. 
Butcher's      Broom     (583), 

323. 
Butneria,  186. 
Buttonbush  (400),  241. 
Buxus,  306. 

Cactus.  209. 

Leaf.  211. 

Purple  (3.35).  211. 
Csesalpinia,  129. 

Gillies'  (166).  130. 

Japan  (165).  130.  131. 
Calico  Bush  (433),  256. 
Callicarpa,  289. 


American      (503,      504), 
289. 

Japan,  289. 

Small  (505).  289. 
Callistemon,  207. 
Calluna,  255. 
Calycanthus,  186. 
Cambi,  241. 
Camellia,  79. 

Japan  (49).  79. 
Cape  '  Jasmine '  (399),  2^0, 

241. 
Caper-bush  (577),  296. 
Caper  Tree,  296. 
Capparis,  296. 
Capsules,  32. 
Caragana.  122. 

Chinese  (146),  122. 

Dwarf  (147),  122. 

Large-flowered        (148), 
122. 

Tall  (145),  122. 
Caryopteris,  288. 
Cassena  (70),  8S. 
Cassia,  128. 

Artemisia-leaved,  129. 
Catalpa.  286. 

Bunge's,  11. 

Chinese  (492),  286. 

Dwarf  (492\  286. 

Round-headed,  286.      • 
Castanea,  314. 
Catkin.  31. 
Ceanothus,  97. 

Entire-leaved  (96).  99. 

Evergreen  (93).  9J. 

Fendler's  (94),  99. 

Hairy.  99. 

Hybrid.  99. 

Red-stemmed  (97),  99. 

Spiny  (95),  99. 

Spreading,  99. 

Velvety  (98),  93. 
Cedar,  Red.  338. 

Shrubby  Red.  338. 

White,  330. 
Cephalanthus,  241, 
Cercidiphyllum  (10),  62. 
Cercis,  127. 

Chamfficyparis,  324,  328. 
Chaste-tree  (506).  289,  291. 

Cut-leaved  (507),  291. 
Cherry,  142. 

Brush  (326).  206. 

Cayenne.  206. 

Chinese  Cornelian,  216. 

Cornelian  (341),  216. 

European     Bird     (203), 
145. 

Ground,  145. 

Rosebud,  145. 

Sand  (200),  145. 
Chestnut,  314. 

Chinese  Flowering   (99), 
101. 

Japan  (567),  314. 
Chilopsis,  286. 
Chimaphila,  265. 
Chinquapin  (566),  314. 
Chionanthus,  287, 


INDEX 


347 


Chit  tarn  Wood,  110. 
Chokeberry,  186. 

Black,  186. 

Purple,  186. 

Red  (282),  186. 
Christmas      Berry      (278), 

180. 
Cinquefoil,  164. 

Shrubby  (245),  164. 
Cistus,  71. 

Gum  (31),  72. 

Hairy  (33),  72. 

Laurel-leaved  (32),  72. 
Citrus,  86. 
Claw,  30. 
Clerodendron,  291. 

Chinese  (509),  292. 

Japan  (508),  291. 

Spiny  (510),  292. 

Sweet  (511),  292. 
Clethra,  265. 

Phihppine,  265. 

Southern,  265. 

Sweet  (453),  265. 
Cleyera,  81. 

Japanese  (55),  81. 
Coffee-berry,  96. 
Colutea,  123. 

Orange-flowered      (151), 
144. 

Oriental,  124. 

Tall  (150),  124. 
Compound  Leaves,  21. 
Coroptonia,  311. 
Coniferous         Evergreens, 

323. 
Coral  Bean  (126),  112. 
Coral-berry      (373),      228, 

229. 
Cornel,  216. 

Alternate-leaved     (338), 
217. 

Europf^an  (348),  217. 

Japan.  217. 

Panicled  (344),  217. 

Round-leaved,  217. 

Silky  (347),  217. 

Stiff  (346),  217. 
Cornus,  214. 
Coronilla,  125. 
Corylopsis,  204. 

Few-flo\Vered  (322),  204. 

Spiked  (323),  204. 
Corylus,  313. 
Corymb,  33. 
Cotinus,  110. 

Cotoneaster      (274),      176, 
179.  • 

Box-leaved,  178. 

Chinese  (273),  179. 

Common  (271).  178, 

Evergreen   (269),  178. 

Pointed-leaved,  178. 

Prostrate,  178. 

Round-leaved  (270),  178. 

Simond's.  178. 

Small-leaved  (268),  178. 

Woolly  (272),  178. 
Cowberry  (406),  246. 
Crab,  American,  185. 


Crab  Apple,  185. 
Crab  Cherrv,  185. 

Dwarf,  186. 

Flowering,  186. 

Kaido,  185. 

Narrow-leaved         (286), 
185. 

Oregon,  185. 

Parkman's,  186. 

Ringo,  185. 

Wild,  185. 
'Cranberry-bush,'  Manchu- 

rian,  224. 
Cranberry,       High      Bush 
(355),  224. 

Japan  Bush,  225. 
Crataegus,  173. 
Cucumber  Tree,  60. 

Large-leaved,  60. 
Cupressus,  324. 
Currant,  201. 

Buffalo  (313),  202. 

Fetid,  202. 

Golden  (313),  202. 

Indian  (373),  229. 

Pink-flowered,  202. 

Red-flowered  (315),  202. 

Skunk,  202. 

Wild  Black  (314),  202. 
Cuttings,  Root,  12. 

Twigs,  12. 
Cyclopedia  of  Horticulture, 

4. 
Cydonia,  182. 
Cypress,  Hinoki,  330,  333. 

Intermediate  (597),  331. 

Juvenile  (595),  331. 

Lawson's  (591),  330." 

Sawara,  330. 
Cyrilla,  89. 
Gytisus,  113. 

Narrow-bladed        (133), 
115. 

Purple  (131),  115. 

Racemed,  115. 

Dahoon  (69),  88. 
Dangleberrv,  245. 
Daphne  (520),  298,  299. 
Daphne,  Hybrid  (525),  299. 

Japanese,  299. 

Olive-like  (5'^4),  29S. 

Pink  Garland  (521),  293. 

Pontic  (527),  299. 

Silky  (523),  299. 

Sweet,  299. 

White     Garland      (522), 
299 

Wood' (526),    -99. 
Deciduous,  25. 
Deerberry  (408),  246. 
Dendrium,  263. 
Desert  Willow  (493),  286, 
Deutzia,  191. 

LeMoine's  (297),  192. 

Rough-leaved  (295),  192. 

Siebold's,  189,  192. 

Slender  (294),  192. 

Small-flowered,  192. 
Devil's  Walking-stick,  211. 


Dewberry,  164,  166. 
Diervilla  (389),  234,  236. 
DikamaH,  241. 
Dirca,  297. 
Divisions,  11. 
Dockmackie  (356),  224. 
Dogwood.  214. 

Alternate-leaved     (338), 
214. 

Bailey's  (345),  217. 

Evergreen  (340),  216. 

Flowering     (339),     214, 
216. 

Japan,  215.  216. 

Red  Osier  (342),  217. 

Red-stemmed,  217. 

White-fruited  (343),  217. 
Drupes,  32. 

Duration  of  Leaves,  25. 
Dyer's    Greenweed     (129), 
114. 

Eglantine  (251),  170. 
Elaeagnus,  300. 

Garden  (530,  531),  304. 

Japanese  (534),  302. 

Large-leaved  P^vergreen, 
305. 

Small-leaved  (533),  302, 
304. 

Thorny  Evergreen,  305. 
Elder,  21,  226. 

American  (368),  227. 

California,  227. 

European    Black    (369), 
227. 

European     Red-berried, 
(370),  227. 

Red-berried,  227. 

Soft,  286. 

Yellow  (491),  286. 
EUiptic,  25. 
Elm,  308. 

Chinese  (541),  308. 

Weeping,  30S. 
Entire,  23. 
Erica,  254. 
Escallonia,  188. 

Hairy,  190. 

Montevideo  (291),  190. 

Organ   Mountain    (292), 
190. 

Red  (293),  190. 

Wand-stemmed,  190. 
Eugenia,  206. 
Euonymus.  91. 

Bunge's.  93. 

Climbing,  92. 

Hamilton's,  93. 

Running  (75),  91. 

Siebold's,  93. 

Warty  (80).  92. 
Evergreen,  25. 
Evergreens,        Coniferous, 

323. 
Exochorda,  161. 

Farkleberrv  (409),  246.  . 
Fatsia.  212. 
'Fern,'  Sweet,  311, 


348 


INDEX 


Fetid  Shrub.  64. 
Fetter-bush  (423),  253. 

Indian,  253. 

Japan  (421),  253. 

Mountain  (420),  253. 
Ficus,  30S. 
Fig  (542),  30S. 

Oak-leaved,  309. 
Filament.  30. 
Fill)c'rt.  313. 

Kuropean  (.564),  313. 

Purple-leaved,  314. 
Flower  Arrangement,  31. 
Flowers.  27. 
Forsythia,  274. 

Erect  (473).  274. 

European  (475),  275. 

Fortune's,  274. 

Hybrid,  275. 

Siebold's.  274. 

Weeping  (474),  274. 
Fothergilla.  203. 
Foxberry  (406),  246. 
Franklinia  (53),  81. 
Fringe-tree  (494),  287. 

Chinese  (495).  287,  288. 
Frostweed  (28),  69. 
Fruit,  27,  31. 
Furze,  113,  116. 

Gardenia,  240. 
Gaylussacia.  244. 
General  Key.s,  33-55. 
Genista,  114. 

Florist's.  115. 
_  Yellow  (132),  115, 
Germander,  Shrubby, 

(512),  294. 
Globe  Flower  (242),  162. 
Golden  Bell,  274. 
Golden  Chain,  116. 
Gold  Flower.  7S. 
Gooseberry,  201. 

Eastern  Wild  (317),  202. 

European  (316).  202. 

Fuchsia-flowered,  201. 

Garden  (316),  202. 

Lcbb's  (318).  201. 

Round-leaved         (317), 
202. 

Southern,  246. 
Gordonia,  80. 

Chinese  (54),  81. 
Gorse  (127),  113,  116. 
Gourri,     Japanese     (535), 

303.  304. 
Grafting.  11. 
Grape  fruit,  86. 
Greene,    FJdward  L.,    men- 
tioned, 84. 
Greenweed     Dyer's    (129), 

116. 
Grevillea  (538y  306 
Ground  Hemlock.  341. 
Groundsel  Bush  (401).  241. 
Groundsel    Tree,     Willow- 
leaved.  243. 
Grumichama  (325),  2C6. 
Guava,  206. 

Brazil,  207. 


Guiana,  207. 

Lemon  (328),  207. 

Strawberry  (329),  207. 
Guelder  'Rose,'  223. 
Gum,  Sour,  306. 

Halesia.  272. 
Halimodendron,  122. 
Hamamelis,  202. 
Hardback.  1.58. 
Hardy  Orange  (63),  86. 
Haw,  173. 

Black  (363),   225. 

Long-thorned  (265),  175. 

Parsley-leaved         (263), 
174. 

Pear,  175. 

Red  (264).  174. 

Scarlet.  174. 

Southern  Black,  225. 
Hawthorn  (262),   173,   174. 

English  (261),  174. 
Hazelnut  (563),  313. 

Beaked  (562),  313. 
Head,  31. 
Heath,  254, 

Cornish,  255. 

Corsican,  255. 

Irish  (432),  255. 

Pink  Moor  (429),  255. 

Scotch  (430),  255. 
Heather  (431),  254,  255. 

Bell,  255, 

False  (34),  7?. 
Helianthemum,  69. 
Hemlock,  326. 

Common.  328. 

Dwarf,  328. 

Ground,  341, 

Japanese  Dwarf,  328. 

Sargent's  W^eeping  (587), 
328. 
Hercules' Club,  19,  211. 

American  (336),  211, 
Hibiscus,  81. 
Hills  of  Snow,  195. 
Hippophae,  303. 
Hobble-bush  (351).  223. 
Holly.  American  (65),  87. 

Chinese,  88. 

Entire-leaved,  88. 

European  (64).  87. 

Japan  Large-leaved  (66), 
88. 

Large-leaved  (73).  89. 

Mountain  (68),  88. 

Small-leaved,  88, 

Swamp  (72),  89, 
Honey  Locust,  22. 
Honeysuckle.  2.30,  240. 

Alpine  (.380).  2.33. 

American  Fly  (376),  233. 

Blue  (375).  232. 

Bush  (389),  237, 

p]arly.  233. 

Early  Sweet  (379).  233. 

European      Fly      (382), 
233. 

High  Bush.  237. 

Hispid,  233. 


Involucrcd     Fly     (377). 
233. 

Japan  (383),  233. 

Large-fruited  (374),  232. 

Ledebour's,  233. 

Low,  232. 

Manchurian,  234. 

Mountain  Fly  (375),  232. 

Standish's  (378),  233. 

Swamp  Fly  (381).  233. 

Tartarian  (384),  234. 

Tree-flowering,  234. 
Hop  Tree  (61),  84. 
Horse  Chestnut,  22,  102. 
Horse  Sugar  (468).  273. 
Huckleberry,  Black  (403), 
245. 

Box,  245. 

Dwarf  (404),  245. 

Hairy,  246. 

Southern  Black,  245. 
Hudsonia.  72. 

Heath-Hke.  73. 

Woolly  (34),  73. 
Hydrangea,  192,  219. 

Abundant-flowered,  195, 

Bretschneider's,  196. 

Common  (299),  196. 

Gray  (304),  196. 

Heart-leaved  Wild  (303), 
196. 

Large-flowered        (298), 
195. 

Nepal  (305),  196. 

Oak-leaved  (301),  195, 

Panicled,  195. 

Wild  (302),  195. 
Hypericum,  77. 

Bartram's  (45),  78. 

Buckley's,  78. 

Hooker's  (40),  78. 

SmaU-leaved  (48),  78. 

Ilex,  86. 

Indian  Bean,  286. 
India  Rubber  Plant,  308. 
Indigo   Bastard  (137,  138), 
119. 

€hinese  (140),  119. 

Dwarf,  119. 

False.  117. 
Indigofera,  119. 
Indigo  Plants,  119. 
Inkberry  (71),  88, 
Itea  (312).  201. 
'Ivy,'  Poison  (118),  109. 

Jambolan  Plum,  206. 
Jambos  (327),  206. 
Jasmine,  238.  273. 

Common    White    (469), 
273. 

Indian  (470).  274. 

Italian     Yellow     (472), 
274. 

Naked-flowered,  274. 

Roval  (470),  274. 

Sweet  Yellow  (471),  274. 
Jasminum,  273. 
Jessamine  (469).  240.  273. 


INDEX 


349 


Judas  Tree,  127. 
Jujube,  99. 

Common,  100. 
Juneberry,  180. 

Common    Dwarf    (277), 

182. 
Northwestern  (277),  182. 
Oblong-fruited         (280), 

182.      • 
Round-leaved  (279),  182. 
Juniper    (610),    323,    337, 
338. 
Chinese,  341. 
Common  (607),  337,  338. 
Creeping  Virginian,  339. 
Curved-branched    (608), 

337,  338. 
Dense-branched,  338. 
Douglas'    Golden    (615), 

339. 
Dwarf  Virginian,  339. 
Golden    Chinese     (609), 

341. 
Golden  Japan  (616),  341. 
Large-fruited,  337. 
Oblong,  339. 
Phoenician,  337. 
Pricklv,  337. 
Procumbent,  339. 
Procumbent        Chinese, 

341. 
Prostrate  (613),  338. 
Hounded,  338. 
Savin  (610),  339. 
Speckled,  341. 
Spreading  (614),  339. 
Tamarisk-leaved     (612), 

338,  341. 
Virginian,  338. 
Waukegan     (611),     338, 

341. 
Weeping  Common,  339. 
Weeping  Virginian,  339. 
Juniperus,  337. 

Kalmia,  256. 

Broad-leaved  (433),  256. 

Deciduous-leaved,  257. 

Hairy  (436),  257. 

Narrow-leaved  (434), 
256. 

Pale  (435).  257. 
Kangaroo     Thorn      (173), 

140. 
Karo  (27).  69. 
Kerria,  162. 

White,  163. 
Keys,  General,  33-55. 
Kilmarnock  Willow,  11. 
Kinnikinnik  (.347),  217. 
Kurrajoug,  Green,  82. 

Labrador  Tea.  263 

Broad  leaved  (450).  263. 

Glandular  (4.31),  263. 

Narrow -leaved  (449) 
263.  '' 

Laburnum.  116. 

Adam's  (136).  117. 

Cluater-flowered,  115. 


Proliferous,  115. 
Scotch  (134),  116. 
Lacquer  Tree,  110. 
Lagerstroemia,  209. 
LambkiU  (434),  256. 
Lanceolate,  25. 
Laurel,  American,  262. 
Catawba  (446),  261. 
Cherry  (204),  146. 
EngUsh  (2J4),  146. 
Great  (446),  261. 
Hairy  (436),  257. 
Japanese  (349),  218. 
Mountain  (433),  256. 
Pale  (435),  257. 
Sheep  (434).  256. 
Swamp  (435),  257. 
Tree  (443),  261. 
Laurestinus  (366\  226. 

Hairy  (367),  226. 
Lavender,     Cotton     (402), 

243. 
Layers,  10. 

Lead  Plant  (139),  119. 
Leaf,  What  it  is,  13. 
Leather  Leaf  (418),  252. 
Leatherwood  (74),  87,  297. 
Leaves,  Alternate,  21. 
Arrangement,  19. 
Compound,  21. 
Opposite,  21. 
Simple,  21. 
Study  of,  13. 
Whorled,  21. 
Ledum,  263. 
Leiophyllum,  263. 
Lemon,  86. 
Lespedeza,  124. 
Leucophyllum  (490),  285. 
Leucothoe,Catesby's(419), 
252. 
Mountain,  253. 
Swamp  (426),  253. 
Ligustrum,  279. 
Lilac,  275. 
Amur,  279. 

Common  (477),  277,  278. 
Fern-leaved,  278. 
Himalayan  (478),  278. 
Hungarian,  278. 
Japan  Tree,  279. 
Ligustrina,  278. 
Persian  (476),  277,  278. 
Privet,  277,  278. 
Rouen  (481),  277,278. 
Thick-leaved  (479),  278. 
Tree,  278. 
White  Persian,  278. 
Lime,  86. 
Linear,  25. 
Ling  (431),  255. 
Linnreus  mentioned,  3. 

quoted,  275. 
Lobed.  23. 

Loblolly  'Bay'  (52),  81. 
Locust.  119. 

Bristly  (141),  119. 
Clammy,  119. 
Western  (142),  120. 
Lonicera,  230. 


Lotos  Tree,  100. 
Lycium,  284. 

Madura,  310. 
Magnolia,  58. 

Brown-flowered,  61. 

Bush,  61. 

Campbell's,  60. 

Chinese  White,  60. 

Evergreen  (6),  61. 

Great-leaved,  60. 

Hall's  Japan  (4),  60. 

Japanese  Umbrella,  61. 

Kobus  (7),  60. 

Purple  f8),  60. 

Small,  60. 

Soulange's,  60. 

Star  (4),  57,  60. 

Swamp  (5),  60. 

Watson's,  61. 

Yulan,  60. 
Mahonia  (20).  66. 

Ash  (21),  67. 

Fortune's,  67. 

Fremont's,  66. 

Holly-leaved,  62,  65. 

Japan  (15),  60. 

Nepaul,  66. 

Traihng,  67. 
Male  Berry  (424),  253. 
Mallow,  Rose,  81. 

Swamp  (57),  82. 
Malus,  182. 
Mamillaria,  211. 
Maple,  21,  103. 

Ash-leaved  (102),  103. 

English  Corkbark  (107), 
104. 

Field  (107),  104. 

Goosefoot  (104),  104. 

Hornbeam,  105. 

Japan  (105),  104. 

Japan  Vine,  104. 

Montpelier  (108),  104. 

Mountain  (103),  103. 

Parson's  Japan,  105. 
■  Red,  306. 

Round-leaved  (109\  104. 

Siberian  (106),  104. 

Striped  (104),  103. 

Tartarian  (110),  105. 

Vine,  104. 
Margins  of  Leaves,   23. 
Matrimony    Vine,    Chinese 
(489),  284. 
Common  (488),  284. 
May  (261),  174. 
Meadow  Sweet  (230),  158. 

Plumv.  157. 
Medlar  (284),  182,  185. 
Mespilus,  182. 
Mezereon,  Common   (520), 

299. 
Michelia,  61. 
Midrib,  24. 
Mimosa,  22. 
Mimosa    Tree    (168),    131, 

132. 
Mistletoe,  American  (539), 
306. 


350 


INDEX 


Mock  Orange  (205),  21.  69. 

146.  196. 
Mohrodendron,  272. 
Moosewood       (104),       104, 
C351),  223,  (519),  297. 
Mountain  Ash,  186. 

Western,  186. 
Mountain  Ebony,  128. 
Mulberry,      French      (503, 

504),  289. 
Mulga  (19n.  141. 
Myall,  Weeping  (186),  141. 
Myrica.  311. 
Myricaria,  73. 
Myrtle  (324),  204. 

Blue,  99. 

Crape  (332),  209. 

Sand  (452),  263. 

Wax.  311. 
Myrtus,  204, 

Nandina,     Japanese     (22), 

67. 
Nannyberry  (362),  225. 
Nemopanthus  (68),  88. 
Nerium.  270. 
Neviusia.  171. 
New  Jersey  Tea,  97,  99. 
Ninebark  (236,  237),-  158. 

Eastern,  159. 
Nutlets,  34. 

Oak,  314. 

Bear  (565),  314. 

Black  Scrub-(565),  314, 

Chinquapin.  314. 

Poison.  109. 

Silk  (538),  306, 
Obcorclate,  25. 
Ohlanceolate,  25, 
Oblong,  25. 
Obovate,  25. 
Old  Man,  294. 
Old    Man's    Beard     (494), 

287. 
Olea,  282, 
Oleander  (461).  270. 

Sweet-scented  (462),  270. 
Oleaster    (530,    531),    301, 
301. 

Japanese  (534),  302,  304, 

Spiny  (532),  302, 
Olive,  282. 

African.  282. 

European.  282. 

Fragrant  (4S6).  282. 

Holly-leaved  (487),  284. 

Russian  (530,  531),  301, 
304. 
Opoponax  (195).  142. 
Opossum  Wood  (466),  272. 
Opposite  Ijeavcs,  21. 
Opuntia,  209. 
Orange,  86. 

Hardy  (63)    86, 

Mock.  21,  67. 

Osage  (547).  310. 
Orbicular,  25. 
Osmanthus,  282, 
Oval,  24. 


Ovary,  29, 
Ovate,  25. 

Paeonia,  57, 
Poeony,  57, 
Pagoda  Tree,  21, 

Flat-podded,  112. 

Japan  (125).  112, 
Palmate  Leaves,  22,  23, 
Panicle.  31, 
Papaw,  64. 
Papaw,     North    American 

(11),  64. 
Peach,  142. 

'  Pear,'  Alligator  (515),  296. 
Pearl  Bush  (241),  161,  162. 
Pea  Trees.  122. 

Siberian  (143).  122. 

Small-biaded  (144),  122 
Pedicel.  30. 
Peduncle,  30. 
Pelu  Tree,  112. 
Peony,  57. 

Poppy,  57. 

Tree  (1,  2),  57. 
'  Pepper.'  Chinese  (59).  83. 
Pepperbush,         Mountain, 
265. 

Sweet  (453),  265. 
Persea,  294. 
Petiole,  30. 

Philadelphus.  196.  275. 
Phoradendron,  306. 
Photinia,  179. 

Corvmbefl,  180. 

Panicled  (275),  180. 

Smooth,  180. 
Phyllocactus,  211. 
Physocarpus.  154,  158. 
Picea,  323,  326. 
Pimbina  (355),  224. 
Pine,  323.  324. 

Dwarf  White  (585),  325. 

Mugho  (584),  325. 

Swiss  Mountain,  324. 

White,  325. 
Pinnate  Leaves.  22,  23. 
Pinus.  323.  324. 
Pinxter  Flower  (439),  259. 
Pipsissewa  (455),  265,  267. 
Pistils   29. 
Pittosporum  (25),  68,  69. 

Cape  (26),  69. 

Common  (24),  69. 

Madras,  69. 

Tobira,  69. 

Waxy-leaved  (23),  69. 
Plum,  142. 

Beach  (199).  144. 

Flowering,  145. 

Jambolan.  206. 

Purple-leaved,  145. 

Sand. 145. 
Plumbago.  268. 

Cape  (457),  268. 

Rosy  (458).  268. 
Poinciana,     Dwarf     (167), 
131. 

La  Plata,  131. 
Poison  'Ivy'  (118),  109. 


Poison  'Oak,'  109, 
Pollen.  29. 
Polygonum.  299. 

Siebold's  (528),  300. 
Pomegranate  (331),  209, 

Dwarf,  209, 
Pomes,  32. 
Popinac  (195).  142, 
Potentilla,  164. 

Shrubby,  164. 
Prickly  'Ash.'  83. 

Northern  (58),  83. 

Southern  (60),  83. 
Prickly     Pear,     Tree-like, 
210. 

Eastern  (333).  210. 

Western  (334),  211, 
Prim  (483),  281, 
Privet,  279. 

Amur,  281. 

Bright-fruited,  281, 

California     (482),     270, 
281. 

Chinese,  281. 

Common  (483),  280,  281, 

Ibota,  281. 

Japan,  281. 

Late-flowering,  281. 

Nepal,  281. 

Thick-leaved  (485),  281. 

W^ax  (484),  281. 
Pronunciation.  34. 
Propagation  of  Plants,  9. 
Prunus,  142. 
Psidium,  206. 
Ptelea,  84. 
Punica.  209. 
Pyracantha.  175, 
Pyrola,  265. 
Pyrus,  182, 

Queen  of  Meadow,  157, 158. 
(2uercus,  314. 
Quince.  182. 

Chinese  (283).  185. 

Common.  185. 

Dwarf  Flowering   (285), 
185. 

Flowering  (281),  185. 

Japan  (281),  22,  185. 

Rabbit  Berry  (537),  305. 
Raceme,  31. 
Raisin.  Wild,  225. 
Raspberry,  164. 

Hawthorn-leaved.  166. 

Purple-flowering     (246), 
165. 

Strawberry  (247),  165. 

White-flowering,  166. 

Wild  Red,  166. 
Redbud.    American    (156), 
127. 

California.  127. 

Chinese  (157).  127. 

European  (158).  128, 
Red  Cedar,  338. 
Red-osier,  217. 
Red-root,  Smaller,  99, 
Resin-plant,  241. 


INDEX 


351 


Retinospora,   Club     Moss- 
leaved,  333. 

Creamy,  335. 

Hinoki,  333. 

Feathery        Pea-fruited 
(598),  331,  335. 

Fern-like  Hinoki    (604), 
334 

Golden,  335. 

Green,  335. 

Hinoki;  333. 

Japanese,  333. 

Pea-fruited,  333,  335. 

Pigmy  Hinoki  (603),  333. 

Sander's  (605),  335. 

Sawara,  333. 

Silver  (594),  331,  335. 

Speckled,  335. 
Rhamnus,  93. 
Rhododendron,  21,  260. 

Californian,  262. 

Catawba  (445),  261,  262. 

Dahurian  (448),  262. 

Dotted-leaved  (447), 262. 

Pontic  (444),  261. 
Rhodotypos  (244),  163. 
Rhodora,  260. 
Rhus,  107. 
Ribes,  201. 
Robinia,  119. 
Rockrose,  69. 

Cyprus  (30),  72. 

Undulate-leaved  (29),  71. 
Rosa,  166. 

Rose  '  Apple  '  (327),  206. 
Rose,  166. 

Arkansas,  170. 

Bridal,  165,  166. 

Brier,  166. 

Cherokee  (259),  171. 

Dog  (250),  170. 

Early  Wild  (256),  170. 

Glossy  (253),  170. 

Guelder,  223. 

Japanese,  162. 
■Japanese    Rough-leaved 
(249),  167,  170. 

Macartney  (258),  171. 

Memorial  (257),  171. 

Pasture  (254),  170. 

Prairie  (255),  170. 

Prickly,  170. 

Swamp  (252),  170. 
Rose  Mallow,  81. 
'Rose  of  Sharon'  (56),  82. 
Rosemary  (513),  294. 
Rosmarinus,  294. 
Rubber  Plant,  308. 

Fiddle-leaveil  (545),  309. 

India  (543),  309. 

Palmer's,  309. 

Parcell's.  309. 

Rough,  309. 

Rusty-leaved  (546\  309. 

Variable-leaved       (544), 
309. 
Rubus,  164. 
Ruscus,  323. 

Sacahne  (529),  .300.      * 


St.  Andrew's  Cross  (39),  74. 
St.  John's-wort,  77. 

Bushy  (44),  78. 

Creeping  (417),  78. 

Great  (43),  78. 

Kalm's  (42),  78. 

Shrubbv  (46),  78. 
St.  Peter 's-wort  (38),  74. 
Sahx,  314. 
Salmon  Berry,  166. 
Salt  Bush  (149),  122. 
Salt-water  Shrub,  241. 
Sambucus,  226. 
Santolina,  243. 
Sassafras  (516),  296. 
Savin,  338. 
Scape,  30. 

Scorpion  'Senna'  (154),  125. 
SeedUngs,  9. 
Seeds,  9. 

Senna,    Australian     (163), 
129 

Corynibed  (164),  129. 

Glaucous  Scorpion  (155), 
127. 

Scorpion  (154),  125. 

Wild,  129. 
Serrated,  23. 
Service-berry  (278),  182. 
Shad  Bush,  178,  182. 
Sheepberry  (362),  225. 
Shepherdia,  303. 
Shrub,  Ornamental  Sweet, 
188. 

Sweet-scented,  186. 

Thick-leaved  Sweet,  188. 

Western  Sweet,  188. 
Silk  'Oak'  (538),  306. 
Silver  Bell,  272. 

Four- winged  (466),  272. 

Median's,  272. 

Small-flowered,  272. 

Two-winged  (467),  272. 
Silverberry,  21,  304. 
Simple  Leaves,  21. 
Skimmia,  84. 

Chinese,  85. 

Japan  (62).  84. 
Smoke  Bush  (123),  21,  110. 
Smoke-tree,  109. 

Wild,  110. 
Snowball,  219. 

Chinese,  223. 

Japanese  (350),  223. 
Snowberrv,  228,  229. 

Low,  229. 

Western,  229. 
Snowdrop  Tree  (466),  272. 
Snow  Garland,  154. 

Hybrid  (208),  154. 
Snow  Wreath  (260),  171. 
Sophora,  111. 

Large-fruited,  112. 
Sorbaria,  154,  159. 

Aitchison's,  160. 

Large-flowered,  160. 

Lindlev's,  160. 

Milfoil-leaved,  160. 
Sorbus,  186. 
Sorrel  Tree  (427),  254. 


Sorrel    Tree,     Queensland, 

82. 
Sparkleberry  (409),  246. 
Spice  Bush  (518),  297. 
Spike,  31. 
Spindle  Tree,  91. 

Broad-leaved  (82),  92. 

European  (81),  92. 

Japanese  (78),  92. 
Spiraea,  146. 
Spirea,  Alpine  (210),  154. 

Anthony  Waterer's  (225), 
154. 

Ash-leaved,  159. 

Beautiful  (221),  156. 

Billard's  (232),  158. 

Birch-leaved  (227),  157. 

Blue  (502),  288. 

Blume's,  155. 

Broad-clustered,  156. 

Bremald's  (224),  156. 

Chinese,  155. 

Corymbed  (226).  157. 

Crenate  (211),  155. 

Decumbent,  156. 

Dense-flowered,  157. 

Douglas'  (233),  158. 

Downy-leaved         (216), 
155. 

Fontenay's,  157. 

Fortune's  (222),  156. 

Fox's,  156. 

Germander-leaved  (218), 
155. 

Hoary-leaved,  154. 

Hypericum-leaved  (209), 
154. 

Intermediate  (217),  155. 

Lance-leaved  (215),  155. 

Long-budded  (220),  156. 

Meadow  Sweet,  157. 

Menzies'  (231),  158. 

Mountain  Ash  (238),  160. 

Pink  Hybrid,  156. 

Plum-leaved  (206).  154. 

Round-leaved  (212),  155. 

Three-lobed  (213),  155. 

Thunberg's  (207),  154. 

Van  Houtte's  (214),  155. 

Virginia,  157. 

Wedge-leaved  (219),  156. 

Western  Corymbed,  230, 
157. 

White  Beam-leaved 

(235),  158. 

White-flowered       (223), 
156. 

Willow-leaved,  158. 
Spruce,  323,  326. 
Gregory's      Dwarf     (586), 
326. 

Lord  Clanbrasil's,326. 

Pigmy,  326. 

Norway,  326. 

Small  Norway,  326. 
Squash-berrv.  224. 
Stag-bush  (363).  225. 
Stagger-bush  (428),  254. 
Stalk.  31. 
Stamens,  29. 


352 


INDEX. 


Staphylea,  105. 
Steeple  Bush  (234),  158. 
Stephanandra  (243).  163. 
Stigma,  29. 
Stipe,  30. 
Stipules,  22. 

Storax,     American     (465), 
271. 

Broad-leaved  (463),  271. 

California,  271. 

Japanese  (464),  271. 

Large-leaved  American, 
271. 
Strawberry  Bush,  91. 

Erect  (79),  92. 
Strawberry  Shrub,  188. 
Strawberry  Tree  (416),  249. 
Stfiartia,  80. 

Alleghany  (50).  80. 

Japanese  (51).  80. 

Round-fruited,  80. 
Styrax,  270. 
Suckers,  10. 
Sumachs,  107-111. 
Sun  Rose,  71. 
Swamp  Rose  Mallow  (57), 

82. 
Sweet  Amber,  78. 
Sweet  'Bay,'  61. 
Sweetbrier  (251),  170. 
Sweet 'Fern'  (551),  311. 
Sweet  Gale  (549),  311. 
Sweet-leaf  (468),  273. 

Himalayan,  273. 
Symphoricarpos,  228. 
Symplocos,  273. 
Syringa,  196,  198.  275. 

Broad-leaved  (310),  199. 

Falconer's  (307).  198. 

Golden  (306).  198. 

Gordon's  (311).  199. 

Hairv  (309),  199. 

Large-flowered         (308), 
198. 

Lemoine's,  198. 

Lewis',  199. 

Odorless,  199. 

Satsuma,  199. 

Small-leaved.  199. 

Zeyher's,  198. 

Tagasaste,  115. 
Tamarisk,      African     (36), 
74. 

Caspian,  74. 

Chinese,  74. 

Dahurian,  73. 

Four-ant hered,  74. 

French  (37).  74. 

German  (35),  73. 

Japan,  74. 

Pubescent-leaved,  74. 
Tamarix,  73. 
Tan  'Bay'  (52),  81. 
Tawhiwhi,  69. 
Taxus,  324,  341. 
Tea,     Appalachian     (301), 
225. 


Tea  Plant,  79. 
Tecoma,  285. 
Teucrium,  294, 
Thorn,  173. 

Cockspur.  175. 

Evergreen  (267),  175. 

Fire  (267).  176. 

Large-fruited  (266),  175. 

One-flowered,  175, 

Small-fruited,  175, 

Washington,  174. 
Thuja,  324,  328. 
Tinghiang.  Small,  278, 
Ti-ti,  Black,  89. 
Tom  Thumb  (596),  331, 
Toothache-tree  (60),  83. 
Toyon  (276),  180. 
Trefoil,  Shrubby.  84. 
Tripalmate  Leaves,  22. 
Tsuga.  324.  326. 
Turk's  Turban,  291. 
Twig  Cuttings,  10. 

Ulex,  113. 
Ulmus,  308. 
Umbel,  31. 
Umbrella  Tree,  61. 

Vaccinium,  244. 

Van  Dyke,  Henry,  quoted, 

28 
Varnish  Tree,  110. 
Veining  of  Leaves,  24. 
Viburnum,  21,  193,  219. 

Chinese  (354),  224. 

Japanese  (353),  224. 

Japan  Evergreen,  226. 

Maple-leaved  (356),  224. 

Sandankwa's  Evergreen 
(364),  226. 

Siebold's  (358),  224. 

Small,  225. 

Sweet  (362),  225. 

Sweet-scented  Ever- 

green (365),  226. 

Wright's,  225. 
Vitex,  289. 

Waahoo  (76),  92. 
Wattle,  132. 

Blue-leaved.   141. 

Brown  (171),  140. 

Hairy  (192),  142. 
Waxberry,  228,  229,  (550) 

311. 
Wax  'Myrtle'  (548),  311. 
Wayfaring  Tree,  European 

(352),  224. 
Weeping  Myall  (186),  141. 
Weigela,  234. 

Common  (385),  236. 

Desboisi's  (391).  237. 

EvaRathke(391),  236. 

Japan  (387),  236, 

Large-flowered        (386), 
236. 

Many-flowered,  236. 

Middendorf's  (390),  236 


What  is  a  Leaf,  13. 
Whorled  Leaves,  21. 
Wicky  (434),  256. 

White,  257. 
Wicopy  (519),  297. 
Wild  Raisin,  225. 
Willow,  314. 

Balsam  (575).  322. 

Bay-leaved  (579),  322, 

Bog  (571).  321. 

Broad-leaved  (674),  321. 

Desert  (493),  286. 

Dwarf  Gray  (568),  321. 

Glaucous,  321,  322. 

Goat  (576),  322. 

Heart-leaved  (581),  322, 

Hoary  (572),  3:i. 

Kilmarnock,  11. 

Laurel-leaved  (579),  322. 

Osier  (570).  321. 

Prairie  (573).  321. 

Purple  (582).  322. 

Rosemary  (569),  321. 

Sage  (5721,  321, 

Sand  Bar,  323. 

Shining  (578),  322. 

Silky  (580),  322. 

Slender  (577),  322. 

Virginian,  201. 
Wineberry,  165,  166, 
Winterberry,  89, 

Red  (67),  88. 

Smooth,  89. 
Wintergreen,  265. 

Greenish-flowered  (456), 
267. 

Pyrola,  267. 

Round-leaved,  267. 

Spotted  (454),  267. 
Witch  Hazel  (319).  202, 

Japan  (320).  202. 
Witch  Hobble  (351).  223. 
Withe-rod  (361),  225. 

Larger,  225. 
Woad- waxen,  114. 
Wolfberry,  229. 

Xanthoceras,  101, 

Yellow-root  Shrub  (3),  58, 
Yew,  341. 

American  (618),  341. 

English  (617),  341. 

Fisher's,  342. 

Golden,  342. 

Jackson's,  342. 

Short-leaved  (620),  342. 

Silvery,  342. 

Spreading  English  (621), 
342, 

Yellow-berried,  341, 

Zanthorhiza,  58. 
Zanthoxylum,  83. 
Zenobia,    Beautiful    (425), 
253. 
Glaucous.  253. 
Zizyphus,  99, 


^  ^^^ 


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